TY - CONF A1 - Rabe, Frederik A1 - Kaudelka, Sven A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja A1 - Monreal, Nils A1 - Dülsen, Steffen A1 - Kempel, Florian A1 - Mühlnikel, Rüdiger A1 - Klaffke, Benjamin ED - Abildgaard, L.-L. ED - Sörensen, J.G. ED - Dederichs, A. T1 - Experimental and numerical investigation of enclosure fires - Application to room fires and intermediate scale tests N2 - One of our research topics focus on fire in residential buildings because approximately 80% of all fire fatalities in Europe occur in residential building fires. The aim is to identify critical fire scenarios and to model these fire scenarios with experimental and numerical methods. We perform a wide ränge of reaction-to-fire tests and use different Software tools to simulate fires. Another field of research is fire-safety of escape and rescue routes, because in case of fire, smoke in staircases can be a serious problem. In 2005, 8 people died in Berlin during a staircase fire which was caused by arson. A stroller had been ignited and the resulting smoke filled the staircase quickly. The wooden staircase also was involved in the fire. Several inhabitants tried to leave their flats via the staircase and were trapped. T2 - FSD 2014 - Fire Safety Day CY - Lyngby/Kopenhagen, Denmark DA - 12.06.2014 KW - Äquivalente Branddauer KW - Numerische Simulation KW - Brandszenarien PY - 2014 SP - 49 EP - 50 AN - OPUS4-30901 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja A1 - Knaust, Christian A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Raspe, Tina A1 - Deubel, Jan T1 - Detailed analysis of a smouldering fire scenario at the murder scene - experimental and numerical investigations N2 - Based on forensic evidence, a smouldering fire was observed to have occurred at a murder scene. Identification of a reasonable timeline – specifically the fire dynamics of the ignition and fire growth that occurred coincident with the death that took place – became an important focus of the criminal investigation that followed. The fire service was called when a neighbour saw a grey smoke escaping through the ventilation system of the bathrooms on the roof of the house. One flat door with elevated temperatures was found. The fire fighter who entered the flat first reported later that the flat was completely filled with smoke and all windows were closed. When the fire fighter opened the balcony door, he saw flames on the sofa that he extinguished. Then he found a body on the floor. The autopsy showed later that the victim was dead before the fire started. The police suspected that the murderer probably had deliberately set the fire to destroy evidence. One suspect had been witnessed to be in the flat approximately 2 h before the fire was detected by the neighbour. The aim of this project was to investigate how the fire most likely started and developed. KW - Fire investigation KW - Smouldering fire KW - Fire development KW - Crime KW - Numerical modelling PY - 2014 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.2222 SN - 0308-0501 SN - 1099-1018 VL - 38 IS - 8 SP - 806 EP - 816 PB - Heyden CY - London AN - OPUS4-32016 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kempel, Florian A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja A1 - Butler, K.M. A1 - Onate, E. A1 - Idelsohn, S.R. A1 - Rossi, R. A1 - Marti, J.M. T1 - Numerical simulation of polymeric materials in UL 94 test: Competition between gasification and melt flow/dripping T2 - Interflam 2010 - 12th International conference CY - Nottingham, UK DA - 2010-07-05 KW - Particle finite element method (PFEM) KW - UL 94 KW - Fire retardancy KW - PC/ABS KW - Melt flow KW - Dripping PY - 2010 SN - 978-0-9541216-5-5 N1 - Geburtsname von Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja: Hofmann, A. - Birth name of Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja: Hofmann, A. VL - 1 SP - 721 EP - 730 PB - Interscience Communications CY - London, UK AN - OPUS4-21670 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja A1 - Knaust, Christian A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Brandverhalten von Bauprodukten: Brauchen wir Regelungen für die Menge und Giftigkeit der Rauchgase? T2 - 57. Jahresfachtagung der Vereinigung zur Förderung des Deutschen Brandschutzes e.V. (vfdb 2008) CY - Bochum, Deutschland DA - 2008-04-27 PY - 2008 N1 - Geburtsname von Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja: Hofmann, A. - Birth name of Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja: Hofmann, A. SP - 169 EP - 178 AN - OPUS4-17755 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja T1 - Computermodellierung von Wohnungsbränden unter Berücksichtigung von Rauchmeldern und Flammschutzmitteln T2 - Fachtagung Kunststoffe, Brandschutz und Flammschutzmittel CY - Würzburg, Germany DA - 2006-06-21 PY - 2006 N1 - Geburtsname von Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja: Hofmann, A. - Birth name of Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja: Hofmann, A. AN - OPUS4-12540 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja A1 - Kaudelka, Sven T1 - Einfluss von Beschädigungen auf das Brandverhalten von WDVS N2 - Nach dem großen Baustellenbrand in Frankfurt 2012 hatte die Bauministerkonferenz (BMK) beschlossen, das Brandverhalten von Wärmedämmverbundsystemen [WDVS] hinsichtlich von Brandquellen vor der Fassade zu untersuchen. Die Feuerwehr Frankfurt hat eine Sammlung von Bränden, bei denen WDVS beteiligt waren, initiiert. Wertet man diese Sammlung hinsichtlich der Brandentstehung aus, fällt auf, dass von den insgesamt 57 Bränden 79 % (45 Brände) vor der Fassade begannen. 25 dieser 45 Brände wurden durch brennenden Müll oder Müllcontainer ausgelöst. Die meisten der gesammelten Brände (50) waren in den letzten fünf Jahren (2010 - 2014). Auf Grund dieser Erkenntnisse wurden an der BAM Müilcontainer (aus Plastik) hinsichtlich ihrer Entflammbarkeit und Wärmefreisetzung untersucht. Außerdem wurden im Auftrag der BMK Müllcontainer hinsichtlich ihrer Wärmefreisetzung und Brandentwicklung im Großversuch an der MFPA Leipzig untersucht. Mit Hilfe dieser Voruntersuchungen wurde eine Brandquelle identifiziert, die Zündquellen wie einen brennenden, Müllcontainer oder kleinere Ansammlungen von Sperrmüll repräsentiert: Es wurde eine 200 kg Holzkrippe gewählt, da die Holzkrippe bessere Ergebnisse hinsichtlich der Reproduzierbarkeit der Ergebnisse darstellt als z.B. ein Müllcontainer. Mit dieser Zündquelle wurden Großversuche an der MFPA Leipzig mit einem zugelassenen WDVS durchgeführt. Das WDVS zeigte unter diesen Prüfbedingungen ein nicht akzeptables Brandverhalten. Die folgenden zwei Versuche wurden mit Ertüchtigungsmaßnahmen durchgeführt, die eine signifikante Verbesserung des Brandverhaltens brachten. Zusätzlich wurde an der BAM eine Serie von Brandversuchen im Kieinmaßstab in der Single Burning Item (SBI) Prüfeinrichtung durchgeführt. Dabei wurde die auf das WDVS wirkende Wärmefreisetzungsrate variiert und der Einfluss von Grad und Größe von Beschädigungen der Putzschicht hinsichtlich des Brandverhaltens untersucht. Deutliche Unterschiede im Brandverhalten konnten sowohl quantitativ als auch qualitativ nachgewiesen werden. Neben der den Versuchsbedingungen zugrunde liegenden Wärmefreisetzungsrate konnten Art und Lage der Beschädigung in der Putzschicht als auch brandbeeinflussende Größen charakterisiert und beschrieben werden. T2 - FeuerTRUTZ Brandschutzkongress 2015 CY - Nuremberg, Germany DA - 18.02.2015 KW - Fassaden KW - Brandschutz KW - WDVS KW - Polystyrol PY - 2015 SP - Kap. 2.2, 269 EP - 279 AN - OPUS4-33341 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja A1 - Kaudelka, Sven A1 - Ruhs, A. T1 - Challenges for fire safety in etic systems with polystyrene insulation N2 - Several fires involving external thermal insulating (ETIC) systems with polystyrene in Germany started an extensive discussion about fire safety of such systems. The Frankfurt fire service started to collect reports about real fire cases which involved ETICS with polystyrene two years ago. This collection shows that especially fires, which started in front of the buildings led to more severe fires of the facades than fires inside the buildings. In several fires the ignition sources were burning waste containers. Three of the real cases are discussed in more detail: a serious fire in Frankfurt on a building site and two fires of apartment buildings, which developed quite differently. Additionally the plastic waste containers, which started several fires are investigated regarding ignitability and heat release rates. The investigation shows that plastic waste containers are very effective as ignition source and that the usual placement directly in front of combustible facades can be a problem for fire safety. Moving these containers and unintentional contact with the facade can lead to damage of the facade coating. These damages were investigated qualitatively and quantitative on a wide collection of buildings. After classifying the damage intermediate scale tests were performed in a modified Single Burning Item (SBI) Test. The damage of the coating was varied as well as the power of the sand bed burner of the SBI apparatus. The damage significantly influenced the fire development on the specimen. In some tests the damaged rendering of the ETIC system collapsed and resulted in a sudden fire growth: after the collapse of the rendering the whole specimen was suddenly on fire. Several effects, which could be seen in the intermediate scale tests correspond to observations which were made in the real cases. As a consequence of the investigations challenges and possible measures to enhance fire safety of ETIC systems are discussed. T2 - Fire and materials 2015 - 14th International conference and exhibition CY - San Francisco, CA, USA DA - 02.02.2015 KW - ETICS KW - Large and intermediate scale tests KW - Facade fires PY - 2015 SP - 543 EP - 553 PB - Interscience Communications AN - OPUS4-32693 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja T1 - Aus Klein- wird Großbrand N2 - Die rasante Brandentwicklung in einem Münchner Industriegebiet wirft ein schlechtes Licht auf die Brandgefahren von Linienbussen. KW - Busdepot KW - Brand PY - 2013 SN - 1613-3935 SN - 0500-6260 VL - 11 IS - Interview SP - 46 EP - 47 PB - Huss-Medien GmbH Verl. Technik CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-29981 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kempel, Florian A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Linteris, G.T. A1 - Stoliarov, S.I. A1 - Lyon, R.E. A1 - Walters, R.N. A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja T1 - Prediction of the mass loss rate of polymer materials: Impact of residue formation N2 - Two different numerical simulation tools, Fire Dynamic Simulator (FDS) and ThermaKin, are investigated with respect to their capability to predict the mass loss rate of polymer materials exposed to different fires. For validation, gasification apparatus and cone calorimeter tests are conducted. The main focus is on the influence of residue formation. Therefore, poly (butylene terephthalate) (PBT) and PBT reinforced with glass fibres (PBT-GF) are investigated and compared. PBT decomposes almost completely, while PBT-GF forms residue. The materials are characterised in order to provide suitable input parameters. Additionally the total incident heat flux to the sample is measured. With accurate input parameters, FDS and ThermaKin predicted the pyrolysis behaviour of PBT very well. Only some limitations are identified regarding the residue-forming PBT-GF. Both numerical simulation tools demonstrate a high value regarding the assessment of parameters' relative impacts and thus the evaluation of optimisation routes in polymer and composite development. KW - Polymer KW - Pyrolysis simulation KW - Residue formation KW - Fire dynamics simulator (FDS) KW - ThermKin PY - 2012 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2012.03.012 SN - 0010-2180 SN - 1556-2921 VL - 159 IS - 9 SP - 2974 EP - 2984 PB - Elsevier CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-26382 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller, Simon A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja A1 - Chen, Zhimin A1 - Vogel, Kristin A1 - Benner, Philipp T1 - A high-resolution spatiotemporal wildfire propagation dataset for the Mediterranean and Europe N2 - Wildfires are becoming more frequent and severe under the influence of climate change, posing increasing risks to ecosystems, human health, and infrastructure. Accurate spatiotemporal data on wildfire propagation is essential for advancing fire behavior modeling, improving management strategies, and mitigating future impacts. However, existing datasets with both high spatial and temporal resolution are rare, costly, and time-consuming to produce. To address this gap, we present FireSpread_MedEU, a dataset comprising 320 consecutive burned area maps from 103 wildfire events across the Mediterranean and Europe between 2017 and 2023. Burned areas were derived from high-resolution Planet optical satellite imagery (~3 m spatial, mostly daily temporal resolution) using a semi-automated workflow, followed by manual refinement to ensure highest accuracy. Each dataset entry is enriched with detailed metadata and a subjective quality assessment. With its high level of spatiotemporal precision, FireSpread_MedEU provides essential data for the development and validation of machine learning models or wildfire simulation models. It opens new research opportunities in wildfire behavior analysis, risk assessment, and predictive modeling. KW - Wildfire KW - Remote Sensing KW - Data PY - 2026 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-657294 DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-026-06965-2 SN - 2052-4463 VL - 13 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 7 PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC AN - OPUS4-65729 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja A1 - Dülsen, Steffen ED - Andersson, P. ED - Sundström, B. T1 - Fire safety performance of buses N2 - The amount of plastic materials used in all sectors of everyday life is still growing. The plastic materials also have gained a major importance in the automotive industry. Today they are widely used in vehicles because of their excellent mechanical properties and their light weight combined with cheap production coasts. But unfortunately these materials appear to be ideally suited to endanger passengers in case of fire. Bus fires occur relatively frequently. Almost every day (350 - 400 bus fires per year, [1]) a bus burns in Germany which conforms to circa 0,05 % of 76.433 busses registered in Germany [2]. An internal investigation of a big German bus operator found out that every year 1 % of all busses had fire incidents. In 2008 a severe bus fire occurred in Germany where 20 of 32 passengers lost their life. Since that time the fire safety of busses has been discussed in Germany and a research project funded by the German Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Development (BMVBS) represented by the German Federal Highway Research Institute (BASt) has been started at BAM. Again and again severe bus fires occurs in Germany as in May 2011 [3] or in February 2012 [4] where fortunately young and fit passengers (pupils) could escape early enough through windows which they had to destroy. Only luck and the fitness of these pupils prevented further losses of lives in both bus fire cases! In the bus fire project small, intermediate and large scale experiments on material specimen, interior parts and vehicles have been performed, as well as numerical investigations. The investigations, results and recommendations developed by BAM within this project are presented here. T2 - FIVE 2012 - 2nd International conference on fires in vehicles CY - Chicago, USA DA - 27.09.2012 KW - Large scale fire tests KW - Numerical simulation KW - Bus interior materials KW - Smoke toxicity KW - Recommendations PY - 2012 SN - 978-91-87017-54-4 SN - 0284-5172 SP - 147 EP - 158 AN - OPUS4-27388 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja A1 - Dülsen, Steffen T1 - Gefahren bei Busbränden - Empfehlungen zur Verbesserung der Sicherheit N2 - Der schwere Busbrand 2008 in der Nähe von Hannover, bei dem 20 der 32 Fahrgäste ums Leben kamen, hat gezeigt, dass die aktuellen Brandschutzvorschriften für Busse die Selbstrettung der Passagiere nicht gewährleisten können. In einem von der Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen (BASt) geförderten Forschungsprojekt wurden die aktuellen Brandschutzvorschriften untersucht und Empfehlungen zur Verbesserung der Brandsicherheit in Bussen entwickelt. Es wurden zahlreiche Versuche im kleineren Maßstab an Busmaterialien durchgeführt und Vergleiche zu den Anforderungen an Schienenfahrzeuge gezogen sowie Versuche im Realmaßstab an Bussitzen und im Motorraum eines Linienbusses. Begleitend zu den experimentellen Untersuchungen wurden Brandverläufe berechnet, um besonders gefährliche Szenarien zu identifizieren und mögliche Maßnahmen zu untersuchen. KW - Busbrände KW - Experimentelle Untersuchungen KW - CFD KW - Empfehlungen PY - 2012 SN - 2191-0073 VL - 2 IS - 9 SP - 33 EP - 40 PB - Springer-VDI-Verl. CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-27389 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -