TY - GEN A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart A1 - Weimann, Karin ED - White, T. ED - Ferraris, C. ED - Yu, L. ED - Halada, K. ED - Umezawa, O. T1 - Recovery of non-renewable resources from waste T2 - 7th International Conference on Ecomaterials (ICEM7); 3rd International Conference on Advanced Materials (ICMAT2005) CY - Singapore DA - 2005-07-03 PY - 2005 SN - 981-05-3611-9 VL - 1 SP - 148 EP - 155 PB - Stallion Press CY - Singapore AN - OPUS4-11831 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart A1 - Brenneis, Rudolf A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Mudersbach, D. T1 - Recovery of chromium from AOD-converter slags N2 - Slags from the production of high-alloyed steel contain both chemically bound chromium (mainly as Cr2O3) in the mineral fraction and elemental chromium in the metallic remainders. Thermochemical post treatment of the slag in an electric arc furnace under reducing conditions enables the nearly complete recovery of the total amount of chromium in form of a metallic alloy. The best results were achieved by resistance melting (submerged electrodes) with addition of a reducing agent into the melt. The efficiencies of the reducing agents carbon, aluminium, silicon (as ferrosilicon) and silicon carbide were investigated and compared. As aluminium is the strongest reducing agent, it is less selective and reduces much more SiO2 than Cr2O3. While SiC shows only low reactivity because of its high thermal resistance, carbon and silicon had the highest reducing potentials: More than 97% of the chemically bound chromium can be recovered by application of these reducing agents. Due to the high temperature required for the reduction of the chromium compounds, the reduction of SiO2 as an undesired side reaction cannot be avoided. However, compared with mechanical procedures that are limited to the recovery of the metallic remainders, the total chromium recovery can be significantly increased by the described reductive melting procedure. KW - Arc furnace KW - By-product KW - Chromium recovery KW - High-alloyed steel KW - Reductive melting KW - Slag treatment KW - Slag KW - Thermochemical treatment PY - 2010 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.201000193 SN - 1611-3683 SN - 0177-4832 VL - 81 IS - 12 SP - 1078 EP - 1083 PB - Verl. Stahleisen CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-22898 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Brenneis, Rudolf A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart T1 - Möglichkeiten der thermochemischen Behandlung von Reststoffen KW - Thermochemische Stofftrennung KW - Wertstoffrückgewinnung PY - 2010 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/cite.201050012 SN - 0009-286X SN - 1522-2640 VL - 82 IS - 9 SP - 1579 EP - 1580 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-22004 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Brenneis, Rudolf A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Recycling of waste materials by thermochemical treatment T2 - ISWA World congress 2010 - Urban development and sustainbility - a major challenge for waste management in the 21st century CY - Hamburg, Germany DA - 2010-11-15 KW - thermochemical substance separation KW - Thermodynamics KW - Thermochemistry PY - 2010 SP - 1 EP - 10(?) AN - OPUS4-22467 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Schraut, Katharina A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart A1 - Weimann, Karin A1 - Gluth, Gregor T1 - Erzeugung klimaschonender Bindemittel als Alternativen zu Zement durch thermochemische Behandlung von mineralischen Nebenprodukten und Abfällen N2 - Die Zementindustrie erzeugt etwa 6-7% der globalen CO2-Emissionen und steht damit als Industriezweig vor dem Hintergrund einer anvisierten Klimaneutralität vor gewaltigen Herausforderungen. Der Prozess der Klinkerherstellung wurde über die vergangenen Jahrzehnte bereits kontinuierlich optimiert. Seit 1990 ist es der deutschen Zementindustrie gelungen, die spezifischen CO2-Emissionen der Zementproduktion u. a. durch den Einsatz alternativer, nicht fossiler Brennstoffe und durch Absenkung des Klinkergehalts im Zement um 20 % zu senken. Weitere konventionelle Minderungsstrategien versprechen jedoch nur noch wenig zusätzliche Reduktion. Im Falle des Portlandklinkers besteht die Schwierigkeit darin, dass zwei Drittel der CO2-Emissionen rohstoffbedingt durch die Entsäuerung des Kalksteins (CaCO3) anfallen, die durch die beschriebenen Maßnahmen nicht weiter abgesenkt werden können. Vielmehr wird es erforderlich sein, noch zu entwickelnde oder zu optimierende Technologien anzuwenden und ggf. alle relevanten Ebenen wie Produktion, Weiterverarbeitung und Anwendung von Zement und Beton neu zu denken. Neben technologischen Ansätzen zur CO2-Abscheidung mit nachfolgender langfristiger Speicherung (Carbon Capture and Storage – CCS) oder Verwertung (Carbon Capture and Utilisation – CCU) werden auch alternative Rohstoffe für die Zementproduktion und alternative Bindemittel in Betracht zu ziehen sein. T2 - Berliner Konferenz Mineralische Nebenprodukte und Abfälle CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 25.04.2022 KW - Zement KW - Sekundärrohstoff PY - 2022 SN - 978-3-944310-58-9 SP - 372 EP - 385 PB - TK-Verlag CY - Neuruppin AN - OPUS4-54737 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schraut, Katharina A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart A1 - Simon, Sebastian A1 - von Werder, Julia A1 - Meng, Birgit A1 - Stephan, D. A1 - Kargl, F. A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Formation and chemical stabilisation of tricalcium-silicate during solidification from the melt of post-treated metallurgical slags N2 - Tricalcium-silicate (C3S) or Alite is the most important mineral in Portland cement. Since pure tricalcium-silicate is only stable above temperatures of 1250 °C, its decomposition has to be prevented technically by fast cooling after the sintering process. At room temperature, the decomposition velocity is very slow so that metastable tricalcium-silicate is obtained. Although the mechanisms of clinker phase formation during burning process of Portland cement in a rotary kiln were solved and improved over the years, in view of possible economic and ecological benefits current projects aim to produce clinker phases from metallurgical slags. Recent studies discovered that the mineral phase which remained after a reducing treatment and separation of formed metallic iron from molten Linz-Donawitz (LD-) slags contained about 60 wt.% Alite despite it was cooled slowly. Because the results could be verified using slags from different origins and varying cooling velocities a chemical stabilisation of the Alite can be assumed. First tests in mortars indicate that workability, hardening and solid state properties are comparable with an ordinary Portland cement. An application of the observed phenomenon in cement production requires enhanced knowledge about formation and stabilisation conditions of Alite during crystallisation from melts in contrast to the sintering reactions in conventional Portland cement production. Therefore, this study focuses on the stabilisation mechanisms of Alite in consolidating melts. Samples from different melting experiments are analysed to determine stabilising factors. T2 - 15th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement CY - Prag, Czech Republic DA - 16.09.2019 KW - Tricalcium-silicate KW - Portland Cement KW - Alite KW - Steelmaking slag PY - 2019 SP - Paper 492, 1 EP - 10 AN - OPUS4-49050 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart A1 - Mory, D. A1 - Schilller, D. A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Chemische Onlineanalyse von Schmelzen im Lichtbogenofen durch LIBS N2 - Die Reduktion von Metalloxiden zum Metall in einer schmelzflüssigen mineralischen Matrix stellt die Grundlage vieler metallurgischer Verfahren dar. Eine Prozessoptimierung und -kontrolle setzt allerdings die genaue Kenntnis der chemischen Zusammensetzung der Schmelze voraus. Im Beitrag wird LIBS als Methode zur Online-Analyse von Hochtemperaturschmelzen vorgestellt. T2 - Schlacken Symposium 2016 CY - Meitingen, Germany DA - 13.10.2016 KW - Online-Analyse KW - LIBS KW - Lichtbogenofen KW - Prozessoptimierung PY - 2016 SP - 49 EP - 58 AN - OPUS4-38155 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Weimann, Karin A1 - Müller, A. A1 - Linß, E. A1 - Schulz, T. A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart ED - Jones, M.R. ED - Newlands, M.D. ED - Halliday, J.E. ED - Csetenyi, L.J. ED - Li, Z. ED - McCarthy, M.J. ED - Dyer, T.D. T1 - Reducing sulphates in crushed concrete: improving the building material properties of recycled concrete aggregates N2 - The material properties of recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) are correlated to the sorting accuracy of the former demolition waste. Impurities like wood, clay bricks or gypsum can lead to inferior building material properties. Harmful substances like heavy metals or organic pollutants should be minimised as well. Hence the non-concrete materials have to be separated from the concrete material stream. This can be done during the demolition process by using selective dismantling techniques. Alternatively a variety sorting and classifying techniques to purify the crushed concrete can be utilized. A research project, funded by the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, investigated the possibilities of gaining recycled concrete aggregates of a high quality for the reuse in the production of concrete. The work focuses especially on how gypsum respectively sulphates in the crushed concrete can be reduced. Sulphates can impair the setting behaviour of concrete and also damage set concrete by causing expansion. Therefore the content of sulphates in RCA is restricted by guidelines and standards in Germany. Generally, gypsum in construction waste originates from interior fittings like gypsum walls, floor screeds, plaster boards and also plaster. Most of these materials can be reconstructed using selective dismantling techniques. This can be achieved either by manual labour or by using mechanical equipment e.g. to remove floor screeds by milling. Depending on the specific deconstruction site it can be more effective and/or more environmentally compatible to remove sulphates by treating the crushed concrete. Applicable treatments for sulphate reduction include dry processes like manual sorting of gypsum wall blocks as well as wet treatments e.g. jigging. In addition this research project an environmental performance evaluation was undertaken to assess different techniques for reducing sulphates in recycled concrete aggregates. T2 - Tagung 'Cocrete in the low carbon era' CY - Dundee, Great Britain DA - 09.07.2012 KW - Building material properties KW - Environmental performance evaluation KW - Gypsum KW - Recycled concrete aggregates KW - Sulphates PY - 2012 SN - 978-0-9573263-0-9 SP - 687 EP - 698 AN - OPUS4-26211 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Peplinski, Burkhard A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart T1 - New horizons for the structural characterization of stainless steel slags by X-ray powder diffraction T2 - 10. European Powder Diffraction Conference (EPDIC-10) CY - Geneva, Switzerland DA - 2006-09-01 PY - 2006 AN - OPUS4-13787 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Peplinski, Burkhard A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Reuther, H. A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart A1 - Menzel, Michael A1 - Emmerling, Franziska A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - First identification of the tridymite form of AlPO4 in municipal sewage sludge ash N2 - Sewage sludge and sewage sludge ashes (SSA) are produced in huge amounts at municipal waste water treatment plants (WWTP) all around the world and have become an issue for many urbanized areas. To deal with this unceasing mass flow in an ecologically and economically responsible way a comprehensive chemical and structural characterization of all types of SSA is needed. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) is one of the most promising analytical methods for this task. Although, there has been ample chemical evidence showing that many SSA contain aluminium phosphate as a major component up to now no aluminium phosphate or aluminium-rich mixed phosphate phase has been reported to be identified by XRD in a SSA produced at a mono-incineration facility. The outcome of the present com-bined XRD and Mossbauer spectroscopy investigation provides comprehensive evidence closing this gap for the first time. KW - Aluminium phosphate KW - AlPO4 KW - Tridymite KW - Sewage sludge ash KW - Incinerator KW - Ash PY - 2011 DO - https://doi.org/10.1524/zkpr.2011.0067 SN - 0044-2968 VL - 1 SP - 443 EP - 448 PB - Oldenbourg CY - München AN - OPUS4-24297 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Peplinski, Burkhard A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart A1 - Müller, Ralf A1 - Michaelis, Matthias A1 - Krahl, T. A1 - Emmerling, Franziska T1 - Nanocrystalline and stacking-disordered beta-cristobalite AlPO4: the now deciphered main constituent of a municipal sewage sludge ash from a full-scale incineration facility N2 - For the first time evidence is provided that a nanocrystalline and stacking-disordered, chemically stabilized β-cristobalite form of AlPO4 occurs in a sewage sludge ash (SSA). This proof is based on a combined X-ray powder diffraction and X-ray fluorescence investigation of an SSA produced at a large-scale fluidized bed incineration facility serving a catching area with a population of 2 million. The structural and chemical characterization was carried out on 'as received' SSA samples as well as on solid residues remaining after leaching this SSA in sodium hydroxide solution. Thus, it was ascertained that the observed nanocrystalline and stacking-disordered cristobalite-like component belongs to the aluminum phosphate component of this SSA, rather than to its silicon dioxide component. In addition, a direct proof is presented that the chemically stabilized β-cristobalite form of AlPO4 does crystallize from X-ray amorphous precursors under conditions that mimic the huge heating rate and short retention time (just seconds at T ≈ 850°C), typical for fluidized bed incinerators. KW - Aluminum phosphate KW - Chemical stabilization of high-temperature forms KW - Cristobalite form KW - Stacking disorder KW - Incinerator ash KW - Sewage sludge ash PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0885715614001213 SN - 0885-7156 VL - 30 IS - Supplement S 1 SP - S31 EP - S35 PB - JCPDS CY - Swarthmore, Pa. AN - OPUS4-33435 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Peplinski, Burkhard A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart A1 - Müller, Ralf A1 - Schadrack, Reinhard A1 - Michaelis, Matthias A1 - Emmerling, Franziska A1 - Reuther, H. A1 - Menzel, Michael T1 - Evidence of formation of the tridymite form of AlPO4 in some municipal sewage sludge ashes N2 - Evidence is provided that the tridymite component observed in the X-ray diffraction patterns of some sewage sludge ashes (SSAs) should not be interpreted as the tridymite modification of SiO2 but as the tridymite form of AlPO4. This proof is based on a combined X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and Mossbauer spectroscopy investigation of two SSAs produced at two fluidized bed incineration facilities, located in different municipalities and operated differently. The structural and chemical characterization was carried out on the 'as received' SSA samples as well as on the residues of these two SSAs pretreated by leaching in citric acid. In addition, direct proof is presented that the tridymite form of AlPO4 does crystallize from X-ray amorphous precursors under conditions that mimic the huge heating rate and short retention time (just seconds at T ≈ 850 °C) typical for fluidized bed incinerators. KW - Aluminium phosphate KW - Ash KW - Fly ash KW - Incinerator ash KW - Sewage sludge ash KW - Tridymite form PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0885715613000869 SN - 0885-7156 VL - 28 IS - S2 SP - S425 EP - S435 PB - JCPDS CY - Swarthmore, Pa. AN - OPUS4-29703 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Peplinski, Burkhard A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart A1 - Kley, Gerd A1 - Adam, Karin A1 - Emmerling, Franziska A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - New horizons of the structural characterization of stainless steel slags by X-ray powder diffraction KW - AOD slag KW - Metal recovery KW - Metallurgy KW - Rietveld method KW - Slags KW - Stainless steel slags KW - Quantitative phase analysis (QPA) PY - 2007 SN - 0930-486X VL - 26 SP - 61 EP - 66 PB - Oldenbourg CY - München AN - OPUS4-16666 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Peplinski, Burkhard A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart A1 - Formanek, P. A1 - Meyer, Christian A1 - Krüger, O. A1 - Scharf, Holger A1 - Reinsch, Stefan A1 - Ostermann, Markus A1 - Nofz, Marianne A1 - Jäger, Christian A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Emmerling, Franziska T1 - Nanocrystalline and stacking-disordered beta-cristobalite AlPO4 chemically stabilized at room temperature: synthesis, physical characterization, and X-ray powder diffraction data N2 - This paper reports the first successful synthesis and the structural characterization of nanocrystalline and stacking-disordered β-cristobalite AlPO4 that is chemically stabilized down to room temperature and free of crystalline impurity phases. Several batches of the title compound were synthesized and thoroughly characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy mapping in SEM, solid-state 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (31P-NMR) spectroscopy including the TRAPDOR method, differential thermal analysis (DTA), gas-sorption methods, optical Emission spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, and ion chromatography. Parameters that are critical for the synthesis were identified and optimized. The synthesis procedure yields reproducible results and is well documented. A high-quality XRD pattern of the title compound is presented, which was collected with monochromatic copper radiation at room temperature in a wide 2θ range of 5°–100°. KW - Stabilization of high-temperature phase at RT KW - Nanochrystalline AlPO4 KW - Beta-christobalite structure type KW - High-cristobalite form KW - Aluminium phosphate PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0885715617000537 SN - 1945-7413 SN - 0885-7156 VL - 32 IS - S1 SP - S193 EP - S200 PB - JCPDS-ICDD CY - Cambridge AN - OPUS4-42235 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -