TY - CONF A1 - Pirskawetz, Stephan A1 - Weise, Frank A1 - Rieffel, Y. A1 - Gorbushina, Anna T1 - Die Schlossbrücke Berlin - Schutz der Göttinnen N2 - Vielleicht nannten es die Berliner „Puppen putzen“, wenn in den 1880er Jahren die Marmorstatuen auf der Schlossbrücke vor dem Berliner Stadtschloss mit Bürste, Wasser und Seife von Staub, Ruß und Taubendreck befreit wurden. Soviel Pflege wurde diesen Göttinnen aus der griechischen Mythologie nicht immer zuteil. So haben Klima, Luftverschmutzung und der 2. Weltkrieg, wie bei anderen Kunstwerken auch, tiefe Spuren hinterlassen. Der Erhalt dieser zwischen 1847 und 1857 aufgestellten Skulpturen und vieler vergleichbarer Objekte im Stadtbild ist durch die auch heute weiter fortschreitende Schädigung des Marmors gefährdet. In den Jahren 2006 bis 2010 förderte die Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt (DBU) ein Projekt zur „Entwicklung und Überprüfung von Einhausungssystemen zur Reduzierung umweltbedingter Schädigungen von außenexponierten Marmorobjekten mit dem Ziel des langfristigen Erhalts in situ an einem national bedeutenden Objektkomplex, den Schlossbrückenfiguren unter den Linden, Berlin“. Geleitet und restauratorisch betreut wurde das Projekt durch das Landesdenkmalamt (LDA) Berlin. Durch die Abteilung Strukturgeologie und Geodynamik (GZG) der Georg-August Universität Göttinnen wurden die Verwitterungsmechanismen des Marmors untersucht und auf dieser Basis Anforderungen an das Schutzsystem formuliert. Anhand von numerischen Simulationen des Instituts für Bauklimatik der Technischen Universität Dresden (TUD) wurde das bauphysikalische Konzept des Einhausungssystems optimiert. Die konstruktive Gestaltung eines Prototyps und des finalen Entwurfs erfolgte durch das Fachgebiet Konstruktives Entwerfen und Tragwerkslehre der Universität der Künste Berlin. Durch den Fachbereich Baustoffe der BAM erfolgten die Realisierung des Prototyps der Einhausung sowie ein umfangreiches Klimamonitoring an den Skulpturen. Anhand dieses interdisziplinären Projektes und ergänzt durch weitere Messungen wird gezeigt, mit welchen Methoden die für die Degradation von Marmor relevanten Mechanismen untersucht werden können. Die Erkenntnisse aus dem Projekt sind die Grundlage für die Entwicklung nachhaltiger Pflege- und Schutzkonzepte für die kulturhistorisch wertvollen Skulpturen. Nur mit solchen modernen konservatorischen Programmen können die Originalskulpturen im Berliner Stadtraum erlebbar bleiben. T2 - Workshop Kulturerhaltung - Vom Dampfkessel zu Nanomaterialien CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 17.11.2021 KW - Baustoffe KW - Marmor KW - Verwitterung KW - Kulturelles Erbe KW - Wintereinhausungen KW - Klima KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung KW - Building materials KW - Marble KW - Degradation KW - Cultural heritage KW - Winter shelters KW - Climate KW - Nondestructive testing PY - 2021 SN - 2567-1251 VL - 3 SP - 87 EP - 96 PB - Druckerei G. Bohm CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-54637 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gorbushina, Anna T1 - Life on the rocks - Black fungi from biofilms on material-atmosphere interface N2 - Interface between the atmosphere and mineral substrates is the oldest terrestrial habitat. Morphologically simple microbial biofilms were the first settlers on these inhospitable surfaces at times when the Earth was inhabited only by microorganisms and the solid substrates represented only by natural rock surfaces i.e. lithosphere. Miniature, self-sufficient microbial ecosystems continue to develop on subaerial (i.e. air-exposed) solid surfaces at all altitudes and latitudes where direct contact with the atmosphere and solar radiation occurs – on rocks, mountains, buildings, monuments, solar panels. All these sub-aerial biofilms develop under fluctuating and hostile conditions – and thus frequently harbour stress-tolerant black fungi inherently able to cope with the stresses of bright sunlight and constantly changing atmospheric conditions. Black fungi – a polyphyletic group of Ascomycetes– accumulate the dark pigment DHN melanin, diverse carotenoids and mycosporines in their cells and thus successfully colonise sunlight-flooded habitats from phyllosphere to rock surfaces. Various chemical and physical extremes and fluctuating environments belong to the challenges effectively mastered by black fungi. In our laboratory we isolate novel black fungi from man-made habitats like building materials and solar panels. Using Knufia petricola A95 as a model we conduct experiments to clarify interactions of black fungi with inorganic substrates. We use available mutants to determine the functional consequences of changes in the outer cell wall envelopes – from excreted EPS to layers of protective pigments. A genetic toolbox to manipulate this Chaetothyriales representative is in further development. Our long-term goal is to understand the fundamental mechanisms how black fungi are able (i) to adhere to dry atmosphere-exposed surfaces, (ii) to survive multiple stresses and (iii) to change the underlying substrates including rocks. T2 - International Symposium on Fungal Stress (ISFUS) CY - São José dos Campos, Brazil DA - 19.05.2019 KW - Subaerial biofilm KW - Melanins KW - Carotenoids KW - Knufia KW - Mineral weathering PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-50200 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gorbushina, Anna T1 - Life on the rocks and other hard surfaces N2 - The story of how black fungi survive harsh conditions on sun-exposed desert rocks and material surfaces is fascinating. In the presentation examples of how knowledge of these organisms can be of practical value (e.g., in biodeterioration studies, such as on stone markers in cemeteries) would be given. Among other stories, the example of how roof tiles amended with a titanium oxide layers as a biocide actually selected for the black fungi will be told. A hypothesis about how these organisms would likely be found on solar panels and some early BAM work in that area will be presented. This then brings the connection to a study ripe for investigation in North Carolina. The talk presents the development of a study aiming at deciphering the influence of microbial biofilm formation on the energy conversion efficiency of solar photovoltaic panels or modules at two facilities (one facility under the impact of high intensity of animal agriculture and high deposition of ammonia from atmosphere and the other with low animal agriculture and lower atmospheric ammonia deposition) in North Carolina. The main hypothesis of the study is that microbial biofilm formation on solar photovoltaic panels will lead to significant decreases in energy conversion efficiency of solar photovoltaic modules and biofilm formation will also be accelerated by high ammonia concentration in the ambient atmosphere and high nitrogen deposition. T2 - Dr. Michael D. Aitken Symposium CY - Chapel Hill, NC, USA DA - 08.11.2019 KW - Black fungi KW - Solar panel KW - Biofilm PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-50125 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schumacher, Julia A1 - Gorbushina, Anna T1 - Light sensing in plant- and rock-associated black fungi N2 - Fungi that share light-flooded habitats with phototrophs may profit from their excess photosynthetic products. But to cope with sunlight-associated stresses [e.g. high temperatures, UV radiation with associated DNA damage, accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), desiccation and osmotic stresses] it is important for fungi to accurately sense and respond to changes in light. To test the hypothesis that light is an environmental cue that Ascomycota use to coordinate growth, stress responses as well as to establish pathogenic or symbiotic relationships, the photoreceptor (PR) distribution in species from different ecological niches was analysed. The genomes of black [dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin-containing] fungi from phyllosphere and exposed solid surfaces contain multiple photoreceptors (PRs). The plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea (Leotiomycetes) has a highly sophisticated photosensory and signalling system that helps to avoid light and to locate susceptible hosts. Rock-inhabiting Dothideomycetes and Eurotiomycetes including Knufia petricola possess equal numbers ofPRs along with the same set of protective pigments. This similarity between black fungi from plant and rock surfaces suggests that photoperception and -regulation are important for fungi that receive nutrients through cooperation with phototrophs. Genetic tools for manipulating K. petricola exist and will be used to test this idea. KW - Botrytis cinerea KW - DHN melanin KW - Knufia petricola KW - Phyllosphere KW - Rock biofilm PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2020.01.004 VL - 124 IS - 5 SP - 407 EP - 417 AN - OPUS4-50786 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stock, S. C. A1 - Köster, M. A1 - Dippold, M. A. A1 - Nájera, F. A1 - Matus, F. A1 - Merino, C. A1 - Boy, J. A1 - Spielvogel, S. A1 - Gorbushina, Anna A1 - Kuzyakov, Y. T1 - Environmental drivers and stoichiometric constraints on enzyme activities in soils from rhizosphere to continental scale N2 - Microbial activity and functioning in soils are strongly limited by carbon (C) availability, of which a great proportion is released by living roots. Rhizodeposition and especially root exudates stimulate microbial activity and growth, and may shift the stoichiometric balance between C, N, and P. Thereby, exudates heighten microbial nutrient demand and acquisition of N and P from organic matter, leading to an increase in enzyme production. Aim of this study was to determine environmental controls of extracellular enzyme production, and hence on potential enzyme activities (Vmax) and substrate affinities (Km). To determine the controlling factors, we worked on four spatial scales from the microscale (i.e. rhizosphere) through the mesoscale (i.e. soil depth) and landscape scale (relief positions), and finally to the continental scale (1200 km transect within the Coastal Cordillera of Chile). Kinetics of seven hydrolyzing enzymes of the C, N, and P cycles (cellobiohydrolase, β‑glucosidase, β‑xylosidase, β‑N‑acetylglucosaminidase, leucine‑aminopeptidase, tyrosine‑aminopeptidase, and acid phosphatase) were related to soil texture, C and N contents, pH, and soil moisture via redundancy analysis (RDA). Potential activities of C, N, and P acquiring enzymes increased up to 7-times on the continental scale with rising humidity of sites and C and N contents, while substrate affinities simultaneously declined. On the landscape scale, neither Vmax nor Km of any enzyme differed between north and south slopes. From top- to subsoil (down to 120 cm depth) potential activities decreased (strongest of aminopeptidases under humid temperate conditions with up to 90%). Substrate affinities, however, increased with soil depth only for N and P acquiring enzymes. Affinities of cellobiohydrolase and β‑xylosidase, on the contrary, were 1.5- to 3-times higher in top- than in subsoil. Potential activities of N and P acquiring enzymes and β‑glucosidase increased form bulk to roots. Simultaneously, substrate affinities of N and P acquiring enzymes declined, whereas affinities of β‑glucosidase increased. These trends of activities and affinities in the rhizosphere were significant only for acid phosphatase. The RDA displayed a strong relation of potential activities of C and P acquiring enzymes and β‑N‑acetylglucosaminidase to C and N contents in soil as well as to the silt and clay contents. Aminopeptidase activity was mainly dependent on soil moisture and pH. We conclude that substrate availability for microorganisms mainly determined enzyme activity patterns on the continental scale by the humidity gradient. Patterns on the meso- and microscale are primarily controlled by nutrient limitation, which is induced by a shift of the stoichiometric balance due to input of easily available C by roots in the rhizosphere. KW - Extracellular enzymes KW - Stoichiometric homeostasis KW - Rhizosphere effect KW - Nutrient acquisition KW - Multi-scale study PY - 2018 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.10.030 SN - 0016-7061 SN - 1872-6259 VL - 2019 IS - 337 SP - 973 EP - 982 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-46829 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gorbushina, Anna A1 - Kempe, A. A1 - Rodenacker, K. A1 - Jütting, U. A1 - Altermann, W. A1 - Stark, R.W. A1 - Heckl, W.M. A1 - Krumbein, W.E. T1 - Quantitative 3-dimensional image analysis of mineral surface modifications - chemical, mechanical and biological N2 - Three principally different mechanisms contribute to the wear-down process of mineral aggregates in sedimentary environments: (1) mechanical abrasion by forces of wind and water and by floating or saltating neighbouring grains, (2) chemical attack and dissolution by fluids, and (3) physical bioerosion and chemical biocorrosion. It is however, difficult to attribute the specific surface changes to specific environments and processes. Quartz sand grains from subaerial and subaquatic environments were analysed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) for traces of natural and experimental aeolian, aquatic and biological wear-down processes. Quantitative topographical parameters of surface alterations were extracted from topography data by non-linear methods derived from digital image analysis. These parameters were examined by multivariate statistic, yielding three well-distinguishable groups. Morphological surface alterations dominated by subaerial, subaquatic and by biological impact could be differentiated. The method may also be used for the detection of aeolian, subaquatic, and biological modification of sedimentary grains and rock surfaces in extraterrestrial environments, and for assessment of environmental damage on monuments and buildings. KW - Sediment grain corrosion KW - Chemical grain pitting KW - Biological grain pitting KW - Aquatic grain corrosion KW - Biopitting KW - Weathering KW - Surface analysis KW - Nano-structure of grain and mineral surfaces PY - 2011 DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/01490451.2010.490077 SN - 0149-0451 VL - 28 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - Crane, Russak & Co. CY - New York, NY, USA AN - OPUS4-23058 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gorbushina, Anna T1 - Life on the rocks: in nature and in the lab T2 - BioClub der Freien Universität Berlin CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2009-07-14 PY - 2009 AN - OPUS4-19980 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gorbushina, Anna T1 - Life on the rocks: in nature and in the lab T2 - Bio-Geo-Kolloquium CY - Jena, Germany DA - 2009-06-09 PY - 2009 AN - OPUS4-19979 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Krumbein, W.E. A1 - Gorbushina, Anna ED - Timmis, K.N. T1 - Global relations between the Redox cycles of carbon, iron, and sulfur N2 - Solar energy has been transformed into useful redox differences or disequilibria within the Earth´s crust since the onset of anoxygenic and oxygenic photosynthesis in the Precambrian. Inorganic oxidized carbon is transformed into reduced carbon compounds by capturing and storing solar energy. During this process, many different organic compounds are formed including carbohydrates, proteins, hydrocarbons, and various other complex organic metabolic products and their diagenetic polymerization products (melanin, humic substances, petroleum, coal, and kerogen). Many of these solar energy-enriched compounds, however, are oxidized immediately or during the diagenetic transformation of sediments. The oxidation agents are oxygen, sulfate, iron, and other oxidized compounds, which in turn are partly enriched with the original solar energy. On a global biogeochemical scale, however, sulfur and iron are the most important elements. Geological evidence shows that biogeochemical cycles tend to yield stable ratios between the most oxidized forms of carbon (carbon dioxide and calcium/magnesium carbonate) and the most reduced forms (diamond, coal, methane, and hydrocarbons). Throughout the Earth’s history and evolution, this equilibrium ratio is around 1:4, maximally 1:5. When too much carbon is stored in the crust in the form of reduced compounds or vice versa, climatic and biogeomorphogenetic consequences upset the equilibrium. The biosphere reacts in a way to return to the optimal ratio. Excellent examples for this fluctuating equilibrium are the Carboniferous (too much organic carbon stored), the Permian (too little organic carbon stored), and the Tertiary with a generally equivalent production of hydrocarbons and carbonates. At present, we are in a period in which there is a global biogeochemical need to oxidize reduced carbon compounds as fast as possible in order to avoid even more dramatic global climate shifts. The highly evolved human genome seems to be the tool for this shift. Enormous amounts of reduced carbon are turned into the oxidized form as carbon dioxide, which by various biogeochemical pathways is quickly transformed into carbonate, another oxidized form of carbon that can be stabilized and stored in the sedimentary record. Fast recycling of excessively stored solar energy may enable the survival of a global biosphere under highly stressed conditions. KW - Geochemistry KW - Biologically influenced mineral fluxes PY - 2010 SN - 978-3-540-77584-3 SN - 978-3-540-77587-4 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-77587-4_10 IS - Chapter 10 SP - 157 EP - 169 PB - Springer CY - Berlin Heidelberg AN - OPUS4-21983 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Krumbein, W. A1 - Gorbushina, Anna ED - Watt, J. ED - Tidblad, J. ED - Kucera, V. ED - Hamilton, R. T1 - Some aspects of biological weathering and air pollution KW - Cyanobacteria KW - Geobiology KW - Microcolonial fungi KW - Rock inhabiting fungi-phototroph symbioses KW - Soil formation KW - Subaerial biofilms KW - Weathering PY - 2009 SN - 978-0-387-84892-1 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-84893-8_5 IS - Chapter 5 SP - 127 EP - 145 PB - Springer Science + Business Media AN - OPUS4-20886 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gorbushina, Anna T1 - Idealbiofilm als neues Testsystem: Laborsimulation von Umwelteinflüssen und biologischer Einwirkung auf Materialien T2 - 39. Jahrestagung der GUS Gesellschaft für Umweltsimulation e. V. CY - Stutensee, Germany DA - 2010-03-19 PY - 2010 AN - OPUS4-21103 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gorbushina, Anna T1 - Mikrobiologische Perspektiven der Materialkunde T2 - Kolloquium der AG Photobiophysik am Institut für Physik an der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2010-11-08 PY - 2010 AN - OPUS4-22353 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gorbushina, Anna T1 - Mikrobiologische Perspektiven der Materialkunde T2 - 12. Mitgliedstreffen des Berliner Kreises der GUS Gesellschaft für Umweltsimulation e. V. CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2010-10-19 PY - 2010 AN - OPUS4-22159 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pirskawetz, Stephan A1 - Weise, Frank A1 - Gorbushina, Anna T1 - Entwicklung und Überprüfung von Einhausungssystemen für außenexponierte Marmorobjekte - Schlossbrückenfigur, Unter den Linden in Berlin T2 - Abschlusskolloquium des DBU-Projekts "Entwicklung und Überprüfung von Einhausungssystemen zur Reduzierung umweltbedingter Schädigungen von außenexponierten Marmorobjekten" CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2010-10-29 PY - 2010 AN - OPUS4-22483 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gorbushina, Anna T1 - Idealbiofilme als neues Testsystem: Laborsimulation der Gesteins- und Materialverwitterung T2 - Kolloquium des Instituts für Geologische Wissenschaften an der FU Berlin CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2010-12-09 PY - 2010 AN - OPUS4-22751 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gorbushina, Anna T1 - Mikrobiologische Perspektiven der Materialkunde T2 - Fraunhofer-Kolloquium am Fraunhofer-Institut für Werkstoffmechanik IWM CY - Halle (Saale), Germany DA - 2011-03-22 PY - 2011 AN - OPUS4-23459 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Beckmann, S. A1 - Krüger, M. A1 - Engelen, B. A1 - Gorbushina, Anna A1 - Cypionka, H. T1 - Role of bacteria, archaea and fungi involved in methane realease in abandoned coal mines N2 - Worldwide, abandoned coal mines release substantial amounts of methane, which is largely of biogenic origin. The aim of this study was to understand the microbial processes involved in mine-gas formation. Therefore, coal and timber samples and anaerobic enrichments from two abandoned coal mines in Germany were subjected to DGGE analyses and quantitative PCR. The primers used were specific for Bacteria, Archaea, Fungi, and the key functional genes for sulfate reduction (dsrA) and methanogenesis (mcrA). A broad spectrum of facultative anaerobic bacteria and acetogens belonging to all five groups (α-ε) of the Proteobacteria, as well as the Bacteroidetes, Tenericutes, Actinobacteria, Chlorobi and Chloroflexi were detected. Archaea were represented by acetoclastic Methanosarcinales and Crenarchaeota with an unknown metabolism. Fungi formed thick biofilms particularly on timber, and were identified as typical wood degraders belonging to the Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes. The community analysis as well as the environmental conditions and the metabolites detected in a previous study are consistent with the following scenario of methane release: Weathering of coal and timber is initiated by wood-degrading Fungi and Bacteria under a suboxic atmosphere. In the lower, oxygen-depleted layers Fungi and Bacteria perform incomplete oxidation and release reduced substrates which can be channeled into methanogenesis. Acetate appeared to be the main precursor of the biogenic methane in the investigated coal mines. KW - Mine gas KW - Community analysis or microbial diversity KW - Quantitative PCR KW - DGGE KW - Acetoclastic methanogenesis KW - Fermentative bacteria KW - Methanosarcinales PY - 2011 DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/01490451.2010.503258 SN - 0149-0451 VL - 28 IS - 4 SP - 347 EP - 358 PB - Crane, Russak & Co. CY - New York, NY, USA AN - OPUS4-23841 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gorbushina, Anna T1 - Life in the Dust: Historic Samples and Modern Microbial Hitchhikers T2 - Symposium der Arbeitsgemeinschaft "Wissenschaft und Kunst" der Österreichischen Forschungsgemeinschaft am Institut für Architekturtheorie, Kunst und Kulturwissenschaften an der TU Graz CY - Graz, Austria DA - 2011-05-20 PY - 2011 AN - OPUS4-23728 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gorbushina, Anna T1 - Mikrobiologische Simulation als Instrument der Schadensanalyse verschiedener Materialien T2 - Workshop "Schadensanalyse polymerbasierter Implantate als Basis für die wissensbasierte Biomaterialentwicklung" am Zentrum für Biomaterialentwicklung und Berlin-Brandenburger Zentrum für Regenerative Therapien, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht CY - Teltow, Germany DA - 2012-11-22 PY - 2012 AN - OPUS4-27268 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Gorbushina, Anna A1 - Plarre, Rüdiger A1 - Stephan, Ina T1 - Umweltsimulation an der BAM – Grundlegende Ansätze mit Beispielen aus der natürlichen Umwelt N2 - Drei grundlegend verschiedene Ansätze für Umweltsimulation werden an Beispielen illustriert: (i) Ganzheitlicher Ansatz - Nachstellen von Umweltmilieus im Labor Ziel ist hier das Nachstellen von (kombinierten) Umweltbedingungen im Labor; die Umweltparameter werden mit all ihren Wechselwirkungen aufgebracht. Hauptnutzen ist eine gegenüber der natürlichen Beanspruchung erhöhte Reproduzierbarkeit der Umweltbedingungen. Hat man sein Laborsetup entwickelt, ist es auf verschiedene Materialien anwendbar. Unter solchen Laborbedingungen ermittelte Lebensdauern sind dabei nicht auf die typischerweise sehr variablen Real-Umweltbedingungen übertragbar. (ii) Parametrisierter Ansatz - Ermittlung einzelner Materialempfindlichkeiten Hierbei werden im Labor die Wirkungen separater Umweltparameter auf Materialien nachgestellt. Für eine solche Separation der Einflussfaktoren ist insbesondere die Aufschlüsselung möglicher Wechselwirkungen der Umwelt-parameter (z.B. Mikroklima an bestrahlten Oberflächen) erforderlich. Einzelne (meist Alterungs-) Empfindlichkeiten können qualitativ nachgewiesen werden oder sogar – als Beanspruchungs-Wirkungs-Funktionen – quantifiziert werden, was einen wesentlichen Schritt in Richtung der Digitalisierung der Material¬prüfung darstellt. Insbesondere ist dann auch eine Lebensdauer-vorhersage für vorgegebene Zeitreihen der Beanspruchungs¬parameter umsetzbar. (iii) Rückwirkungen auf die Umwelt Umweltbeanspruchungen können zur Freisetzung von Schadstoffen in die Umwelt führen. Durch die Nachstellung kritischer, aber realitätsnaher Einsatzszenarien kann die Menge an freigesetzten Substanzen abgeschätzt werden. Egal, welcher Ansatz verfolgt wird – ein Vergleich mit der oder einer Real-beanspruchung ist unerlässlich, ebenso wie die Messdatenaufzeichnung (data logging) aller potenziell relevanten Beanspruchungsparameter während dieser Realbeanspruchung. Obwohl die naturnahe Umwelt – sowohl in der BAM als auch bei der GUS – gegenüber der technischen Umwelt eher untergeordnet auftritt, werden zur Illustration Beispiele aus der naturnahen Umwelt verwendet. T2 - 50. Jahrestagung der GUS CY - Online meeting DA - 23.03.2022 KW - Umweltsimulation PY - 2022 SN - 978-3-9818507-7-2 SP - 79 EP - 89 AN - OPUS4-55015 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -