TY - JOUR
A1 - Sichler, Theresa Constanze
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Becker, Roland
A1 - Sauer, Andreas
A1 - Ostermann, Markus
A1 - Barjenbruch, M.
T1 - Phosphorus determination in sewage sludge: comparison of different aqua regia digestion methods and ICP-OES, ICP-MS and photometric determination
N2 - Phosphorus recycling from sewage sludge will be obligatory in Germany from 2029. Phosphorus content determination in sewage sludge is crucial to assess the prescribed recycling rates. Currently, German law regards sample preparation using aqua regia digestion in a microwave or under reflux conditions as well as instrumental phosphorus determination by ICP-OES, ICP-MS, or photometric determination with ammonium molybdate as equivalent. However, it is questionable whether these methods are indeed equivalent regarding phosphorus quantification in sludges near the limit of 20 g/kg for mandatory recycling. To answer this question, 15 sewage sludges of 11 different wastewater treatment plants were investigated with all permitted method (digestion and measurement) combinations. Moreover, one sewage sludge was also examined in an interlaboratory comparison (ILC) with 28 participants. This study shows that the above-mentioned methods differ in some cases significantly but across all method combinations and sludges, phosphorus recovery was between 80 and 121% after normalization to the grand mean (average of 15 sludges between 85 and 111%). The ILC and the examination of 15 sludges produced largely similar results. There is a tendency to higher phosphorus recovery after microwave digestion compared to reflux digestion and ICP-OES measurements determine higher phosphorus contents than ICP-MS and photometric phosphorus determination. As a result, the authors recommend ICP-OES determination of phosphorus in sewage sludge after microwave digestion.
KW - Sewage sludge
KW - ICP-OES
KW - Phosphous recovery
KW - ICP-MS
KW - Photometric P determination
KW - Interlaboratory comparison
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-558869
DO - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-022-00677-1
VL - 34
IS - 99
SP - 1
EP - 14
PB - Springer
AN - OPUS4-55886
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Dombinov, V.
A1 - Herzel, Hannes
A1 - Meiller, M.
A1 - Müller, F.
A1 - Willbold, S.
A1 - Zang, J. W.
A1 - da Fonseca-Zang, W. A.
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Klose, H.
A1 - Poorter, H.
A1 - Jablonowski, N. D.
A1 - Schrey, S. D.
T1 - Sugarcane bagasse ash as fertilizer for soybeans: Effects of added residues on ash composition, mineralogy, phosphorus extractability and plant availability
N2 - Sugarcane bagasse is commonly combusted to generate energy. Unfortunately, recycling strategies rarely consider the resulting ash as a potential fertilizer. To evaluate this recycling strategy for a sustainable circular economy, we characterized bagasse ash as a fertilizer and measured the effects of co-gasification and co-combustion of bagasse with either chicken manure or sewage sludge: on the phosphorus (P) mass fraction, P-extractability, and mineral P phases. Furthermore, we investigated the ashes as fertilizer for soybeans under greenhouse conditions. All methods in combination are reliable indicators helping to assess and predict P availability from ashes to soybeans. The fertilizer efficiency of pure bagasse ash increased with the ash amount supplied to the substrate. Nevertheless, it was not as effective as fertilization with triple-superphosphate and K2SO4, which we attributed to lower P availability. Co-gasification and co-combustion increased the P mass fraction in all bagasse-based ashes, but its extractability and availability to soybeans increased only when co-processed with chicken manure, because it enabled the formation of readily available Ca-alkali phosphates. Therefore, we recommend co-combusting biomass with alkali-rich residues to increase the availability of P from the ash to plants.
KW - Combustion and gasification
KW - Phosphate extractability and availability
KW - X-ray diffraction (XRD)
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-567632
DO - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.1041924
SN - 1664-462X
VL - 13
SP - 1
EP - 13
PB - Frontiers Media
CY - Lausanne
AN - OPUS4-56763
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Sichler, Theresa
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Montag, D.
A1 - Ehm, J.
A1 - Barjenbruch, M.
A1 - Pinnekamp, J.
ED - Holm, O.
ED - Thomé-Kozmiensky, E.
ED - Quicker, P.
ED - Kopp-Assenmacher, S.
T1 - Auswirkungen der novellierten AbfKlärV auf die Kreislaufführung von Pflanzennährstoffen
N2 - Because of the longstanding oversupply of nutrients in Germany, waste and fertilization legislation has been amended in 2017. As the new laws do still not meet the European nitrate ordinance, fertilization laws must be tightened again. In consequence, there is a rising competition for land between sewage sludge and organic fertilizers.
Furthermore, the new sewage sludge ordinance (AbfKlärV) contains stricter thresholds and a ban on agricultural sewage sludge utilization for WWTPs > 50,000 p.e. from 2029. WWTPs which do not use their sludge for agriculture have to recover phosphorus from then on. However, sludges with less than 2% P content are not affected by that obligation. Every federal state of Germany must report amounts and quality of agricultural utilized sewage sludge yearly. An evaluation of raw data from 10 federal states shows that nearly 40% of both WWTPs and sewage sludge volume fall below the recovery limit of 2%. On the other hand, this means less than 30% of the P potential. In addition, there is no information whether the sludges fall reliably below the limit as required by the ordinance. This project aims to investigate this reliability by regarding the variations in the P content of sewage sludge. For this reason, samples will be taken monthly at 10 representative WWTPs over a year. Whereas phosphorus will still mostly be subject of recovery other nutrients are not affected by this. As a result, large amounts of N, K, Mg and Ca will be increasingly removed from the cycle. In 2017, WWTPs > 50,000 p.e. accounted for 30-60% of the nutrient potentials. These potentials will probably get lost to a large extent due to the fertilization ban. Many small WWTPs are also currently changing their utilization strategy from agriculture to incineration to ensure a safe disposal in future. Therefore, we can expect that even larger amounts of nutrients apart from phosphorus will be discharged from the circular economy. In comparison to the domestic sales volume of mineral fertilizers these other nutrients do only account for a very small fraction. A recovery could nevertheless replace parts of the mineral fertilizers, thus reducing environmental impacts. Energy consumption for technical nitrogen fixation is high and nutrient cycles are strongly anthropogenic influenced with diverse consequences such as eutrophication, acidification and endangered groundwater resources. Sewage sludge contains several micronutrients next to the macronutrients P, N, K, Mg, Ca and S. Because of lacking information on the actual German need for micronutrients contents and freights cannot evaluated. Moreover, former sewage sludge fertilization was probably not needs-based. It is therefore not possible to estimate a true loss in micronutrients due to the amended sewage sludge ordinance.
N2 - Die landwirtschaftliche Klärschlammverwertung ist in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland seit Jahren rückläufig, hatte im Jahr 2017 jedoch noch einen Anteil von rund 18 % [20]. Diese Art der Verwertung wird kontrovers diskutiert, da der Klärschlamm im Rahmen der Abwasserreinigung eine Schadstoffsenke darstellt. In vergangenen Jahrzehnten wurden insbesondere die hohen Gehalte an Schwermetallen im Klärschlamm als kritisch für eine landwirtschaftliche Verwertung eingestuft. Diese Belastung konnte allerdings durch Absenkung der Einträge von Schmermetallen in das Abwasser signifikant gesenkt werden. Neben Schwermetallen kamen jedoch auch organische Schadstoffe wie Pharmazeutika, Kosmetika und Haushaltschemikalien in den Fokus der Diskussion über den Einsatz von Klärschlamm auf Agrarflächen. Heute geraten zunehmend weitere Inhaltsstoffe in den Fokus, deren Auswirkungen noch nicht abschließend geklärt sind, weshalb eine einheitliche Bewertung über Grenzwerte nicht darstellbar ist. Beispiele für diese neuen Stoffgruppen sind Mikroplastik, Nanopartikel, Antibiotikaresistenzen und persistente organische Spurenstoffe. Neben den angesprochenen Risiken gibt es in Deutschland Regionen mit einem stark erhöhten Nährstoffüberschuss. In der Kritik steht vor allem eine nicht ordnungsgemäße Düngung mit Stickstoff, welche mit Nitratauswaschungen in das Grundwasser einhergeht. Um diese Grundwasserbelastung zu verhindern wurde u.a. das Düngerecht erneut verschärft, was die Flächenkonkurrenz zwischen Klärschlamm und Wirtschaftsdünger weiter vergrößern wird. Auf Druck der EU-Kommission stehen zudem weitere Anpassungen im Düngerecht bevor, da die beschlossenen Änderungen aus Kommissionssicht nicht ausreichen, um die Nitratrichtlinie einzuhalten. Vor dem Hintergrund der angeführten Probleme wurde im Koalitionsvertrag der 18. Legislaturperiode (2013) festgeschrieben, „die Klärschlammausbringung zu Düngezwecken [zu] beenden und Phosphor und andere Nährstoffe zurück[zu]gewinnen“ [5]. Die novellierte AbfKlärV beinhaltet allerdings kein grundsätzliches Aufbringungsverbot und eine Rückgewinnungspflicht besteht lediglich für den Nährstoff Phosphor. Es ist davon auszugehen, dass sich die neuen Regelungen im Düngerecht und der Klärschlammverordnung massiv auf die landwirtschaftliche Verwertung von Klärschlamm und damit auf die Kreislaufwirtschaft verschiedener Nährstoffe auswirken werden. Zur Ermittlung dieser Auswirkungen wird seit Oktober 2018 im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes das REFOPLAN-Projekt „extraWERT“ (FKZ 3718 26 330 0) von der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) in Kooperation mit dem Institut für Siedlungswasserwirtschaft (ISA) der RWTH Aachen durchgeführt. In diesem Beitrag werden erste Ergebnisse dieses Projekts vorgestellt.
T2 - Klärschlammkonferenz
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 04.11.2019
KW - Klärschlammdüngung
KW - Landwirtschaft
KW - Makronährstoffe
PY - 2019
SN - 978-3-944310-49-7
VL - 2
SP - 362
EP - 374
PB - Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag
CY - Neuruppin
AN - OPUS4-49603
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Weimann, Karin
A1 - Adam, Christian
ED - Martins, I. M.
ED - Ulsen, C.
ED - Villagran, Y.
T1 - Advantages of recycling gypsum plasterboards
N2 - Advantages of recycling gypsum plaster boards
During the last decades the material composition of buildings has become increasingly diverse. However, largely sorted material flows are needed for generating high quality secondary building materials. The use of secondary building materials can meet the requirements of sustainability in several ways: the extended time availability of primary raw materials and, thereby, the preservation of natural resources as well as the conservation of landfill sites.
Recycling of gypsum (calcium sulfate) can be a good example for the environmental benefits of closed-loop recycling. The content of sulfates in other secondary building materials, in particular in recycled concrete aggregates, should be minimized for quality reasons. In contrast, separated gypsum can also be used in gypsum production if the high quality requirements for the recycled gypsum are met. Since almost all processing steps in the recycling process are associated with environmental impacts, an environmental evaluation of the use of recycled gypsum as a substitute in gypsum production has to be carefully conducted.
This paper focusses on the techniques for generating recycled gypsum from gypsum plasterboards, the related quality requirements and a comprehensive environmental evaluation of the complete process.
T2 - IV International Conference Progress of Recycling in the Built Environment
CY - Lisbon, Portugal
DA - 11.10.2018
KW - Environmental evaluation
KW - Gypsum
KW - CDW processing
PY - 2018
SN - 978-2-35158-208-4
VL - PRO 124
SP - 243
EP - 250
PB - Rilem publications S.A.R.L.
CY - Paris
AN - OPUS4-48078
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - What is in your opinion the fertiliser of the future?
N2 - Conventional fertilisers have their disadvantages as nutrient release is not synchronised with the demand of plants. Several approaches of "next generation fertilisers" are aiming at controlled nutrient release. Recycling fertilisers are often not soluble in water but fully plant available. They are suitable raw materials for the production of new types of controlled release fertilisers.
T2 - CLOOP-Workshop "What is in your opinion the fertiliser of the future?"
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 22.10.2019
KW - Controlled release fertilisers
KW - Recycling fertilisers
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-49554
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Verwertung carbonfaserhaltiger Reststoffe in der Pyrometallurgie
N2 - Carbonfasern sind äußerst stabil und werden auch in Anlagen zur Verbrennung von Sondermüll kaum zerstört. Beim Handling carbonfaserhaltiger Abfälle können Gesundheitsrisken auftreten (Abgabe von WHO-Fasern). Es werden Methoden der Verwertung carbonfaserhaltiger Reststoffe in der Pyrometallurgie diskutiert.
T2 - UBA Fachaustausch: Aufbereitung und Verwertung carbonfaserhaltiger Abfälle
CY - Dessau, Germany
DA - 19.09.2019
KW - Carbonfasern
KW - Pyrometallurgie
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-49555
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schraut, Katharina
A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart
A1 - Simon, Sebastian
A1 - von Werder, Julia
A1 - Meng, Birgit
A1 - Stephan, D.
A1 - Kargl, F.
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Formation and chemical stabilisation of tricalcium-silicate during solidification from the melt of post-treated metallurgical slags
N2 - Tricalcium-silicate (C3S) or Alite is the most important mineral in Portland cement. Since pure tricalcium-silicate is only stable above temperatures of 1250 °C, its decomposition has to be prevented technically by fast cooling after the sintering process. At room temperature, the decomposition velocity is very slow so that metastable tricalcium-silicate is obtained.
Although the mechanisms of clinker phase formation during burning process of Portland cement in a rotary kiln were solved and improved over the years, in view of possible economic and ecological benefits current projects aim to produce clinker phases from metallurgical slags. Recent studies discovered that the mineral phase which remained after a reducing treatment and separation of formed metallic iron from molten Linz-Donawitz (LD-) slags contained about 60 wt.% Alite despite it was cooled slowly. Because the results could be verified using slags from different origins and varying cooling velocities a chemical stabilisation of the Alite can be assumed. First tests in mortars indicate that workability, hardening and solid state properties are comparable with an ordinary Portland cement. An application of the observed phenomenon in cement production requires enhanced knowledge about formation and stabilisation conditions of Alite during crystallisation from melts in contrast to the sintering reactions in conventional Portland cement production. Therefore, this study focuses on the stabilisation mechanisms of Alite in consolidating melts. Samples from different melting experiments are analysed to determine stabilising factors.
T2 - 15th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement
CY - Prag, Czech Republic
DA - 16.09.2019
KW - Tricalcium-silicate
KW - Portland Cement
KW - Alite
KW - Steelmaking slag
PY - 2019
SP - Paper 492, 1
EP - 10
AN - OPUS4-49050
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Peplinski, Burkhard
A1 - Kley, Gerd
A1 - Kratz, S.
A1 - Schick, J.
A1 - Schnug, E.
T1 - Phosphorrückgewinnung aus Klärschlammaschen - Ergebnisse aus dem EU-Projekt SUSAN
N2 - Phosphor ist ein für alle Lebewesen essenzielles Element und kann in seinen Funktionen z. B. als Bestandteil der DNS und RNS sowie als Schlüsselelement beim Energiestoffwechsel (ADP/ATP) nicht ersetzt werden. Klärschlammaschen sind aufgrund ihrer hohen Gehalte an Phosphor (1525 % P2O5) geeignete Sekundärrohstoffe für die Herstellung von P-Düngemitteln. Aufgrund der schlechten Pflanzenverfügbarkeit des Phosphors und der Gehalte an umweltrelevanten Schwermetallen sollten diese allerdings nicht direkt in der Landwirtschaft eingesetzt werden. Im Mittelpunkt des EU-Projekts SUSAN steht die Entwicklung und Optimierung einer thermochemischen Behandlung von Klärschlammaschen, mit der die Düngewirkung der Aschen auf das Niveau konventioneller Mineraldünger (Thomaskali und Superphosphat SSP) angehoben wird und die Schwermetallkonzentrationen unter die Grenzwerte nach Düngemittelverordnungen europäischer Länder abgesenkt werden. Die sehr positiven Ergebnisse, die bisher im SUSAN-Projekt erzielt wurden, und die darauf basierenden ökonomischen Betrachtungen legen eine großtechnische Umsetzung des Verfahrens nahe.
KW - Klärschlamm
KW - Phosphor
KW - Ressource
KW - Klärschlammasche
KW - P-Düngemittel
KW - Mineralische Phasen
PY - 2008
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00506-008-0152-3
SN - 0945-358X
SN - 1613-7566
VL - 60
IS - 3-4
SP - 55
EP - 64
PB - Springer
CY - Wien
AN - OPUS4-17449
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Phosphorrückgewinnung aus Klärschlammaschen: Forschungsergebnisse aus Deutschland
T2 - Klärschlammbehandlung - heute und morgen
CY - Wels, Austria
DA - 2007-11-21
PY - 2007
AN - OPUS4-16458
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Stemann, Jan
A1 - Kabbe, C.
A1 - Adam, Christian
ED - Thomé-Kozmiensky, K.J.
ED - Beckmann, M.
T1 - Phosphorrückgewinnung im Rahmen der Klärschlammbehandlung - das EU-Projekt P-REX -
N2 - Das Element Phosphor ist für alle Lebewesen essentiell. Es ist insbesondere für den Energiestoffwechsel (ATP, ADP), das Speichern und Auslesen von Erbinformationen (DNA, RNA) sowie den Knochenbau unverzichtbar und kann weder synthetisiert noch substituiert werden. Für die Pflanzen- und Tierproduktion werden aus diesem Grund erhebliche Mengen an Phosphor benötigt. Wird dem Ackerboden durch das Pflanzenwachstum und die anschließende Ernte Phosphor entzogen, so muss dieser; zum Erhalt der Ertragsfähigkeit den landwirtschaftlichen Flächen wieder zugeführt werden. Die weitverbreitete direkte Ausbringung von Klärschlamm wird zunehmend kritisch hinterfragt und ist in vielen EU Ländern deutlich rückläufig bzw. verboten.
Neben der Hygieneproblematik sind hier insbesondere erhöhte Schwermetallgehalte sowie organische Schadstoffe als kritisch anzusehen.
KW - Klärschlammasche
KW - Ressourcen
KW - Wertstoffpotential
KW - Phosphorrückgewinnung
PY - 2014
SN - 978-3-944310-06-0
VL - 11
SP - 749
EP - 763
PB - TK Verlag Karl Thomé-Kozmiensky
CY - Neuruppin
AN - OPUS4-31143
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Recycling von Photovoltaik-Dünnschichtmodulen mit nassmechanischen Verfahren - Ergebnissen des EU LIFE Projektes RESOLVED
T2 - Tagung "Aufbereitung und Recycling"
CY - Freiberg, Germany
DA - 2005-11-09
PY - 2005
AN - OPUS4-11090
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Weimann, Karin
A1 - Adam, Christian
ED - Jones, Roderick
ED - Newlands, Moray D.
ED - Halliday, Judith E.
ED - Csetenyi, Lszlo J.
ED - Zheng, Li
ED - McCarthy, Michael J.
ED - Dyer, Thomas D.
T1 - Sustainability in the production of Recycled Concrete Aggregates
N2 - Concrete is one of the most widely used construction materials and, accordingly, the concrete industry is an important stakeholder in the field of sustainable construction. Therefore various approaches have been implemented to increase the sustainability of concrete. Besides reducing CO2-emissions during cement production, increasing the energy efficiency of buildings and extending their life span, the end-of-life performance of concrete is also an essential aspect of sustainability. Reusing concrete as a secondary building material meets the requirements of sustainability in several ways: the extended time availability of primary raw materials and, thereby, the protection of natural resources as well as conserving landfill site. Furthermore, the production of recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) is a good example for closed-loop recycling.
However, regarding the use of RCA as a substitute for natural aggregates in concrete, attention must be paid to all issues of sustainability: this means that environmental, economic and social aspects have to be considered. Since RCA generally have inferior building material properties, such as higher porosity and lower density, the implementation of closed-loop recycling of concrete only makes sense if the technical quality assurance is secured. This paper focusses on the implementation of techniques for the deconstruction/demolition of buildings and the subsequent treatment of concrete rubble in order to improve the building material properties of RCA with regard to the requirements of sustainability and also technical rules and standards.
T2 - The 9th International Concrete Conference
CY - Dundee, UK
DA - 04.07.2016
KW - RCA (Recycled concrete aggregates)
KW - Gypsum
KW - Selective dismantling
KW - CDW treatment
KW - Gips
KW - Bauschuttaufbereitung
PY - 2016
SN - 978-0-9573263-1-6
SP - 1
EP - 10
PB - University of Dundee – Concrete Technology Unit
CY - Dundee, UK
AN - OPUS4-38175
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Krüger, Oliver
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Recovery potential of German sewage sludge ash
N2 - Incineration of sewage sludge is expected to increase in the future due to growing concerns about the direct use of sludge in agriculture. Sewage sludge is the pollutant sink of wastewater treatment and thus loaded with contaminants that might pose environmental hazards. Incineration degrades organic pollutants efficiently, but since the ash is currently mostly disposed of, all valuable component like phosphorus (P) and technologically relevant metals present in the sewage sludge ash (SSA) are removed from the economic cycle entirely. We conducted a complete survey of SSA from German mono-incineration facilities and determined the theoretical recovery potential of 57 elements. German SSA contains up to 19,000 t/a P which equals approximately 13% of phosphorus applied in the German agriculture in form of phosphate rock based mineral fertilizers. Thus, SSA is an important secondary resource of P. However, its P-solubility in ammonium citrate solution, an indicator for the bioavailability, is only about 26%. Treatment of SSA is recommended to enhance P bioavailability and remove heavy metals before it is applied as fertilizer. The recovery potential for technologically relevant metals is generally low, but some of these elements might be recovered efficiently in the course of P recovery exploiting synergies.
KW - Sewage sludge ash
KW - Recovery potential
KW - Phosphorus
KW - Critical raw materials
KW - Bioavailability
KW - Phosphorus recovery
KW - Monitoring
PY - 2015
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.01.025
SN - 0956-053X
VL - 45
SP - 400
EP - 406
PB - Pergamon Press
CY - New York, NY
AN - OPUS4-34157
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Recycling of Waste Materials by Thermochemical Treatment
T2 - ISWA World Congress 2010 Urban Development and Sustainability - a Major Challenge for Waste Management in the 21st Century
CY - Hamburg, Germany
DA - 2010-11-15
PY - 2010
AN - OPUS4-22473
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Severin, M.
A1 - Breuer, J.
A1 - Rex, M.
A1 - Stemann, Jan
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Van den Weghe, H.
A1 - Kücke, M.
T1 - Phosphate fertilizer value of heat treated sewage sludge ash
N2 - This study focuses on the question whether heat treated sewage sludge ashes are more favourable as fertilizers than untreated sewage sludge ashes (USSA) and whether their fertilization effects are comparable with commercial triple superphosphate (TSP). In a pot experiment, maize was fertilized either with one of three heat treated and Na-, Ca- and Si-compounds amended sewage sludge ashes (two glown phosphates, steel mill slag + sewage sludge ash) or USSA or TSP as control. Fertilization with USSA did not increase the biomass yield and the P uptake of maize in comparison to the P0 treatment (7.25 resp. 8.35 g dry matter/pot). Fertilization with heat treated sewage sludge ashes and TSP resulted in significantly higher yields and plant P uptakes which are on average eight times higher than treatment with USSA and P0 control. Biomass yields and P uptake of maize after fertilization with heat treated sewage sludge ashes are not significantly different from those after TSP fertilization. The main P compound in USSA is Ca3(PO4)2. By heat treatment and amendment with different sodium, calcium, sulphur and silicon containing additives or steel mill converter slag, Ca3(PO4)2 is converted to Ca- and Na-silico-phosphates, which have a higher water solubility than Ca3(PO4)2. This increased solubility is responsible for the high plant availability of this phosphates.
KW - P recycling
KW - Sustainability
KW - P solubility
PY - 2014
UR - http://www.agriculturejournals.cz/publicFiles/138177.pdf
SN - 1214-1178
SN - 1805-9368
VL - 60
IS - 12
SP - 555
EP - 561
PB - Inst.
CY - Prague
AN - OPUS4-32147
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Phosphorus recovery by thermochemical treatment of sewage sludge ash - Results of the European FP6-project SUSAN
T2 - 2009 International Conference on Nutrient Recovery from Wastewater Streams
CY - Vancouver, Canada
DA - 2009-05-10
PY - 2009
AN - OPUS4-19543
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Krüger, Oliver
T1 - Complete survey of German sewage sludge ashes - phosphorous and technology metal recovery potential
N2 - Sewage sludge ashes (SSA) are a possible source for recovery of phosphorous (P) and technology metals. Phosphorous is essential for all animate beings. So far, its sole external source is rock phosphate, which is a finite resource. The EU import dependency on P from regions with high domestic demands or political instabilities is almost complete. Furthermore, rock phosphate often contains high amounts of heavy metals like Cd and U that might lead to health and environmetal hazards. P recovered from SSA might diminish these problems. We analyzed SSA from German mono incineration facilities in terms of their elemental composition and respective recovery potential. More than 97% of the emerging SSA is monitored, enabling the determination of complete mass flows of the ashes and their components. Results indicate a P recovery potential of 19,000 t/a (more than 12% of the annual P demands for fertilizer production). The concentrations of Cd and U in SSA are significantly lower than in rock phosphate and thus might help to reduce possible envrionmental and health hazards.
T2 - SUM2014 - 2nd Symposium on urban mining
CY - Bergamo, Italy
DA - 19.05.2014
KW - Sewage sludge
KW - Ashes
KW - Phosphorous
KW - Metal
KW - Recovery
PY - 2014
SN - 978-8-86265-031-1
SP - Session B 4, 1
EP - 7
AN - OPUS4-30824
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Adam, Christian
ED - H.J. Linke,
T1 - Phosphorrückgewinnung aus Abwasser, Klärschlamm und Klärschlammasche
T2 - 1. Darmstädter Ingenieurkongress - Bau und Umwelt
CY - Darmstadt, Deutschland
DA - 2009-09-14
PY - 2009
SN - 978-3-941799-00-4
SP - 62
EP - 66
CY - Darmstadt
AN - OPUS4-19896
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - RPRT
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Kley, Gerd
T1 - Thermochemische Behandlung von unterschiedlichen Klärschlammaschen mit dem Ziel der Abtrennung von Schwermetallen - Herstellung von Phosphat-Düngemitteln aus den behandelten Aschen: Umweltforschungsplan des Bundesministeriums für Umelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit; Abfallwirtschaft; UFOPLAN-Nr. 20333396
N2 - Aufgrund der Endlichkeit der Phosphorlagerstätten und der zu erwartenden Preissteigerungen auf dem Weltmarkt werden Rückgewinnung, Kreislaufflührung und sparsamer Umgang mit dem essentiellen Makronährstoff Phosphor zunehmend interessant. Der P-Rückgewinnung aus biogenen Abfallstoffen wird hierbei zukünftig eine bedeutende Rolle zukommen. Die Aufarbeitung von Klärschlammaschen zu P-Düngemitteln kann in diesem Zusammenhang einen entscheidenden Beitrag leisten.
Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden statische und dynamische Versuche zur thermochemischen Behandlung von Klärschlammaschen mit dem Ziel der Bereitstellung eines geeigneten Sekundärrohstoffes für die P-Düngemittelproduktion durchgeführt. Statische Versuche mit Edelsole (MgCl2Lösung) als Cl-Donator zeigten dass eine weitgehende Schwermetallabreicherung unter signifikanter Steigerung der P-Pflanzenverfügbarkeit möglich ist. Die Schwermetalle wurden in die entsprechenden Chloride überrührt und konnten aufgrund ihrer hohen Dampfdrücke bei Betriebstemperaturen von etwa 1000°C über die Gasphase von der Asche separiert werden. Arsen, Chrom und Nickel konnten mit dieser Behandlungsmethode jedoch nicht entfernt werden. Des weiteren wurde mit der Behandlung nicht für alle untersuchten Klärschlammaschen der Grenzwert der aktuellen Düngemittelverordnung für Kupfer unterschritten. Verbesserungen in Hinblick auf die Reinigungsleistung und die technische Umsetzbarkeit des Verfahrens ließen sich durch Versuche mit Chlorgas als CL-Donator erzielen. Alle Schwermetalle inklusive Arsen, Chrom und Nickel konnten bereits ab einer Betriebstemperatur von 850°C deutlich unter die Grenzwerte nach Düngemittelverordnung abgereichert werden. Die Pflanzenverfügbarkeit des Phosphors war vergleichbar mit den Produkten aus der Behandlung mit Edelsole.
Die Citratlöslichkeit konnte von etwa 50-70% (Rohasche) auf 100% (mit Cl2-Gas behandelt) angehoben werden. Bei der kleintechnischen Umsetzung des Verfahrens im Drehrohrofen traten jedoch erhebliche Korrosionsprobleme m Verbindung mit den verwendeten Stahlwerkstoffen auf. Hier besteht Entwicklungsbedarf.
Im Rahmen der Untersuchungen wurde gezeigt, dass die vorgeschlagene thermochemische Behandlung von Klarschlammaschen zur Bereitstellung eines Ausgangsmaterials für die P-Düngemittelherstellung geeignet ist und somit ein erhebliches Potential zur nachhaltigen Kreislaufführung der endlichen Ressource Phosphor erschlossen werden kann. Das thermochemische Verfahren führt sowohl zur weitgehenden Entfernung der Schwermetalle als auch zu einer deutlichen Verbesserung der Pflanzenverfügbarkeit des Phosphors. Diese erfolgversprechenden Ergebnisse sollten durch weitere kleintechnische Untersuchungen ergänzt werden, um die Basis für eine großtechnische Anwendung zu schaffen.
PY - 2004
SP - 1
EP - 63
PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-7304
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Kley, Gerd
A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg
ED - Wang, B.
ED - J.H. Song,
ED - H. Abe,
T1 - Thermal treatment of municipal sewage sludge aiming at marketable P-fertilisers
T2 - 8th International Conference on Eco-materials (ICEM8 2007)
CY - London, UK
DA - 2007-07-09
KW - Sewage sludge
KW - Mono-incineration
KW - Ash treatment
KW - Thermo-chemical treatment
KW - P-fertiliser
PY - 2007
SN - 978-1-902316-54-3
VL - 2
SP - 435
EP - 442
PB - Brunel University Press
CY - London, UK
AN - OPUS4-16470
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Metal recovery by reductive melting of red mud
T2 - Exchange of good practices on metal by-products recovery
CY - Brüssel, Belgium
DA - 2015-11-12
PY - 2015
AN - OPUS4-34931
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Möglichkeiten zur umweltverträglichen Nutzung von Nährstoffen im Klärschlamm
T2 - Umwelttechnisch Integrierten Lehrveranstaltung (UTIL), TU
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 2006-06-07
PY - 2006
AN - OPUS4-12432
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Phosphorrückgewinnung im Rahmen der Klärschlammbehandlung - das EU-Projekt P-REX
T2 - Berliner Abfallwirtschafts- und Energiekonferenz
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 2014-01-27
PY - 2014
AN - OPUS4-31102
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart
A1 - Mory, D.
A1 - Schilller, D.
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Chemische Onlineanalyse von Schmelzen im Lichtbogenofen durch LIBS
N2 - Die Reduktion von Metalloxiden zum Metall in einer schmelzflüssigen mineralischen Matrix stellt die Grundlage vieler metallurgischer Verfahren dar.
Eine Prozessoptimierung und -kontrolle setzt allerdings die genaue Kenntnis der chemischen Zusammensetzung der Schmelze voraus.
Im Beitrag wird LIBS als Methode zur Online-Analyse von Hochtemperaturschmelzen vorgestellt.
T2 - Schlacken Symposium 2016
CY - Meitingen, Germany
DA - 13.10.2016
KW - Online-Analyse
KW - LIBS
KW - Lichtbogenofen
KW - Prozessoptimierung
PY - 2016
SP - 49
EP - 58
AN - OPUS4-38155
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Recovery of nutrients from sewage sludge - Results of the European research-project SUSAN
T2 - IWA-Specialist Conference "Facing Sludge Diversities: Challenges, Risks and Opportunities"
CY - Antalya, Turkey
DA - 2007-03-28
PY - 2007
AN - OPUS4-14675
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Krüger, Oliver
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Sewage sludge ashes - composition, mass flows, and recovery potential
N2 - Sewage sludge ashes (SSA) represent a possible source of phosphorus (P) and technology metals. So far, the sole external source for P, that is indispensable for all animate beings, is rock phosphate, a finite resource. The EU depends completely on the import from possible politically instable regions. Furthermore, rock phosphate is often contaminated with heavy metals like Cd and U, leading to health and environmental hazards. P recovered from SSA might diminish these problems. SSA of German mono incineration facilities are analyzed for their elemental composition. More than 95% of the emerging SSA is monitored, enabling the determination of complete mass flows of the ashes and their components. Initial results indicate a P recovery potential of 16,000 t/a (11% of the annual P demands for fertilizer production). The concentrations of Cd and U in SSA are one to two Orders of magnitude lower than in rock phosphate and could help to reduce possible hazards.
T2 - 14th International waste management and landfill symposium - Sardinia 2013
CY - Cagliari, Italy
DA - 30.09.2013
PY - 2013
SP - 1
EP - 5
PB - CISA Publisher
AN - OPUS4-29734
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Schick, J.
A1 - Kratz, S.
T1 - Düngemittel aus Klärschlammasche - Die Ergebnisse aus dem EU-Projekt SUSAN legen die großtechnische Umsetzung eines neuen thermochemischen Verfahrens für die Phosphor-Rückgewinnung nahe
KW - Klärschlamm
KW - Phosphor
KW - Ressource
KW - Klärschlammasche
KW - P-Düngemittel
KW - Pilotanlage
PY - 2008
SN - 0934-3482
VL - 3
SP - 16
EP - 20
PB - Rhombos-Verl.
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-17847
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - RPRT
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Eicher, N.
A1 - Hermann, L.
A1 - Herzel, Hannes
A1 - Mallon, J.
A1 - Schaaf, M.
A1 - Stemann, J.
T1 - Comparative review of ash processes
N2 - This report gives technological information about processes for the recovery of phosphorus from sewage sludge ash including mass- and energy balance, process conditions and product quality.
The information in this report aim at giving an overview on different concepts for the recovery of phosphorus from sewage sludge ash and are intended to allow a general qualitative comparison between the different technical approaches. This report also describes the technological backgrounds of the processes that were furthermore investigated by life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle cost (LCC) analysis. However, most process data stated in this report are site specific data. The LCA/LCC study includes the definition of a common base line for all processes, detailed process modeling and plausibility assessments. Results of the LCA/LCC-studies are reported in deliverables D9.2 und D10.1.
PY - 2015
UR - http://p-rex.eu/uploads/media/P-REX_D4_1_Comparative_review_of_ash_processes.pdf
SP - 1
EP - 30
AN - OPUS4-34858
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Phosphorus recovery by thermochemical treatment of sewage sludge ash
T2 - Leading-Edge Technology, International Water Association (IWA)
CY - Zurich, Switzerland
DA - 2008-06-01
PY - 2008
AN - OPUS4-17559
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg
A1 - Brenneis, Rudolf
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Verwertungsoptionen für Verbrennungsrückstände biogenen Ursprungs
PY - 2009
N1 - Serientitel: Schriftenreihe: Club Niederösterreich – Series title: Schriftenreihe: Club Niederösterreich
VL - 4/5
SP - 46
EP - 56
CY - Wien, Österreich
AN - OPUS4-20389
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Enzymkatalysierte Synthese von Schmierstoffen aus Altfett
N2 - Im Rahmen eines vom BMBF geförderten KMU-Innovativ Forschungsprojekts (KKZ 0316199B) konnte in Kooperation mit der Firma Greibo Chemie GmbH ein bio-katalysierter Prozess zur Hydrolyse und Veresterung von gastronomischen Altfetten etabliert werden. Unter Anwendung des Enzyms Candida antarctica lipase-A (CAL-A) kann dieser Prozess mit einem teilweise wässrigen Medium durchgeführt werden was prozesstechnisch einige Vorteile mit sich bringt. Im Gegensatz zu anderen Acyltransferasen ist die CAL-A nicht nur in der Lage die Alkoholyse zu katalysieren sondern auch Fettsäuren zu verestern. Dies eröffnet eine breitere Anwendung des Prozesses auf weitere Produktgruppen und Abfallströme. Es wurden Optimierungen mit modifizierten Enzymen und verschiedenen Fetten und Alkoholen vorgenommen. Des Weiteren wurden die verfahrenstechnischen Parameter optimiert und ein Scale-up auf den 0,5 Tonnen Maßstab durchgeführt. Die aus dem Prozess resultierenden Fettsäureester eignen sich als Motoren- oder Hydraulikbasisöle sowie als Metallbearbeitungsöle. Im Vergleich zu den Mineralölkosten von ca. 1,0 - 1,5 € pro kg muss bei einer Umstellung eines Hydrauliköls auf Fettsäureester (konventionell hergestellt) allerdings bei einem Preis von 3 – 5 € pro kg mit Mehrkosten bei gleichbleibendem Verbrauch gerechnet werden. Für die erfolgreiche Markteinführung müssten vermutlich die durchaus vorhandenen ökologischen Vorteile der Altfett-basierten Produkte beworben werden.
T2 - Deutsche Biotechnologietage 2016
CY - Leipzig
DA - 26.04.2016
KW - Altfett
KW - Enzymkatalyse
PY - 2016
SP - 11
EP - 11
PB - Forschungszentrum Jülich
CY - 52425 Jülich
AN - OPUS4-35969
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Brenneis, Rudolf
T1 - Schlacken/Aschen - Herstellung von Düngemitteln
T2 - 19. Kölner Abfalltage - Von der Abfallwirtschaft zur Rohstoffwirtschaft - Wer sind die Gewinner, wer die Verlierer?
CY - Köln, Deutschland
DA - 2010-11-02
KW - Klärschlammasche
KW - Phosphor
KW - Rückgewinnung
PY - 2010
IS - Kap. 3.5
SP - 1
EP - 20(?)
PB - Kirsten Gutke Verlag
AN - OPUS4-22468
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Kervarec, M.-C.
A1 - Kemnitz, E.
A1 - Scholz, G.
A1 - Rudic, S.
A1 - Jäger, Christian
A1 - Braun, T.
A1 - Michalchuk, Adam
A1 - Emmerling, Franziska
T1 - A HF Loaded Lewis-Acidic Aluminium Chlorofluoride for Hydrofluorination Reactions
N2 - The very strong Lewis acid aluminium chlorofluo-ride (ACF) was loaded with anhydrous HF. The interactionbetween the surface of the catalyst and HF was investigatedusing a variety of characterization methods, which revealed he formation of polyfluorides. Moreover, the reactivity ofthe HF-loaded ACF towards the hydrofluorination of alkyneswas studied.
KW - Aluminium
KW - HF
KW - Hydrofluorination
KW - Metal fluorides
PY - 2020
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-508360
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.202001627
VL - 26
SP - 1
PB - Wiley Online Libary
AN - OPUS4-50836
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Heinekamp, Christian
A1 - Palmer, Tahlia M.
A1 - Al‐Sabbagh, Dominik
A1 - May, Anastasia
A1 - Prinz, Carsten
A1 - Michalik, Stefan
A1 - Michalchuk, Adam
A1 - Emmerling, Franziska
T1 - Pre‐Activation as a Route for Tuning the Kinetics of Mechanochemical Transformations
N2 - Learning to control reaction kinetics is essential for translating any chemical technology into real‐world application. Based on time‐resolved in situ powder X‐ray diffraction data, we demonstrate the opportunity to tune mechanochemical reaction rates through the pre‐activation of the starting reagents. For three model co‐crystal systems, the pre‐activation of the most stable reagent yields up to a ca 10‐fold increase in the reaction rate, whilst negligible kinetic enhancement is seen when the less stable reagent is pre‐activated. Moreover, we demonstrate how the polymorphic outcome of mechano‐co‐crystallization is also sensitive to pre‐activation of the starting material. Our results suggest that reproducibility of mechanochemical processes requires detailed understanding over the origin and history of reagent powders, whilst providing a new conceptual framework to design and control mechanochemical reactions.
KW - Mechanochemistry
KW - In situ synthesis
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-649409
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202516632
SN - 1433-7851
SP - 1
EP - 7
PB - Wiley VHC-Verlag
AN - OPUS4-64940
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Herzel, Hannes
A1 - Grevel, K.-D.
A1 - Emmerling, Franziska
A1 - Dachs, E.
A1 - Benisek, A.
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Majzlan, J.
T1 - Thermodynamic properties of calcium alkali phosphates Ca(Na,K)PO4
N2 - Calcium alkali phosphates Ca(Na,K)PO4 are main constituents of bioceramics and thermochemically produced phosphorus fertilizers because of their bioavailability. Sparse thermodynamic data are available for the endmembers CaNaPO4 and CaKPO4. In this work, the missing data were determined for the low-temperature phase modifications of the endmembers CaNaPO4 and CaKPO4 and three intermediate Ca(Na,K)PO4 compositions. Standard enthalpy of formation ranges from - 2018.3 ± 2.2 kJ mol-1 to - 2030.5 ± 2.1 kJ mol-1 and standard entropy from 137.2 ± 1.0 J mol-1 K-1 to 148.6 ± 1.0 J mol-1 K-1 from sodium endmember b-CaNaPO4 to potassium endmember b0-CaKPO4.
Thermodynamic functions are calculated up to 1400 K for endmembers and the sodium-rich intermediate phase b-Ca(Na0.93K0.07)PO4. Functions above 640 K are extrapolated because of the phase transition from low- to high-temperature phase. Impurities in the synthesized intermediate phases c-Ca(Na0.4K0.6)PO4 and c-Ca Na0.35K0.65)PO4 and one additional phase transition around 500 K impeded the determination of high-temperature thermodynamic functions. In general, data for phase transition temperatures agree with the previously reported phase diagrams.
KW - Formation enthalpy
KW - Heat capacity
KW - Phase transformation
KW - Bioceramics
KW - Phosphorus fertilizer
KW - Entropy
PY - 2020
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-507640
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-04615-5
VL - 55
SP - 8477
EP - 8490
PB - Springer
AN - OPUS4-50764
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Peplinski, Burkhard
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Michaelis, Matthias
A1 - Kley, Gerd
A1 - Emmerling, Franziska
A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg
T1 - Reaction sequences in the thermochemical treatment of sewage sludge ashes revealed by X-ray powder diffraction - A contribution to the European project SUSAN
N2 - The sequence of reactions accompanying the thermochemical treatment of an iron- and aluminium-bearing sewage sludge ash was ascertained by investigating two systematic series of samples. The ash was thermochemically treated in a lab-scale rotary furnace after mixing it with a chlorine-donor, either CaCl2 or MgCl2. Within each of these two sample series only a single process parameter, the reaction temperature, was varied, namely between 350 and 1050°C. It was found, that among the numerous crystalline phases present in the raw ash only quartz and hematite continue to exist after thermochemical treatments carried out at 1050°C, whereas all other components undergo at least one decomposition-recrystallization cycle. Some of the components re-crystallize even several times. It was proved that the restructuring of the calcium- and phosphorus-bearing mineral phases proceeds via the formation of chlorspodioside, Ca2PO4Cl. The influence of the type of chlorine-donor on the final product was elucidated in detail and - to the best of our knowledge - for the first time crystalline AlPO4 was found in a sewage sludge ash and its decomposition was investigated, too.
KW - XRD
KW - Phosphorus recovery
KW - Sewage sludge ash
KW - Urban mining
KW - Fertilizers
PY - 2009
DO - https://doi.org/10.1524/zksu.2009.0068
SN - 0930-486X
VL - 30 EPDIC 2008
SP - 459
EP - 464
PB - Oldenbourg
CY - München
AN - OPUS4-20562
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Peplinski, Burkhard
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart
A1 - Müller, Ralf
A1 - Michaelis, Matthias
A1 - Krahl, T.
A1 - Emmerling, Franziska
T1 - Nanocrystalline and stacking-disordered beta-cristobalite AlPO4: the now deciphered main constituent of a municipal sewage sludge ash from a full-scale incineration facility
N2 - For the first time evidence is provided that a nanocrystalline and stacking-disordered, chemically stabilized β-cristobalite form of AlPO4 occurs in a sewage sludge ash (SSA). This proof is based on a combined X-ray powder diffraction and X-ray fluorescence investigation of an SSA produced at a large-scale fluidized bed incineration facility serving a catching area with a population of 2 million. The structural and chemical characterization was carried out on 'as received' SSA samples as well as on solid residues remaining after leaching this SSA in sodium hydroxide solution. Thus, it was ascertained that the observed nanocrystalline and stacking-disordered cristobalite-like component belongs to the aluminum phosphate component of this SSA, rather than to its silicon dioxide component. In addition, a direct proof is presented that the chemically stabilized β-cristobalite form of AlPO4 does crystallize from X-ray amorphous precursors under conditions that mimic the huge heating rate and short retention time (just seconds at T ≈ 850°C), typical for fluidized bed incinerators.
KW - Aluminum phosphate
KW - Chemical stabilization of high-temperature forms
KW - Cristobalite form
KW - Stacking disorder
KW - Incinerator ash
KW - Sewage sludge ash
PY - 2015
DO - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0885715614001213
SN - 0885-7156
VL - 30
IS - Supplement S 1
SP - S31
EP - S35
PB - JCPDS
CY - Swarthmore, Pa.
AN - OPUS4-33435
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Peplinski, Burkhard
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart
A1 - Müller, Ralf
A1 - Schadrack, Reinhard
A1 - Michaelis, Matthias
A1 - Emmerling, Franziska
A1 - Reuther, H.
A1 - Menzel, Michael
T1 - Evidence of formation of the tridymite form of AlPO4 in some municipal sewage sludge ashes
N2 - Evidence is provided that the tridymite component observed in the X-ray diffraction patterns of some sewage sludge ashes (SSAs) should not be interpreted as the tridymite modification of SiO2 but as the tridymite form of AlPO4. This proof is based on a combined X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and Mossbauer spectroscopy investigation of two SSAs produced at two fluidized bed incineration facilities, located in different municipalities and operated differently. The structural and chemical characterization was carried out on the 'as received' SSA samples as well as on the residues of these two SSAs pretreated by leaching in citric acid. In addition, direct proof is presented that the tridymite form of AlPO4 does crystallize from X-ray amorphous precursors under conditions that mimic the huge heating rate and short retention time (just seconds at T ≈ 850 °C) typical for fluidized bed incinerators.
KW - Aluminium phosphate
KW - Ash
KW - Fly ash
KW - Incinerator ash
KW - Sewage sludge ash
KW - Tridymite form
PY - 2013
DO - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0885715613000869
SN - 0885-7156
VL - 28
IS - S2
SP - S425
EP - S435
PB - JCPDS
CY - Swarthmore, Pa.
AN - OPUS4-29703
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Peplinski, Burkhard
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Michaelis, Matthias
T1 - Reaction sequences in the thermochemical treatment of sewage sludge ashes revealed by X-ray powder diffraction - A contribution to the European project SUSAN
T2 - 11. European Powder Diffraction Conference (EPDIC-11)
CY - Warsaw, Poland
DA - 2008-09-19
PY - 2008
AN - OPUS4-17855
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Krüger, Oliver
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Resource recovery potential of sewage sludge ashes (SSA)
N2 - Phosphorous is essential for all animate beings and not replaceable in its functions, e.g. for intracellular energy transfer (ATP) or storage and expression of genetic information (DNA, RNA). Currently, 125,000 t of phosphorous is used as mineral fertilizer in Germany annually. Most of the phosphorous is mined as rock phosphate and thus a finite resource with an estimated static Lifetime of around 120 years. Since Europe does not possess significant deposits, the dependence on Imports is very high. This problem may be diminished by phosphorous recovery from sewage sludge ash (SSA). More than half of the thermally treated sewage sludge is currently co-incinerated in cement or power plants as well as municipal waste incineration plants.
T2 - Crete 2012 - 3rd International conference on industrial and hazardous waste management
CY - Chania, Crete, Greece
DA - 12.09.2012
KW - Sewage sludge ash
KW - Phosphorous recovery
KW - Mass balance
KW - Resource recovery potential
PY - 2012
SN - 978-960-8475-17-5
SN - 2241-3138
IS - Session 5: Recovery opportunities
SP - 73
EP - 74
AN - OPUS4-26570
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -