TY - CONF
A1 - Herzel, Hannes
A1 - Leimkötter, D.
A1 - Hermann, L.
A1 - Emter, J.
A1 - Brey, C.
A1 - Künstler, J.
A1 - Hartmann, S.
A1 - Krannich, G.
A1 - Moggert, N.
A1 - Kurz, P.
A1 - Eder, C.
A1 - Grimm, B.
A1 - Adam, Christian
ED - Holm, O.
ED - Thomé-Kozmiensky, E.
ED - Quicker, P.
ED - Kopp-Assenmacher, S.
T1 - Success-Story CaNaPO4: Erfolgreiche REACH Registrierung und Inbetriebnahme großtechnischer Anlagen
N2 - The Sewage Sludge Ordinance (AbfKlärV), which was amended in 2017, obligate the recovery of phosphorus from sewage sludge and sewage sludge ash from 2029 and 2032, respectively. Thermal disposal of sewage sludge has established itself as the preferred method of disposal, and the capacities of mono-incineration plants are being continuously expanded. Plants for phosphorus recovery, on the other hand, are currently still mainly in the construction, piloting, or commissioning phase. It is estimated that the plant capacities for P recovery planned today will not even be able to cover a quarter of the volume of these ashes in 2029. Therefore, temporary storage of the remaining ashes is currently being discussed to retrieve it later and process it in the P recovery plants, which will then be sufficiently available. It is currently unclear how such interim or long-term storage (> 1 year) should be organized. In addition to legal (fee) issues, the assessment of the technical feasibility of retrievability and the phosphorus recovery potential of landfilled ash remains open.
The Institute of Environmental Engineering (ISA) at RWTH Aachen University and the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) are jointly investigating five deposited ashes that have been dug out and were provided by three landfill operators. The investigations focus on the physical and chemical characterization of these landfilled ashes and its P recovery potential during treatment in thermochemical and wet chemical processes. These results are evaluated in comparison with “fresh,” i.e., non-landfilled sewage sludge ash samples of comparable origin in order to determine the influence of storage.
T2 - Berliner Klärschlamm Konferenz
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 11.11.2025
KW - Phosphor
KW - Recycling
KW - Thermochemisch
KW - Dünger
KW - Großtechnik
PY - 2025
SN - 978-3-911006-63-7
VL - 8
SP - 236
EP - 256
PB - Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH
CY - Neuruppin
AN - OPUS4-64833
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Enzymkatalysierte Synthese von Schmierstoffen aus Altfett
N2 - Im Rahmen eines vom BMBF geförderten KMU-Innovativ Forschungsprojekts (KKZ 0316199B) konnte in Kooperation mit der Firma Greibo Chemie GmbH ein bio-katalysierter Prozess zur Hydrolyse und Veresterung von gastronomischen Altfetten etabliert werden. Unter Anwendung des Enzyms Candida antarctica lipase-A (CAL-A) kann dieser Prozess mit einem teilweise wässrigen Medium durchgeführt werden was prozesstechnisch einige Vorteile mit sich bringt. Im Gegensatz zu anderen Acyltransferasen ist die CAL-A nicht nur in der Lage die Alkoholyse zu katalysieren sondern auch Fettsäuren zu verestern. Dies eröffnet eine breitere Anwendung des Prozesses auf weitere Produktgruppen und Abfallströme. Es wurden Optimierungen mit modifizierten Enzymen und verschiedenen Fetten und Alkoholen vorgenommen. Des Weiteren wurden die verfahrenstechnischen Parameter optimiert und ein Scale-up auf den 0,5 Tonnen Maßstab durchgeführt. Die aus dem Prozess resultierenden Fettsäureester eignen sich als Motoren- oder Hydraulikbasisöle sowie als Metallbearbeitungsöle. Im Vergleich zu den Mineralölkosten von ca. 1,0 - 1,5 € pro kg muss bei einer Umstellung eines Hydrauliköls auf Fettsäureester (konventionell hergestellt) allerdings bei einem Preis von 3 – 5 € pro kg mit Mehrkosten bei gleichbleibendem Verbrauch gerechnet werden. Für die erfolgreiche Markteinführung müssten vermutlich die durchaus vorhandenen ökologischen Vorteile der Altfett-basierten Produkte beworben werden.
T2 - Deutsche Biotechnologietage 2016
CY - Leipzig
DA - 26.04.2016
KW - Altfett
KW - Enzymkatalyse
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-35970
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Weimann, Karin
A1 - Adam, Christian
ED - Martins, Isabel
ED - Ulsen, Carina
ED - Angulo, Sergio Cirelli
T1 - Secondary building materials from construction and demolition waste: environmental benefits and costs
N2 - Due to the large quantities of construction and demolition waste (CDW) in Europe, its reuse or recycling is of particular importance. Although several countries already recycle high amounts of CDW, the use as secondary raw materials is often limited by inferior building material properties. Specific characteristics, like high porosity and low density are caused by hardened cement paste in crushed concrete and the content of mortar and plaster in brick debris. Impurities like wood or gypsum and also harmful substances like organic pollutants may be a major problem for a reuse and should be minimized. Therefore unwanted materials and impairing substances have to be separated from the secondary building material stream. This can be done during the demolition process by using techniques for selective dismantling or during the subsequent treatment of the resulting rubble. Since almost all processing steps are associated with environmental impacts, the benefits of saving natural resources by applying secondary building materials should be weighed carefully. An environmental performance evaluation was undertaken to assess different techniques for reducing gypsum in recycled concrete aggregates, aiming at a minimization of elutable sulfates. These results were compared to the environmental impacts of the extraction of natural aggregates for concrete.
T2 - "Progress of recycling in the built environment"
CY - Sao Paulo, Brazil
DA - 03.08.2015
KW - CDW processing
KW - Demolition/selective dismantling
KW - Gypsum
KW - Environmental evaluation
KW - Bauschuttaufbereitung
KW - Ökobilanzielle Bewertung
PY - 2015
UR - http://www.rilem.org/gene/main.php?base=500218&id_publication=449&id_papier=10699
SN - e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-158-2
SP - 192
EP - 199
CY - Paris, France
AN - OPUS4-38170
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Kley, Gerd
A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg
T1 - Thermal treatment of municipal sewage sludge aiming at marketable P-fertilisers
N2 - Municipal sewage sludge is a carrier of nutrients most important phosphorus (P) but also contains organic pollutants and heavy metals. A two steps thermal treatment is suggested based on 1. mono-incineration of sewage sludge under destruction of organic pollutants and 2. thermochemical treatment of the resulting ashes to remove heavy metals and increase P-bioavailability. The targeted products are marketable P-fertilisers. The thermochemical treatment was investigated in a gas tight lab-scale rotary furnace. Seven sewage sludge ashes of different origin and composition and one residue from gasification of sewage sludge were mixed with a chlorine donor (e.g. MgCl2) and thermochemically treated under systematic variation of operational parameters. The distributions of the heavy metals between solid and gas phase were determined. The heavy metals concentrations of the treated ashes met the legislative limits in most cases. The products from thermochemical treatment are suited raw materials for P-fertiliser production. Relevant process parameters such as temperature, type and concentration of Cl-donor and retention time were optimised for the thermochemical treatment step.
KW - Sewage sludge
KW - Mono-incineration
KW - Ash treatment
KW - Thermochemical treatment
KW - Phosphorus-fertiliser
PY - 2007
SN - 1345-9678
SN - 1347-5320
VL - 48
IS - 12
SP - 3056
EP - 3061
PB - Japan Institute of Metals
CY - Sendai
AN - OPUS4-16647
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Phosphorrückgewinnung im Bereich der kommunalen Abwasserreinigung
T2 - ProcessNet Sitzung des Fachausschusses "Abfallbehandlung und Wertstoffrückgewinnung"
CY - Fichtenau, Germany
DA - 2010-10-07
PY - 2010
AN - OPUS4-22401
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Environmental evaluation of different ways to produce recycled concrete aggregates
T2 - SUM 2014 - Symposium on Urban Mining
CY - Bergamo, Italy
DA - 2014-05-19
PY - 2014
AN - OPUS4-30784
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Herzel, Hannes
A1 - Krüger, Oliver
A1 - Hermann, L.
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Sewage sludge ash - A promising secondary phosphorus source for fertilizer production
N2 - Sewage sludge incineration is extensively practiced in some European countries such as the Netherlands, Switzerland, Austria and Germany. A survey of German sewage sludge ash showed that the recovery potential is high, approx. 19,000 t of phosphorus per year. However, the survey also discovered that the bioavailability of phosphorus in the sewage sludge ash is poor and that more than half of the ashes cannot be used as fertilizers due to high heavy metal content. A new thermochemical process for sewage sludge ash treatment was developed that transforms the ash into marketable fertilizer products. Sewage sludge ash was thermochemically treated with sodium and potassium additives under reducing conditions, whereby the phosphate-bearing mineral phases were transformed into plant available phosphates. High P-bioavailability was achieved with a molar Na/P ratio > 1.75 in the starting materials. Sodium sulfate, carbonate and hydroxide performed comparably as additives for this calcination process. Potassium carbonate and -hydroxide have to be added in a molar K/P ratio > 2.5 to achieve comparable P-solubility. The findings of the laboratory scale investigations were confirmed by an industrial demonstration trial for an ash treatment with sodium sulfate. Simultaneously, the volatile transition metal arsenic (61% removal) as well as volatile heavy metals such as cadmium (80%), mercury (68%), lead (39%) and zinc (9%) were removed via the off-gas treatment system. The product of the demonstration trial is characterized by high bioavailability and a toxic trace element mass fraction below the limit values of the German fertilizer ordinance, thus fulfilling the quality parameters for a P-fertilizer.
KW - Sewage sludge ash
KW - Phosphorus recovery
KW - Thermochemical treatment
KW - Reducing conditions
KW - Heavy metal evaporation
KW - Bioavailability
KW - Sodium sulfate
PY - 2016
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.059
SN - 0048-9697
SN - 1879-1026
IS - 542
SP - 1136
EP - 1143
PB - Elsevier
CY - Amsterdam
AN - OPUS4-34165
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - RPRT
A1 - Weimann, Karin
A1 - Matyschik, Jan
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Schulz, T.
A1 - Linß, E.
A1 - Müller, A.
T1 - Optimierung des Rückbaus/Abbruchs von Gebäuden zur Rückgewinnung und Aufbereitung von Baustoffen unter Schadstoffentfrachtung (insbes. Sulfat) des RCMaterials sowie ökobilanzieller Vergleich von Primär- und Sekundärrohstoffeinsatz inkl. Wiederverwertung
N2 - Aufgrund der großen Massenströme ist das Recycling von Baurestmassen von besonderer Bedeutung
für die Schonung von natürlichen Ressourcen. Eine wichtige Voraussetzung für ein hochwertiges
Recycling, wie z.B. eine Wiederverwertung von aufbereitetem Bauschutt/Altbeton als rezyklierte
Gesteinskörnung im Hochbau, ist die Einhaltung von Grenzwerten für Stör- und Schadstoffe. Dabei
steht der Sulfatgehalt im Eluat von Bauschutt besonders im Fokus. In der vorliegenden Studie wird
untersucht, wie durch die Optimierung von Abbrucharbeiten und Bauschuttaufbereitung hochwertige
Gesteinskörnungen aus Altbeton gewonnen werden können. Anhand von Literatur- und
Datenrecherchen werden zunächst Sulfatquellen in Gebäuden sowie verfügbare Abbruch- und
Aufbereitungstechniken zusammengestellt. Am Beispiel von unterschiedlichen Gebäudetypen werden
Szenarien für selektiven und nicht selektiven Abbruch (Schwerpunkt: Sulfatentfachtung) in Hinblick auf
ihre Umweltwirkungen ökobilanziell bewertet. Ergänzt werden diese Bewertungen durch
Untersuchungen an realen Bauschuttmaterialien und Abbruchprojekten. Auf dieser Basis werden
Handlungsempfehlungen für die Gewinnung von hochwertigen RC-Gesteinskörnungen erarbeitet und
diskutiert.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Due to the large-scale mass flow of construction and demolition wastes, the recycling of those
residues is of particular importance for the conservation of natural resources. An important
requirement for recycling on a high level, like the reuse of crushed concrete as recycled concrete
aggregate, is the observation of limits for hazardous substances and impurities. This study is focusing
on the reduction of sulphates in the eluate of crushed concrete. An investigation of possibilities to
optimize demolition and dismantling as well as treatment of crushed concrete with the objective of
gaining recycled concrete aggregates of high quality. Based on a literature research and a data review
the origins of sulfates in buildings and also the availability of techniques for demolition and treatment
of crushed concrete are listed and evaluated. Using the examples of different building types scenarios
for selective dismantling and non-selective demolition (focused on reducing suphates) are evaluated in
terms of affecting the environment. In addition samples from real demolition construction sites and
plants for treatment of construction rubble were investigated. Based on these results
recommendations for the production of high quality recycled concrete aggregates are worked out.
KW - Bauschuttaufbereitung
KW - Abbruch
KW - Ökobilanzielle Bewertung
KW - RC-Beton
KW - Gips
KW - Abbruchverfahren
KW - Hochwertiges Recycling
KW - Ökobilanzielle Betrachtung
KW - Sulfatentfachtung
KW - Demolition/dismantling
KW - Treatment of C&D wastes
KW - High-grade recycling
KW - Environmental LCA
KW - Reduction of sulphates
PY - 2012
UR - http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/optimierung-des-rueckbausabbaus-von-gebaeuden-zur
SN - 1862-4804
SP - 1
EP - 227
PB - Umweltbundesamt
CY - Dessau-Roßlau
AN - OPUS4-26999
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Ressourcen aus Abfall
T1 - Resources from waste
N2 - Die Beseitigung unbehandelter Abfälle auf Deponien gehört der Vergangenheit an, nicht nur weil Verordnungen diese Praxis verbieten, sondern auch, weil wegen steigender Preise für Rohstoffe und sinkender Gehalte in Erzen auch in Abfällen nach Alternativen gesucht wird. In den Aschen aus Hausmüllverbrennungsanlagen können mit einfachen Verfahren Metalle zurückgewonnen werden. Mit dem Phosphor aus Klärschlammaschen können Düngemittel hergestellt und so natürliche Ressourcen geschont werden. In beiden Fällen ist die Anreicherung der Wertstoffe durch den Verbrennungsprozess vorteilhaft, da die Effizienz von Recyclingprozessen stark von der Konzentration im Ausgangsgut abhängig ist.
N2 - Disposal of untreated waste has come to end due to new legislation in this field. Furthermore as a response to increasing prices for primary raw materials and decreasing ore concentrations products from waste treatment display a source for secondary raw materials. Elemental metals can be easily separated from municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash. Fertilizers can be produced using phosphate from sewage sludge ashes thus preserving natural resources. In both cases the enrichment taking place in the incineration process facilitates the resource recovery, because the efficiency of recycling processes is dependent on the concentration of the input material.
KW - Klärschlammaschen
KW - NE-Metalle
KW - Phosphor
KW - Rostaschen
KW - Bottom ash
KW - Nonferrous metals
KW - Phosphorus
KW - Sewage sludge ash
PY - 2012
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/cite.201100189
SN - 0009-286X
SN - 1522-2640
VL - 84
IS - 7
SP - 999
EP - 1004
PB - Wiley-VCH
CY - Weinheim
AN - OPUS4-26209
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Peplinski, Burkhard
A1 - Michaelis, Matthias
A1 - Kley, Gerd
A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg
T1 - Thermochemical treatment of sewage sludge ashes for phosphorus recovery
N2 - Phosphorus (P) is an essential element for all living organisms and cannot be replaced. Municipal sewage sludge is a carrier of phosphorus, but also contains organic pollutants and heavy metals. A two-step thermal treatment is suggested, including mono-incineration of sewage sludge and subsequent thermochemical treatment of the ashes. Organic pollutants are completely destroyed by mono-incineration. The resulting sewage sludge ashes contain P, but also heavy metals. P in the ashes exhibits low bioavailability, a disadvantage in farming. Therefore, in a second thermochemical step, P is transferred into mineral phases available for plants, and heavy metals are removed as well. The thermochemical treatment was investigated in a laboratory-scale rotary furnace by treating seven different sewage sludge ashes under systematic variation of operational parameters. Heavy metal removal and the increase of the P-bioavailability were the focus of the investigation. The present experimental study shows that these objectives have been achieved with the proposed process. The P-bioavailability was significantly increased due to the formation of new mineral phases such as chlorapatite, farringtonite and stanfieldite during thermochemical treatment.
KW - P-recovery
KW - Sewage sludge ash
KW - Thermochemical treatment
KW - Mineral phases
KW - X-ray diffraction
PY - 2009
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.09.011
SN - 0956-053X
VL - 29
IS - 3
SP - 1122
EP - 1128
PB - Pergamon Press
CY - New York, NY
AN - OPUS4-18605
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Kabbe, Ch.
T1 - Phosphorrückgewinnung und Recycling aus dem Abwasser
N2 - Phosphorrecycling sollte nicht isoliert praktiziert werden, sondern im Kontext der spezifischen Abwasserbehandlung und der Betrachtung weiterer Nährstoffe wie Stickstoff und Kalium.
Hohe Rückgewinnungsquoten um jeden Preis sind nicht immer zielführend und u.U. sogar schädlich für die Kreislaufwirtschaft. Es sollte eine Kombination verschiedener Ansätze je nach vorhandener Infrastruktur verfolgt werden. Fällungsverfahren (Struvit) sind geeignet kostengünstig kleine Mengen Phosphor zurückzugewinnen. Für ein umfassendes P-Recycling muss die Rückgewinnung aus der Asche erfolgen.
T2 - 20. Leibnitz-Conference of Advanced Science - "Ressourcenmanagement als Beitrag zur gesicherten Rohstoffversorgung"
CY - Lichtenwalde, Saxony, Germany
DA - 19.05.2016
KW - Recycling
KW - Phosphor
KW - Abwasser
PY - 2016
AN - OPUS4-36319
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Schick, J.
A1 - Kratz, S.
A1 - Hermann, L.
T1 - Phosphorus recovery by thermochemical treatment of sewage sludge ash
T2 - 5th IWA Leading-Edge Conference on Water and Wastewater Technologies
CY - Zürich, Switzerland
DA - 2008-06-01
KW - Phosphorus recovery
KW - Sewage sludge ash
KW - Thermochemical treatment
KW - Fertiliser
KW - Greenhouse pot experiments
PY - 2008
SP - 1
EP - 10
PB - International Water Association (IWA)
CY - London
AN - OPUS4-17568
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Kratz, S.
A1 - Beerbaum, B.
A1 - Elsner, H.
A1 - Reuvers, J.
A1 - Dockhorn, T.
A1 - Rechberger, H.
A1 - Werner, W.
A1 - Knudsen, L.
A1 - Flachowsky, G.
A1 - Rodehutscord, M.
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Steingrobe, B.
A1 - Schick, J.
A1 - Albert, E.
A1 - Leinweber, P.
A1 - Ekardt, F.
A1 - Embert, G.
T1 - Ressourcen schonender Einsatz von Phosphor in der Landwirtschaft - Symposium des Institutes für Pflanzenbau und Bodenkunde des JKI in Braunschweig - eine Synopse
KW - Klärschlamm
KW - Phosphor
KW - Ressource
KW - Klärschlammasche
KW - P-Düngemittel
KW - Demonstrationsanlage
PY - 2009
SN - 1867-0911
SN - 1867-0938
SN - 1865-4371
VL - 61
IS - 2
SP - 69
EP - 71
PB - Ulmer
CY - Stuttgart
AN - OPUS4-18928
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Ante, A.
A1 - Trumpler, A.
A1 - Niermann, S.
A1 - Decker, Renate
A1 - Hermann, L.
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - SUSAN - Sustainable and safe re-use of municipal sewage sludge for nutrient recovery
KW - Sewage sludge
KW - Phosphorus
KW - Recycling
KW - Thermochemical treatment
KW - Heavy metal removal
KW - Large scale consideration
PY - 2010
SN - 0016-3651
VL - 151
IS - 13
SP - 78
EP - 84
PB - Oldenbourg-Industrieverl.
CY - München
AN - OPUS4-22097
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - SUSAN - Sustainable and safe re-use of municipal sewage sludge for nutrient recovery
N2 - The SUSAN-project aimed at developing a sustainable and safe strategy for nutrient recovery from sewage sludges using thermal treatment. Mono-incineration of the sludges completely destructs the organic pollutants in a first step. The incineration residues are ashes with a high phosphorus content that still contain heavy metal compounds above the limits for agricultural use. Furthermore, phosphorus in the ashes exhibits low bioavailability - a disadvantage in farming. Therefore, in a second thermochemical step heavy metals are removed and phosphorus transferred into mineral phases available for plants. The principle of the SUSAN-project is the separation of the small heavy metals fraction from the ashes to receive a phosphorus rich product suited as raw material for fertilisers that also contains SiO2, CaO, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO and K2O.
The thermochemical process is based on evaporation of volatile heavy metal chlorides at 850 - 1000 °C. The sewage sludge ashes are mixed with chlorine donors such as MgCl2 or KCl, grained and treated in a thermal aggregate e.g. a rotary furnace. At the same time a transfer of non soluble P-compounds into Mineral phases available for plants takes place.
Besides technological development of the thermochemical process, the products fertilisation performance, the product design, the market for the products and the sustainability of the whole process chain are emphasised in the SUSAN-project.
KW - Nutrient recovery
KW - Sewage sludges
KW - Sludge disposal
KW - Sustainability
KW - Environmental pollution
PY - 2017
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-391607
UR - http://cordis.europa.eu/result/rcn/46724_en.html
SP - 1
EP - 4
PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-39160
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Weimann, Karin
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - RECDEMO - Vollständige Verwertung der Sandfraktion aus dem Bauschuttrecycling
N2 - In dem Projekt sollten die Aufbereitung der Betonbrechsandfraktion aus Bauschutt mittels eines Nassverfahrens zu einer geeigneten Gesteinskörnung für die Betonherstellung sowie die vollständige Verwertung der bei diesem Verfahren anfallenden Reststoffe demonstriert werden.
Der im Rahmen der geordneten Vorsortierung mit zahlreichen Schritten zur Qualitätssicherung hergestellte Betonbrechsand war qualitativ hochwertig und wies nur geringe Schadstoffgehalte auf. Für die Nassaufbereitung des Betonbrechsands wurde vom Projektpartner Allmineral der Prototyp einer Sandsetzmaschine zur Dichtetrennung designt und konstruiert. Diese Sandsetzmaschine wurde für die umfangreichen Betonbrechsandversuche in die Aufbereitungsanlage der BAM integriert. Begleitend zur Aufbereitung wurden die eingesetzten Materialien, Bauschutt und Prozesswasser, sowie die Austragsprodukte chemisch-physikalisch und mineralogisch untersucht.
Die anschließenden Baustoffuntersuchungen zeigten, dass durch das im Demonstrationsprojekt angewandte Nassaufbereitungsverfahren eine deutliche Verbesserung der Materialeigenschaften des Betonbrechsandes erzielt werden konnte. Die Qualität von Natursteinkörnungen wurde (z.B. aufgrund von Kornschädigungen durch den Bruch des Altbetons und noch verbleibende Zementanhaftungen) gleichwohl nicht erreicht. Gerade die Betonprüfungen (mit Anteilen von bis zu 50% Betonbrechsand an der gesamten Gesteinskörnung) haben jedoch gezeigt, dass es dennoch sehr wohl möglich wäre, größere Mengen von aufbereitetem Betonbrechsand in der Betonherstellung zu verwerten und so im Sinne der Nachhaltigkeit den Verbrauch von natürlichen Sandvorkommen zu reduzieren.
Die bei der Nassaufbereitung des Betonbrechsands anfallenden Restsstoffe, nämlich die Fraktionen Leichtgut und Feinstfraktion wurden separat erfasst und bilanziert. Diese Materialien wurden auf die Eignung als Kompostzugabe in Hinblick auf Schadstoffanreicherungen und Pflanzenverträglichkeit untersucht (Projektpartner Deisl). Nach der Kompostierung in Rotteboxen wurden Wachstumsversuche mit dem Referenzgewächs Kresse (Kressetest nach ÖNORM) mit zufriedenstellenden Ergebnissen durchgeführt. Die Reststoffe Feinstgut und Leichtgut aus dem Nassaufbereitungsprozess könnten – sofern die Schadstoffgehalte nachweislich unter den vorgegebenen Grenzwerten liegen – als Zugabe zur Vererdung in der Kompostierung eingesetzt werden.
KW - Reststoffe
KW - Betonbrechsand
KW - Bauschuttaufbereitung
KW - Betonherstellung
PY - 2017
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-390203
SP - 1
EP - 4
PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-39020
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Krüger, Oliver
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Potenzialermittlung der in Deutschland anfallenden Klärschlammaschen - Mögliche Phosphor- und Metallrückgewinnung
N2 - In Europa fallen jedes Jahr mehr als 10 Millionen Tonnen Klärschlamm an (Trockenmasse), etwa 2 Millionen davon in Deutschland, Bild 1 zeigt die Entwicklung der Klärschlammentsorgung in Deutschland. Nach dem Deponierungsverbot hat die Verbrennung des Klärschlamms stetig zugenommen. Die Verwendung im Landschaftsbau bzw. als Düngemittel ist nach einem Maximum um die Jahrtausendwende herum zugunsten der Verbrennung zurückgegangen, so dass heute jeweils etwa die Hälfte des Klärschlamms verbrannt und in der Landwirtschaft genutzt wird. Der Anteil an verbranntem Klärschlamm wird in Zukunft vermutlich weiter steigen. Ein wesentlicher Grund dafür ist die zunehmende Besorgnis über Schadstoffe im Klärschlamm, die Mensch und Umwelt schädigen könnten. Neben verschiedenen organischen und anorganischen Schadstoffen handelt es sich insbesondere um Emerging Pollutants of Concern (EMPOC) wie Antibiotika und Kosmetika.
T2 - 8. Klärschlammtage
CY - Fulda, Germany
DA - 04.06.2015
PY - 2013
SP - 1
EP - 5
AN - OPUS4-33344
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart
A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - RecArc - Verwertung von Rückständen aus der Metallurgie mit der Lichtbogentechnologie
N2 - In dem Projekt soll die vollständige Wiederverwertbarkeit der Schlacke und ihrer Bestandteile demonstriert werden. Dazu gehören die vollständige Rückgewinnung der metallischen Phase, die in die Edelstahlherstellung zurückgeführt werden kann, sowie die Aufwertung der mineralischen Fraktion, die ihre uneingeschränkte Verwendung als Zementzumahlstoff oder mineralischer Baustoff erlaubt. Bei geeigneter Prozessführung des elektrischen Lichtbogenofens können durch „reduzierendes Schmelzen“ die chromhaltigen Wertstoffe zusammen mit anderen Schwermetallen zu 97% in einer Metalllegierung angereichert und separiert werden. Diese kann als Rohstoff in der Metallurgie eingesetzt werden. Der Chromgehalt der mineralischen Komponte der Schlacke konnte von ca. 3% auf unter 0,1% verringert werden. Die mineralische Fraktion lässt sich durch entsprechende Zuschläge während des Schmelzbetriebes und eine anschließende Granulation der schmelzflüssigen Phase zu einem Material aufwerten, das in seiner Zusammensetzung und seinen Eigenschaften typischen Zementkomponenten entspricht und als Rohstoff in der Zementproduktion eingesetzt werden kann. Dafür müssen allerdings noch die rechtlichen Voraussetzungen geschaffen werden, da der Rohstoffeinsatz gerade im Zement strengen Auflagen unterliegt und die Zemente bestimmte Normen erfüllen müssen.
Durch die in RECARC aufgezeigte Möglichkeit der Wiederverwertung können somit Stoffkreisläufe geschlossen werden, die ansonsten zu einem Verlust wertvoller Rohstoffe führen. Vor allem die steigenden Rohstoffkosten, aber auch die immer stärker limitierten CO2-Emissionen zeigen die hohe Relevanz im Umgang mit metallurgischen Reststoffen. Eine Überführung des in RECARC demonstrierten Verfahrens in die Industrie könnte einen wichtigen Beitrag zur nachhaltigen Schonung der natürlichen Ressourcen und der Umwelt leisten.
KW - Chrom
KW - Lichtbogenofen
KW - Recycling
KW - Rückgewinnung
KW - Schlacke
PY - 2017
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-390197
SP - 1
EP - 4
PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-39019
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Müller, S.
A1 - Herzel, Hannes
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Montag, D.
ED - Holm, O.
ED - Thomé-Kozmiensky, E.
ED - Quicker, P.
ED - Kopp-Assenmacher, S.
T1 - Langzeitlagerung von Klärschlammaschen ab 2029? Erste Erfahrungen zur Phosphorrückgewinnung aus deponierten Klärschlammverbrennungsaschen
N2 - Das Institut für Siedlungswasserwirtschaft (ISA) der RWTH Aachen University sowie die Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) untersuchen gemeinsam fünf deponierte KSA, die von drei Deponiebetreibern ausgebaut und zur Verfügung gestellt wurden sind. Im Fokus der Untersuchungen stehen die physikalische und chemische Charakterisierung der deponierten KSA sowie deren P-Rückgewinnungspotenzial bei der Behandlung in thermochemischen sowie nasschemischen Verfahren. Diese Ergebnisse werden im Vergleich mit „frischen“, also nicht deponierten KSA-Proben vergleichbarer Herkunft bewertet, um so den Einfluss der Lagerung auf die KSA zu erfassen.
T2 - Berliner Klärschlamm Konferenz
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 11.11.2025
KW - Klärschlammasche
KW - Recycling
KW - Deponie
KW - Monoverbrennung
PY - 2025
SN - 978-3-911006-63-7
VL - 8
SP - 192
EP - 202
PB - Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag GmbH
CY - Neuruppin
AN - OPUS4-65017
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schneider, Joachim
A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart
A1 - Ebert, Dominik
A1 - Ehrenberg, Andreas
A1 - Schraut, Katharina
A1 - Algermissen, David
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Usage of BOF slag and next generation EAF slag in the cement industry
N2 - When the transformation of its production routes, which the European steel industry aims to complete within the next two decades, is accomplished, increased amounts of EAF slag will be generated. In most cases the BF/BOF production route is intended to be substituted by a DRI/EAF combination. But in some cases only the BF will be substituted by a DRI/SAF (smelter) combination and the BOF process remains. Then BOF slags will remain, too. BAM and FEhS cooperate together with further research and industry partners in two research projects dealing on the one hand with the utilisation of modified BOF slag as a cement clinker substitute ("SlagCEM") and on the other hand with the use of modified and granulated EAF slag as granulated blast furnace slag (GBS) substitute ("DRI-EOS").
T2 - 9th International Slag Valorisation Symposium
CY - Leuven, Belgium
DA - 08.04.2025
KW - Steel slags
KW - Basic oxygen furnace (BOF)
KW - Electric arc furnace (EAF)
KW - Cement
KW - Slag valorisation
PY - 2025
SP - 187
EP - 191
AN - OPUS4-64713
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Leers, K.
A1 - Arnold, U.
A1 - Herzel, Hannes
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Burkhardt, J.
T1 - Thermochemically Treated Sewage Sludge Ash From Pilot-Scale Production as P-Fertilizer for Spring Wheat and Maize in Different Soil Conditions
N2 - Background
P-fertilizers made from sewage sludge ash (SSA) may be suitable substitutes for rock phosphate (RP)-based fertilizers and contribute to sustainable use of waste. In this context, the thermochemical AshDec treatment of SSA (TC-SSA) has been continuously improved and has emerged as a possible method to produce plant-available and low-pollutant P-fertilizers. Aim Evaluation of the P-fertilizer efficacy of TC-SSA produced in pilot trials in vegetation experiments with different plants, soils, and fertilizer doses.
Methods
TC-SSA was tested in pot experiments for spring wheat and maize on different soils and at two doses (0.2 and 0.4 g fertilizer P pot−1) and is compared to untreated SSA (USSA), RP, Struvite, triple superphosphate (TSP), and a control without P-fertilization (Zero P). Pot experiments are complemented by an analysis of fertilizer P-solubility.
Results
P-solubility of SSA with different extraction methods increased due to the thermochemical treatment, whereas the water-insoluble property remained. In contrast to RP or USSA, TC-SSA enriched calcium–acetate–lactate extractable soil P to the same extent as TSP. Plant biomass and P-uptake increased with TC-SSA compared to Zero P, RP, and USSA and were in most cases equal to TSP fertilization under different soil conditions. In contrast, the effects of RP and USSA varied among soils but, mostly, did not exceed plant biomass and P-uptake of the unfertilized control.
Conclusion
TC-SSA has an increased fertilizer efficacy compared to USSA and is an effective P-fertilizer for spring wheat and maize in different soil conditions.
KW - Phosphorus
KW - Fertilizer
KW - Thermochemical
KW - Maize
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-648251
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.70035
SN - 1522-2624
VL - 189
IS - 1
SP - 81
EP - 93
PB - Wiley-VCH
AN - OPUS4-64825
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GOVDOC
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Wöhlecke, Andreas
T1 - 8. Nachtrag zum Zulassungsschein 08/BAM IV.3/08/10 für Vliesstoffe zum Filtern und Trennen für Deponieabdichtungen
N2 - 8. Nachtrag zum Zulassungsschein 08/BAM IV.3/08/10 für Vliesstoffe zum Filtern und Trennen für Deponieabdichtungen der Firma Naue GmbH & Co. KG, Espelkamp.
KW - Deponie
KW - Geotextil
KW - Abdichtungssystem
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-636742
SP - 1
EP - 4
PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-63674
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GOVDOC
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Wöhlecke, Andreas
T1 - 5. Nachtrag zum Zulassungsschein 08/BAM IV.3/10/10 für Vliesstoffe zum Filtern und Trennen für Deponieabdichtungen
N2 - 5. Nachtrag zum Zulassungsschein 08/BAM IV.3/10/10 für Vliesstoffe zum Filtern und Trennen für Deponieabdichtungen der Firma HUESKER Synthetic GmbH, Gescher.
KW - Deponie
KW - Geotextil
KW - Abdichtungssystem
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-636732
SP - 1
EP - 4
PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM)
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-63673
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Jovičević-Klug, Matic
A1 - Souza Filho, Isnaldi R.
A1 - Springer, Hauke
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Raabe, Dierk
T1 - Green steel from red mud through climate-neutral hydrogen plasma reduction
N2 - AbstractRed mud is the waste of bauxite refinement into alumina, the feedstock for aluminium production1. With about 180 million tonnes produced per year1, red mud has amassed to one of the largest environmentally hazardous waste products, with the staggering amount of 4 billion tonnes accumulated on a global scale1. Here we present how this red mud can be turned into valuable and sustainable feedstock for ironmaking using fossil-free hydrogen-plasma-based reduction, thus mitigating a part of the steel-related carbon dioxide emissions by making it available for the production of several hundred million tonnes of green steel. The process proceeds through rapid liquid-state reduction, chemical partitioning, as well as density-driven and viscosity-driven separation between metal and oxides. We show the underlying chemical reactions, pH-neutralization processes and phase transformations during this surprisingly simple and fast reduction method. The approach establishes a sustainable toxic-waste treatment from aluminium production through using red mud as feedstock to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from steelmaking.
KW - Multidisciplinary
PY - 2024
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-594424
DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06901-z
SN - 0028-0836
VL - 625
IS - 7996
SP - 703
EP - 709
PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC
AN - OPUS4-59442
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Krüger, Oliver
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Re-use of secondary phosphates as fertilizers - harmonization of analytical methods
N2 - The number of different secondary raw materials used for fertilizer production is expected to increase in the future due to newly developed recycling procedures. Thus, more and more different matrices have to be analyzed. Furthermore, the respective legislation and analytical methodology is nonuniform throughout Europe. Therefore, a harmonization of the the regulations and Standards is desirable. We conduct a research project to test the existing analytical methods on their applicability to a broad variety of matrices to support the harmonization process. The project is scheduled tili late spring 2017. Initial results will be presented.
T2 - 15th International waste management and landfill symposium - Sardinia 2015
CY - Cagliari, Italy
DA - 06.10.2015
PY - 2015
SN - 9788862650212
PB - CISA Publisher
CY - Cagliari
AN - OPUS4-34577
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Vocks, M.
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Lesjean, B.
A1 - Gnirrs, R.
A1 - Kraume, M.
T1 - Enhanced post-denitrification without addition of an external carbon source in membrane bioreactors
N2 - This study investigates a post-denitrification process without the addition of an external carbon source combined with an enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) in a membrane bioreactor (MBR). Three trial plants, with two different process configurations, were operated on two different sites, and a variety of accompanying batch tests were conducted. It was shown that even without dosing of an external carbon source, denitrification rates (DNR) much above endogenous rates could be obtained in post-denitrification systems. Furthermore, the anaerobic reactor located ahead of the process had a positive impact on the DNR. Given these surprising results, the project team decided to identify the carbon source used by the microorganisms in the post-denitrification process. Batch tests could demonstrate that lysis products do not play a major role as a C-source for post-denitrification. The following hypothesis was proposed to explain the observations: the glycogen, internally stored by the substrate accumulating bacteria, if anaerobic conditions are followed by aerobic conditions could act as carbon source for denitrification in post-denitrification system. First exploratory batch tests, where the glycogen evolution was monitored, corroborate this assumption.
KW - Post-denitrification
KW - EBPR
KW - Glycogen
KW - MBR
KW - Metabolism
KW - Internal substrate
KW - Denitrification rate
PY - 2005
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2005.05.049
SN - 0043-1354
VL - 39
IS - 14
SP - 3360
EP - 3368
PB - Elsevier
CY - Amsterdam
AN - OPUS4-10760
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart
A1 - Weimann, Karin
ED - White, T.
ED - Ferraris, C.
ED - Yu, L.
ED - Halada, K.
ED - Umezawa, O.
T1 - Recovery of non-renewable resources from waste
T2 - 7th International Conference on Ecomaterials (ICEM7); 3rd International Conference on Advanced Materials (ICMAT2005)
CY - Singapore
DA - 2005-07-03
PY - 2005
SN - 981-05-3611-9
VL - 1
SP - 148
EP - 155
PB - Stallion Press
CY - Singapore
AN - OPUS4-11831
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart
A1 - Brenneis, Rudolf
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Mudersbach, D.
T1 - Recovery of chromium from AOD-converter slags
N2 - Slags from the production of high-alloyed steel contain both chemically bound chromium (mainly as Cr2O3) in the mineral fraction and elemental chromium in the metallic remainders. Thermochemical post treatment of the slag in an electric arc furnace under reducing conditions enables the nearly complete recovery of the total amount of chromium in form of a metallic alloy. The best results were achieved by resistance melting (submerged electrodes) with addition of a reducing agent into the melt. The efficiencies of the reducing agents carbon, aluminium, silicon (as ferrosilicon) and silicon carbide were investigated and compared. As aluminium is the strongest reducing agent, it is less selective and reduces much more SiO2 than Cr2O3. While SiC shows only low reactivity because of its high thermal resistance, carbon and silicon had the highest reducing potentials: More than 97% of the chemically bound chromium can be recovered by application of these reducing agents. Due to the high temperature required for the reduction of the chromium compounds, the reduction of SiO2 as an undesired side reaction cannot be avoided. However, compared with mechanical procedures that are limited to the recovery of the metallic remainders, the total chromium recovery can be significantly increased by the described reductive melting procedure.
KW - Arc furnace
KW - By-product
KW - Chromium recovery
KW - High-alloyed steel
KW - Reductive melting
KW - Slag treatment
KW - Slag
KW - Thermochemical treatment
PY - 2010
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.201000193
SN - 1611-3683
SN - 0177-4832
VL - 81
IS - 12
SP - 1078
EP - 1083
PB - Verl. Stahleisen
CY - Düsseldorf
AN - OPUS4-22898
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Case study 2 - Recovery of phosphorus from sewage sludge ashes
T2 - Resources that don't cost the earth Workshop
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 2011-12-01
KW - Resources
KW - Phosphorus recovery
PY - 2011
SP - 17
AN - OPUS4-26930
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Determination of Chemical State of Chromium in Sewage Sludge Ash based Fertilisers
T2 - Synchrotron User Meeting 2012
CY - Clayton, Australia
DA - 2012-11-29
PY - 2012
AN - OPUS4-27214
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Entsorgung von Rückständen aus der Klärschlammverbrennung
T2 - Deutsch-ungarischer Workshop anlässlich der Umweltmesse ÖKOTECH
CY - Budapest, Hungary
DA - 2008-10-15
PY - 2008
AN - OPUS4-17944
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Krüger, Oliver
A1 - Grabner, Angela
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Complete survey of German sewage sludge ash
N2 - The amount of sewage sludge produced worldwide is expected to further increase due to rising efforts in wastewater treatment. There is a growing concern against its direct use as fertilizer due to contamination of the sludge with heavy metals and organic pollutants. Incinerating the sludge degrades organic compounds almost completely and concentrates heavy metals and phosphorus. However, the sewage sludge ash (SSA) is almost completely disposed of and with it all resources are removed from the economic cycle. Comprehensive knowledge of the composition of SSA is crucial to assess the resource recovery potentials. We conducted a survey of all SSA emerging in Germany and determined the respective mass fractions of 57 elements over a period of one year. The median content of phosphorus was 7.9%, indicating an important recovery potential. Important trace elements were Zn (2.5 g/kg), Mn (1.3 g/kg), and Cu (0.9 g/kg). Mass fractions of technology metals such as V, Cr, Ga, Nb, and rare earths were comparatively low. Considering the possible use of SSA as secondary raw material for fertilizer production it should be noted that its Cd and U content (2.7 mg/kg and 4.9 mg/kg respectively) is significantly lower than that of rock phosphate based mineral fertilizers.
PY - 2014
DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/es502766x
SN - 0013-936X
SN - 1520-5851
VL - 48
IS - 20
SP - 11811
EP - 11818
PB - ACS Publ.
CY - Washington, DC
AN - OPUS4-32646
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Phosphate fertilizer from sewage sludge and meat and bone meal by thermochemical treatment with Cldonors
T2 - 3rd Sustainable Phosphorus Summit
CY - Sydney, Australia
DA - 2012-02-29
PY - 2012
AN - OPUS4-25581
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Phosphorus flows in German sewage sludge ashes and potential recovery technologies
T2 - Mining the Technosphere
CY - Wien, Austria
DA - 2015-10-01
PY - 2015
AN - OPUS4-34473
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Brenneis, Rudolf
A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg
ED - Martin Faulstich,
ED - Peter Quicker,
T1 - Ascheentsorgung - Acker oder Deponie?
T2 - 4. Fachtagung "Verfahren & Werkstoffe für die Energietechnik - Biomasse & Abfall - Regionale Brennstoffe richtig nutzen"
CY - Sulzbach-Rosenberg
DA - 2008-06-11
PY - 2008
SN - 978-3-9810391-3-9
N1 - Serientitel: Verfahren & Werkstoffe für die Energietechnik – Series title: Verfahren & Werkstoffe für die Energietechnik
IS - 4
SP - 227
EP - 243
PB - DORNER PrintConcept GmbH + Co. KG
CY - Sulzbach-Rosenberg
AN - OPUS4-17609
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Brenneis, Rudolf
A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart
T1 - Möglichkeiten der thermochemischen Behandlung von Reststoffen
KW - Thermochemische Stofftrennung
KW - Wertstoffrückgewinnung
PY - 2010
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/cite.201050012
SN - 0009-286X
SN - 1522-2640
VL - 82
IS - 9
SP - 1579
EP - 1580
PB - Wiley-VCH Verl.
CY - Weinheim
AN - OPUS4-22004
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Herzel, Hannes
A1 - Krüger, Oliver
ED - Schuhmann, R.
T1 - Technische Prozesse zur Phosphorrückgewinnung aus Klärschlammaschen
N2 - Klärschlammaschen weisen hohe Gehalte an Phosphor auf, dieser ist allerdings schlecht für Pflanzen verfügbar. Des Weiteren enthalten sie Schwermetalle die vor dem Einsatz als Düngemittel entfernt werden müssen. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurden in den letzten Jahren nasschemische und thermochemische Verfahren entwickelt und zum Teil bereits in Demonstrationsanlagen getestet. Ein thermochemischer Verfahrensansatz wird in diesem Beitrag näher vorgestellt. Klärschlammaschen werden mit Klärschlamm als Reduktionsmittel und Natriumsulfat als Aufschlussmittel im Drehrohrofen thermisch behandelt. Bei diesem Prozess wird pflanzenverfügbares NaCaPÜ4 gebildet, unerwünschte Elemente wie As, Cd, Hg und Pb werden zum Teil über die Gasphase separiert. Die Ergebnisse eines Demonstrationsversuchs werden vorgestellt.
N2 - Sewage sludge ashes exhibit high phosphorus mass fractions. However, the availability of phosphorus to plants is poor. Furthermore, sewage sludge ashes contain eco-toxicologically relevant heavy metals that have to be removed prior to agricultural application. ln front of this background several wet-chemical and thermo-chemical processes were developed in the last years and some of them were already successfully demonstrated in large scale. A thermo-chemical approach is presented in this article. Sewage sludge ashes are mixed with dry sewage sludge as reductant and sodium sulfate. Düring thermal treatment in a rotary kiln at approx. 950°C plant available NaCaPCU is formed. Furthermore undesired elements such as As, Cd, Hg and Pb are separated via the gas phase. Results of demonstration trials are presented.
T2 - 8. CMM-Tagung 2015 - Innovative Feuchtemessung in Forschung und Praxis - Material - Prozesse - Systeme
CY - Karlsruhe, Germany
DA - 07.10.2015
KW - Klärschlammasche
KW - Phoshorrückgewinnung
PY - 2015
N1 - Serientitel: Innovative Feuchtemessung in Forschung und Praxis – Series title: Innovative Feuchtemessung in Forschung und Praxis
SP - 251
EP - 262
AN - OPUS4-34859
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Weimann, Karin
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Schulz, T.
A1 - Linsz, E.
T1 - Environmental evaluation of different ways to produce recycled concrete aggregates
N2 - Due to the great quantities of construction and demolition waste in Europe, the reuse of building material waste as secondary raw materials is of particular importance. A recycling of building materials can meet the requirements of sustainability in several aspects: the extended time availability of primary raw materials and the related protection of natural resources as well as the saving of landfill sites. In recent years sulphates originating from gypsum in secondary building materials, made of construction and demolition waste, received growing attention. Sulphates are unwanted in secondary building materials for concrete production as well as for other use e.g. in unbounded layers. The content of gypsum resp. sulphates in secondary aggregates can be reduced by different methods. Depending on the type of material different steps for selective dismantling can be used to separate gypsum containing residues from concrete rubble. Furthermore some steps for the processing of building rubble are suitable for the reduction of sulphates in the produced aggregates. An environmental evaluation of different ways for the production of recycled concrete aggregates was performed with regard to a reduction of sulphates in the secondary building material. The use of techniques for selective dismantling was environmentally advantegous for the deconstruction of three investigated model houses.
T2 - SUM2014 - 2nd Symposium on urban mining
CY - Bergamo, Italy
DA - 19.05.2014
KW - Recycling
KW - Concrete aggregates
KW - Building waste
KW - Construction
PY - 2014
SN - 9788862650311
SP - Session C 6, 1
EP - 8
AN - OPUS4-30825
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Das Potential Deutscher Klärschlammaschen für die Wertstoffrückgewinnung
T2 - VDI Fachkonferenz Klärschlammbehandlung
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 2012-09-26
PY - 2012
AN - OPUS4-26589
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Brenneis, Rudolf
A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart
A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg
T1 - Recycling of waste materials by thermochemical treatment
T2 - ISWA World congress 2010 - Urban development and sustainbility - a major challenge for waste management in the 21st century
CY - Hamburg, Germany
DA - 2010-11-15
KW - thermochemical substance separation
KW - Thermodynamics
KW - Thermochemistry
PY - 2010
SP - 1
EP - 10(?)
AN - OPUS4-22467
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Weimann, Karin
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Ökobilanzielle Bewertungen von Abbruch- und Aufbereitungsverfahren als Grundlage für ein optimiertes Bauschuttrecycling
N2 - Prinzipien der Nachhaltigkeit spielen sowohl in Deutschland als auch weltweit zunehmend eine wichtige Rolle. Neben dem Bestreben nach einer Reduzierung des Energieverbrauchs gehört in diesem Zusammenhang auch die Weiterverwendung bzw, Verwertung von Reststoffen und Abfallen zu den wichtigsten Themenbereichen. Baurestmassen sind dabei aufgrund der großen Massenströme von besonderer Bedeutung.
T2 - 18. Ibausil - Internationale Baustofftagung
CY - Weimar, Germany
DA - 12.09.2012
KW - Bauschuttaufbereitung
KW - Abbruch
KW - Ökobilanzielle Bewertung
KW - RC-Beton
KW - Gips
PY - 2012
SN - 978-3-00-034075-8
VL - 2
IS - 3.07
SP - 2-1042
EP - 2-1049
AN - OPUS4-26606
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Eine nachhaltige Strategie zur Nutzung des Phosphors im Klärschlamm - Ergebnisse aus dem EU-Projekt SUSAN
T2 - Internationales Klärschlamm-Symposium, Wege einer verantwortungsvollen Klärschlammentsorgung
CY - Fürstenfeldbruck, Germany
DA - 2008-06-30
PY - 2008
AN - OPUS4-17695
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Gentzmann, Marie
A1 - Paul, Andrea
A1 - Serrano, Juan
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Understanding scandium leaching from bauxite residues of different geological backgrounds using statistical design of experiments
N2 - The leaching behavior of scandium (Sc) from bauxite residues can differ significantly when residues of different geological backgrounds are compared. The mineralogy of the source rock and the physicochemical environment during bauxitization affect the association of Sc in the bauxite i.e., how Sc is distributed amongst different mineral phases and whether it is incorporated in and/or adsorbed onto those phases. The Sc association in the bauxite is in turn crucial for the resulting Sc association in the bauxite residue. In this study systematic leaching experiments were performed on three different bauxite residues using a statistical design of experiments approach. The three bauxite residues compared originated from processing of lateritic and karstic bauxites from
Germany, Hungary, and Russia. The recovery of Sc and Fe was determined by ICP-OES measurements. Mineralogical changes were analyzed by X-ray-diffraction and subsequent Rietveld refinement. The effects of various parameters including temperature, acid type, acid concentration, liquid-to-solid ratio and residence time were studied. A response surface model was calculated for the selected case of citric acid leaching of Hungarian bauxite residue. The investigations showed that the type of bauxite residue has a strong influence. The easily leachable fraction of Sc can vary considerably between the types, reaching ~20–25% in German Bauxite residue and ~50% in Russian bauxite residue. Mineralogical investigations revealed that a major part of this fraction was released from secondary phases such as cancrinite and katoite formed during Bayer processing of the bauxite.
The effect of temperature on Sc and Fe recovery is strong especially when citric acid is used. Based on the exponential relationship between temperature and Fe-recovery it was found to be particularly important for the selectivity of Sc over Fe. Optimization of the model for a maximum Sc recovery combined with a minimum Fe
recovery yielded results of ~28% Sc recovery at <2% Fe recovery at a temperature of 60 ◦C, a citric acid normality of 1.8, and a liquid-to-solid ratio of 16 ml/g. Our study has shown that detailed knowledge about the Sc association and distribution in bauxite and bauxite residue is key to an efficient and selective leaching of Sc
from bauxite residues.
KW - Bauxite residue
KW - Scandium
KW - Leaching
KW - Design of experiments
KW - Red mud
PY - 2022
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2022.107041
SN - 0375-6742
VL - 2022
IS - 240
SP - 1
EP - 13
PB - Elsevier Science
CY - Amsterdam
AN - OPUS4-55531
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Schraut, Katharina
A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart
A1 - Weimann, Karin
A1 - Gluth, Gregor
T1 - Erzeugung klimaschonender Bindemittel als Alternativen zu Zement durch thermochemische Behandlung von mineralischen Nebenprodukten und Abfällen
N2 - Die Zementindustrie erzeugt etwa 6-7% der globalen CO2-Emissionen und steht damit als Industriezweig vor dem Hintergrund einer anvisierten Klimaneutralität vor gewaltigen Herausforderungen. Der Prozess der Klinkerherstellung wurde über die vergangenen Jahrzehnte bereits kontinuierlich optimiert. Seit 1990 ist es der deutschen Zementindustrie gelungen, die spezifischen CO2-Emissionen der Zementproduktion u. a. durch den Einsatz alternativer, nicht fossiler Brennstoffe und durch Absenkung des Klinkergehalts im Zement um 20 % zu senken. Weitere konventionelle Minderungsstrategien versprechen jedoch nur noch wenig zusätzliche Reduktion. Im Falle des Portlandklinkers besteht die Schwierigkeit darin, dass zwei Drittel der CO2-Emissionen rohstoffbedingt durch die Entsäuerung des Kalksteins (CaCO3) anfallen, die durch die beschriebenen Maßnahmen nicht weiter abgesenkt werden können. Vielmehr wird es erforderlich sein, noch zu entwickelnde oder zu optimierende Technologien anzuwenden und ggf. alle relevanten Ebenen wie Produktion, Weiterverarbeitung und Anwendung von Zement und Beton neu zu denken. Neben technologischen Ansätzen zur CO2-Abscheidung mit nachfolgender langfristiger Speicherung (Carbon Capture and Storage – CCS) oder Verwertung (Carbon Capture and Utilisation – CCU) werden auch alternative Rohstoffe für die Zementproduktion und alternative Bindemittel in Betracht zu ziehen sein.
T2 - Berliner Konferenz Mineralische Nebenprodukte und Abfälle
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 25.04.2022
KW - Zement
KW - Sekundärrohstoff
PY - 2022
SN - 978-3-944310-58-9
SP - 372
EP - 385
PB - TK-Verlag
CY - Neuruppin
AN - OPUS4-54737
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Smol, M.
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Kugler, Stefan
T1 - Thermochemical Treatment of Sewage Sludge Ash (SSA)—Potential and Perspective in Poland
N2 - Phosphorus (P) recovery from sewage sludge ash (SSA) is one of the most promising approaches of phosphate rock substitution in mineral fertilizers and might be a sustainable way to secure supply of this raw material in the future. In the current investigation, the process of thermochemical treatment of SSA was applied to SSA coming from selected mono-incineration plants of municipal sewage sludge in Poland (Cracow, Gdansk, Gdynia, Lodz, Kielce and Szczecin).
The Polish SSA was thermochemically converted in the presence of sodium (Na) additives and a reducing agent (dried sewage sludge) to obtain secondary raw materials for the production of marketable P fertilizers. The process had a positive impact on the bioavailability of phosphorus and reduced the content of heavy metals in the obtained products. The P solubility in neutral Ammonium citrate, an indicator of its bioavailability, was significantly raised from 19.7–45.7% in the raw ashes and 76.5–100% in the thermochemically treated SSA. The content of nutrients in the recyclates was in the range of 15.7–19.2% P2O5, 10.8–14.2% CaO, 3.5–5.4% Na2O, 2.6–3.6% MgO and 0.9–1.3% K2O. The produced fertilizer raw materials meet the Polish norms for trace elements covered by the legislation: the content of lead was in the range 10.2–73.1 mg/kg, arsenic 4.8–22.7 mg/kg, Cadmium 0.9–2.8 mg/kg and mercury <0.05 mg/kg. Thus, these products could be potentially directly used for fertilizer production. This work also includes an analysis of the possibilities of using ashes for fertilizer purposes in Poland, based on the assumptions indicated in the adopted strategic and planning documents regarding waste management and fertilizer production.
KW - Sewage Sludge Ashes
KW - Critical raw materials
KW - Phosphorus
KW - Fertilizer
KW - Sewage Sludge
PY - 2020
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-514468
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/en13205461
VL - 13
IS - 20
SP - 5461
AN - OPUS4-51446
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Herzel, Hannes
A1 - Stemann, J.
A1 - Simon, Sebastian
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Comparison of thermochemical treatment of sewage sludge ash with sodium sulphate in laboratory-scale and pilot-scale experiments
N2 - There is an ongoing debate on European scale concerning the criticality of phosphorus. In Switzerland and Germany, phosphorus recovery from phosphorus-rich waste streams will become obligatory. Sewage sludge ash is rich in phosphorus and may become an important secondary feedstock. Thermochemical treatment of sewage sludge ash with sodium sulphate under reducing conditions was shown to remove heavy metals from the solid product and produce the fully plant available crystalline phase CaNaPO4. Pilot-scale experiments in a rotary kiln were carried out at temperatures between 750 and 1000 °C and were compared to laboratory-scale experiments with crucibles. Process upscaling was successfully demonstrated but a series of differences were noticed: In comparison to laboratory-scale, solubility of phosphorus in samples from pilot-scale experiments was lower at all chosen treatment temperatures because of shorter retention time and incomplete decomposition of sodium sulphate. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed remaining phase fractions of whitlockite (Ca3-x(Mg,Fe)x(PO4)2) and sodium sulphate from the starting materials in products and thus indicated incomplete reaction. In contrast to the results of laboratory-scale experiments, the crystalline phase CaNaPO4 was clearly absent in the products from the rotary kiln but instead a Mg-bearing phase (Ca,Mg)NaPO4 was formed. Laboratory-scale experiments confirmed (Ca,Mg)NaPO4 is an intermediate phase between whitlockite and CaNaPO4. However, both crystalline phases are characterized by high plant availability. It was shown that heavy metal removal increased at higher temperatures whereas solubility and thus plant availability of phosphorus already reached its maxima at temperatures of 950 °C in pilot-scale and 875 °C in laboratory-scale experiments.
KW - Crystalline phase identification
KW - Heavy metal removal
KW - Phosphorus availability
KW - Process upscaling
KW - Recovery
KW - Rhenanite
PY - 2021
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-524084
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03252-y
VL - 19
IS - 3
SP - 1997
EP - 2006
PB - Springer
AN - OPUS4-52408
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Weimann, Karin
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Buchert, M.
A1 - Sutter, J.
T1 - Environmental Evaluation of Gypsum Plasterboard Recycling
N2 - Gypsum is widely used in the construction sector and its worldwide consumption has been increasing for several decades. Depending on the life-time of the used gypsum products, an increase of gypsum in construction and demolition waste follows. Especially against the background of a circular economy, the recycling of waste gypsum is of growing importance. However, the use of recycled gypsum makes only sense if it is environmentally friendly. Therefore, an evaluation of the environmental impacts of an industrial-scale processing for the recycling of post-consumer gypsum waste was conducted. The evaluation was performed with an established life cycle assessment software. Original data provided by industry and complementary data from a database for life cycle assessments were used for the calculations. Two scenarios for recycled gypsum with different transportation distances were calculated. These results are compared with results of the environmental evaluation of gypsum derived from coal-fired power plants (FGD gypsum) and natural gypsum. The results show that utilization of recycled gypsum can be environmentally advantageous compared to the use of natural gypsum or FGD gypsum, especially in the impact categories land transformation and resource consumption (abiotic depletion potential). For most environmental impact categories the specific transportation distances have a strong influence.
KW - Gypsum plasterboards
KW - Gypsum waste
KW - Recycled gypsum
KW - Environmental evaluation
PY - 2021
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-522321
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/min11020101
SN - 2075-163X
VL - 11
IS - 2
SP - 101
PB - MDPI
CY - Basel, Schweiz
AN - OPUS4-52232
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Herzel, Hannes
A1 - Aydin, Zeynep
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Crystalline phase analysis and phosphorus availability after thermochemical treatment of sewage sludge ash with sodium and potassium sulfates for fertilizer production
N2 - Phosphorus rich sewage sludge ash is a promising source to produce phosphorus recycling fertilizer. However, the low plant availability of phosphorus in these ashes makes a treatment necessary. A thermochemical treatment (800–1000 °C) with alkali additives transforms poorly plant available phosphorus phases to highly plant available calcium alkali Phosphates (Ca,Mg)(Na,K)PO4. In this study, we investigate the use of K2SO4 as additive to produce a phosphorus potassium fertilizer in laboratory-scale experiments (crucible). Pure K2SO4 is not suitable as high reaction temperatures are required due to the high melting point of K2SO4.
To overcome this barrier, we carried out series of experiments with mixtures of K2SO4 and Na2SO4 resulting in a lower economically feasible reaction temperature (900–1000 °C). In this way, the produced phosphorus potassium fertilizers (8.4 wt.% K, 7.6 wt.% P) was highly plant available for phosphorus indicated by complete extractable phosphorus in neutral ammonium citrate solution. The added potassium is, in contrast to sodium, preferably incorporated into silicates instead of phosphorus phases. Thus, the highly extractable phase (Ca,Mg)(Na,K)PO4 in the thermochemical products contain less potassium than expected. This preferred incorporation is confirmed by a pilot-scale trial (rotary kiln) and thermodynamic calculation.
KW - Phosphorus recovery
KW - Recycling fertilizer
KW - Calcium alkali phosphate
KW - Silicate
PY - 2021
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-536276
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-021-01288-3
SN - 1611-8227
IS - 23
SP - 2242
EP - 2254
PB - Springer
AN - OPUS4-53627
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Raniro, H.R.
A1 - Soares, T.de M.
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Pavinato, P.S.
T1 - Waste-derived fertilizers can increase phosphorus uptake by sugarcane and availability in a tropical soil
N2 - The use of highly water-soluble phosphorus (P) fertilizers can lead to P fixation in the soil, reducing fertilization efficiency. Waste-derived, low water-solubility sources can potentially increase sugarcane’s P uptake compared to triple superphosphate by reducing adsorption to the soil.
Aims:We aimed to test struvite, hazenite, and AshDec® for their agronomic potential as recycled fertilizers for sugarcane production in a typical tropical soil.We hypothesize that these sources can reduce P fixation in the soil, increasing its availability and sugarcane’s absorption.
Methods: In a greenhouse pot experiment, two consecutive sugarcane cycles, 90 days each, were conducted in a Ferralsol. The recovered sources struvite, hazenite, AshDec®, and the conventional triple superphosphate were mixed in the soil in three P doses (30, 60, and 90 mg kg–1), aside a control (nil-P). At both harvests, sugarcane number of sprouts, plant height, stem diameter, dry mass yield, shoot phosphorus, and soil P fractionation were investigated.
Results: At 90 days, struvite and hazenite performed better for dry mass yield (70.7 and 68.3 g pot–1, respectively) than AshDec® and triple superphosphate (59.8 and 57.4 g pot–1, respectively) and for shoot P, with 98.1, 91.6, 75.6, and 66.3 mg pot–1, respectively. At 180 days, struvite outperformed all treatments for dry mass yield (95.3 g pot–1) and AshDec® (75.5 mg pot–1) for shoot P. Struvite was 38% and hazenite 21% more efficient than triple superphosphate in P uptake, while AshDec® was 6% less efficient. Soil had higher labile P under struvite, hazenite, and AshDec® than triple superphosphate by the end of the first cycle, while only the later increased nonlabile P by the end of the experiment (180 days).
Conclusions:Waste-derived P sources were more efficient in supplying P for sugarcane and delivering labile P in 180 days than triple superphosphate.
KW - AshDec
KW - Hazenite
KW - P-efficiency
KW - Recycled sources
KW - Struvite
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-544216
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.202100410
SN - 1436-8730
SP - 1
EP - 12
PB - Wiley-VCH GmbH
AN - OPUS4-54421
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Schraut, Katharina
A1 - Kargl, F.
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Ivashko, O.
T1 - In situ synchrotron XRD measurements during solidification of a melt in the CaO–SiO2 system using an aerodynamic levitation system
N2 - Phase formation and evolution was investigated in the CaO–SiO2 system in the range of 70–80 mol% CaO. The samples were container-less processed in an aerodynamic levitation system and crystallization was followed in situ by synchrotron x-ray diffraction at the beamline P21.1 at the German electron synchrotron (DESY). Modification changes of di- and tricalcium silicate were observed and occurred at lower temperatures than under equilibrium conditions. Despite deep sample undercooling, no metastable phase formation was observed within the measurement timescale of 1 s. For the given cooling rates ranging from 300 K s−1 to about 1 K s−1, no decomposition of tricalcium silicate was observed. No differences in phase evolution were observed between reducing and oxidizing conditions imposed by the levitation gas (Ar and Ar + O2). We demonstrate that this setup has great potential to follow crystallization in refractory oxide liquids in situ. For sub-second primary phase formation faster detection and for polymorph detection adjustments in resolution have to be implemented.
KW - Aerodynamic levitation
KW - Calcium silicate
KW - Phase formation
KW - Oxide melts
KW - In situ synchrotron x-ray diffraction
PY - 2021
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-526952
DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-648X/abf7e1
VL - 33
IS - 26
SP - 264003 (12pp)
PB - IOP Publishing
AN - OPUS4-52695
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Sichler, Theresa Constanze
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Barjenbruch, M.
A1 - Montag, D.
A1 - Mauch, Tatjana
A1 - Sommerfeld, Thomas
A1 - Ehm, J.H.
T1 - Variation of the element composition of municipal sewage sludges in the context of new regulations on phosphorus recovery in Germany
N2 - Phosphorus (P) recovery is obligatory for all sewage sludges with more than 20 g P/kg dry matter (DM) from 2029 in Germany. Nine wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were chosen to investigate variations of phosphorus contents and other parameters in sewage sludge over the year. Monthly sewage sludge samples from each WWTP were analyzed for phosphorus and other matrix elements (C, N, H, Ca, Fe, Al, etc.), for several trace elements (As, Cr, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sn) and loss of ignition. Among the nine WWTPs, there are four which have phosphorus contents both above and below the recovery limit of 20 g/kg DM along the year. Considering the average phosphorus content over the year, only one of them is below the limit. Compared to other matrix elements and parameters, phosphorus fuctuations are low with an average of 7% over all nine WWTPs. In total, only hydrogen and carbon are more constant in the sludge.
In several WWTPs with chemical phosphorus elimination, phosphorus fuctuations showed similar courses like iron and/or aluminum. WWTPs with chamber flter presses rather showed dilution efects of calcium dosage. As result of this study, monthly phosphorus measurement is highly recommended to determine whether a WWTP is below the
20 g/kg DM limit.
KW - Sewage sludge
KW - Phosphorus recovery
KW - Wastewater
KW - Phosphorus elimination
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-557499
DO - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-022-00658-4
SN - 2190-4707
VL - 34
IS - 1
SP - 1
EP - 12
PB - Springer Nature
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-55749
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Sichler, Theresa Constanze
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Becker, Roland
A1 - Sauer, Andreas
A1 - Ostermann, Markus
A1 - Barjenbruch, M.
T1 - Phosphorus determination in sewage sludge: comparison of different aqua regia digestion methods and ICP-OES, ICP-MS and photometric determination
N2 - Phosphorus recycling from sewage sludge will be obligatory in Germany from 2029. Phosphorus content determination in sewage sludge is crucial to assess the prescribed recycling rates. Currently, German law regards sample preparation using aqua regia digestion in a microwave or under reflux conditions as well as instrumental phosphorus determination by ICP-OES, ICP-MS, or photometric determination with ammonium molybdate as equivalent. However, it is questionable whether these methods are indeed equivalent regarding phosphorus quantification in sludges near the limit of 20 g/kg for mandatory recycling. To answer this question, 15 sewage sludges of 11 different wastewater treatment plants were investigated with all permitted method (digestion and measurement) combinations. Moreover, one sewage sludge was also examined in an interlaboratory comparison (ILC) with 28 participants. This study shows that the above-mentioned methods differ in some cases significantly but across all method combinations and sludges, phosphorus recovery was between 80 and 121% after normalization to the grand mean (average of 15 sludges between 85 and 111%). The ILC and the examination of 15 sludges produced largely similar results. There is a tendency to higher phosphorus recovery after microwave digestion compared to reflux digestion and ICP-OES measurements determine higher phosphorus contents than ICP-MS and photometric phosphorus determination. As a result, the authors recommend ICP-OES determination of phosphorus in sewage sludge after microwave digestion.
KW - Sewage sludge
KW - ICP-OES
KW - Phosphous recovery
KW - ICP-MS
KW - Photometric P determination
KW - Interlaboratory comparison
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-558869
DO - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-022-00677-1
VL - 34
IS - 99
SP - 1
EP - 14
PB - Springer
AN - OPUS4-55886
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Dombinov, V.
A1 - Herzel, Hannes
A1 - Meiller, M.
A1 - Müller, F.
A1 - Willbold, S.
A1 - Zang, J. W.
A1 - da Fonseca-Zang, W. A.
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Klose, H.
A1 - Poorter, H.
A1 - Jablonowski, N. D.
A1 - Schrey, S. D.
T1 - Sugarcane bagasse ash as fertilizer for soybeans: Effects of added residues on ash composition, mineralogy, phosphorus extractability and plant availability
N2 - Sugarcane bagasse is commonly combusted to generate energy. Unfortunately, recycling strategies rarely consider the resulting ash as a potential fertilizer. To evaluate this recycling strategy for a sustainable circular economy, we characterized bagasse ash as a fertilizer and measured the effects of co-gasification and co-combustion of bagasse with either chicken manure or sewage sludge: on the phosphorus (P) mass fraction, P-extractability, and mineral P phases. Furthermore, we investigated the ashes as fertilizer for soybeans under greenhouse conditions. All methods in combination are reliable indicators helping to assess and predict P availability from ashes to soybeans. The fertilizer efficiency of pure bagasse ash increased with the ash amount supplied to the substrate. Nevertheless, it was not as effective as fertilization with triple-superphosphate and K2SO4, which we attributed to lower P availability. Co-gasification and co-combustion increased the P mass fraction in all bagasse-based ashes, but its extractability and availability to soybeans increased only when co-processed with chicken manure, because it enabled the formation of readily available Ca-alkali phosphates. Therefore, we recommend co-combusting biomass with alkali-rich residues to increase the availability of P from the ash to plants.
KW - Combustion and gasification
KW - Phosphate extractability and availability
KW - X-ray diffraction (XRD)
PY - 2022
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-567632
DO - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.1041924
SN - 1664-462X
VL - 13
SP - 1
EP - 13
PB - Frontiers Media
CY - Lausanne
AN - OPUS4-56763
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Sichler, Theresa
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Montag, D.
A1 - Ehm, J.
A1 - Barjenbruch, M.
A1 - Pinnekamp, J.
ED - Holm, O.
ED - Thomé-Kozmiensky, E.
ED - Quicker, P.
ED - Kopp-Assenmacher, S.
T1 - Auswirkungen der novellierten AbfKlärV auf die Kreislaufführung von Pflanzennährstoffen
N2 - Because of the longstanding oversupply of nutrients in Germany, waste and fertilization legislation has been amended in 2017. As the new laws do still not meet the European nitrate ordinance, fertilization laws must be tightened again. In consequence, there is a rising competition for land between sewage sludge and organic fertilizers.
Furthermore, the new sewage sludge ordinance (AbfKlärV) contains stricter thresholds and a ban on agricultural sewage sludge utilization for WWTPs > 50,000 p.e. from 2029. WWTPs which do not use their sludge for agriculture have to recover phosphorus from then on. However, sludges with less than 2% P content are not affected by that obligation. Every federal state of Germany must report amounts and quality of agricultural utilized sewage sludge yearly. An evaluation of raw data from 10 federal states shows that nearly 40% of both WWTPs and sewage sludge volume fall below the recovery limit of 2%. On the other hand, this means less than 30% of the P potential. In addition, there is no information whether the sludges fall reliably below the limit as required by the ordinance. This project aims to investigate this reliability by regarding the variations in the P content of sewage sludge. For this reason, samples will be taken monthly at 10 representative WWTPs over a year. Whereas phosphorus will still mostly be subject of recovery other nutrients are not affected by this. As a result, large amounts of N, K, Mg and Ca will be increasingly removed from the cycle. In 2017, WWTPs > 50,000 p.e. accounted for 30-60% of the nutrient potentials. These potentials will probably get lost to a large extent due to the fertilization ban. Many small WWTPs are also currently changing their utilization strategy from agriculture to incineration to ensure a safe disposal in future. Therefore, we can expect that even larger amounts of nutrients apart from phosphorus will be discharged from the circular economy. In comparison to the domestic sales volume of mineral fertilizers these other nutrients do only account for a very small fraction. A recovery could nevertheless replace parts of the mineral fertilizers, thus reducing environmental impacts. Energy consumption for technical nitrogen fixation is high and nutrient cycles are strongly anthropogenic influenced with diverse consequences such as eutrophication, acidification and endangered groundwater resources. Sewage sludge contains several micronutrients next to the macronutrients P, N, K, Mg, Ca and S. Because of lacking information on the actual German need for micronutrients contents and freights cannot evaluated. Moreover, former sewage sludge fertilization was probably not needs-based. It is therefore not possible to estimate a true loss in micronutrients due to the amended sewage sludge ordinance.
N2 - Die landwirtschaftliche Klärschlammverwertung ist in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland seit Jahren rückläufig, hatte im Jahr 2017 jedoch noch einen Anteil von rund 18 % [20]. Diese Art der Verwertung wird kontrovers diskutiert, da der Klärschlamm im Rahmen der Abwasserreinigung eine Schadstoffsenke darstellt. In vergangenen Jahrzehnten wurden insbesondere die hohen Gehalte an Schwermetallen im Klärschlamm als kritisch für eine landwirtschaftliche Verwertung eingestuft. Diese Belastung konnte allerdings durch Absenkung der Einträge von Schmermetallen in das Abwasser signifikant gesenkt werden. Neben Schwermetallen kamen jedoch auch organische Schadstoffe wie Pharmazeutika, Kosmetika und Haushaltschemikalien in den Fokus der Diskussion über den Einsatz von Klärschlamm auf Agrarflächen. Heute geraten zunehmend weitere Inhaltsstoffe in den Fokus, deren Auswirkungen noch nicht abschließend geklärt sind, weshalb eine einheitliche Bewertung über Grenzwerte nicht darstellbar ist. Beispiele für diese neuen Stoffgruppen sind Mikroplastik, Nanopartikel, Antibiotikaresistenzen und persistente organische Spurenstoffe. Neben den angesprochenen Risiken gibt es in Deutschland Regionen mit einem stark erhöhten Nährstoffüberschuss. In der Kritik steht vor allem eine nicht ordnungsgemäße Düngung mit Stickstoff, welche mit Nitratauswaschungen in das Grundwasser einhergeht. Um diese Grundwasserbelastung zu verhindern wurde u.a. das Düngerecht erneut verschärft, was die Flächenkonkurrenz zwischen Klärschlamm und Wirtschaftsdünger weiter vergrößern wird. Auf Druck der EU-Kommission stehen zudem weitere Anpassungen im Düngerecht bevor, da die beschlossenen Änderungen aus Kommissionssicht nicht ausreichen, um die Nitratrichtlinie einzuhalten. Vor dem Hintergrund der angeführten Probleme wurde im Koalitionsvertrag der 18. Legislaturperiode (2013) festgeschrieben, „die Klärschlammausbringung zu Düngezwecken [zu] beenden und Phosphor und andere Nährstoffe zurück[zu]gewinnen“ [5]. Die novellierte AbfKlärV beinhaltet allerdings kein grundsätzliches Aufbringungsverbot und eine Rückgewinnungspflicht besteht lediglich für den Nährstoff Phosphor. Es ist davon auszugehen, dass sich die neuen Regelungen im Düngerecht und der Klärschlammverordnung massiv auf die landwirtschaftliche Verwertung von Klärschlamm und damit auf die Kreislaufwirtschaft verschiedener Nährstoffe auswirken werden. Zur Ermittlung dieser Auswirkungen wird seit Oktober 2018 im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes das REFOPLAN-Projekt „extraWERT“ (FKZ 3718 26 330 0) von der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) in Kooperation mit dem Institut für Siedlungswasserwirtschaft (ISA) der RWTH Aachen durchgeführt. In diesem Beitrag werden erste Ergebnisse dieses Projekts vorgestellt.
T2 - Klärschlammkonferenz
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 04.11.2019
KW - Klärschlammdüngung
KW - Landwirtschaft
KW - Makronährstoffe
PY - 2019
SN - 978-3-944310-49-7
VL - 2
SP - 362
EP - 374
PB - Thomé-Kozmiensky Verlag
CY - Neuruppin
AN - OPUS4-49603
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Weimann, Karin
A1 - Adam, Christian
ED - Martins, I. M.
ED - Ulsen, C.
ED - Villagran, Y.
T1 - Advantages of recycling gypsum plasterboards
N2 - Advantages of recycling gypsum plaster boards
During the last decades the material composition of buildings has become increasingly diverse. However, largely sorted material flows are needed for generating high quality secondary building materials. The use of secondary building materials can meet the requirements of sustainability in several ways: the extended time availability of primary raw materials and, thereby, the preservation of natural resources as well as the conservation of landfill sites.
Recycling of gypsum (calcium sulfate) can be a good example for the environmental benefits of closed-loop recycling. The content of sulfates in other secondary building materials, in particular in recycled concrete aggregates, should be minimized for quality reasons. In contrast, separated gypsum can also be used in gypsum production if the high quality requirements for the recycled gypsum are met. Since almost all processing steps in the recycling process are associated with environmental impacts, an environmental evaluation of the use of recycled gypsum as a substitute in gypsum production has to be carefully conducted.
This paper focusses on the techniques for generating recycled gypsum from gypsum plasterboards, the related quality requirements and a comprehensive environmental evaluation of the complete process.
T2 - IV International Conference Progress of Recycling in the Built Environment
CY - Lisbon, Portugal
DA - 11.10.2018
KW - Environmental evaluation
KW - Gypsum
KW - CDW processing
PY - 2018
SN - 978-2-35158-208-4
VL - PRO 124
SP - 243
EP - 250
PB - Rilem publications S.A.R.L.
CY - Paris
AN - OPUS4-48078
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - What is in your opinion the fertiliser of the future?
N2 - Conventional fertilisers have their disadvantages as nutrient release is not synchronised with the demand of plants. Several approaches of "next generation fertilisers" are aiming at controlled nutrient release. Recycling fertilisers are often not soluble in water but fully plant available. They are suitable raw materials for the production of new types of controlled release fertilisers.
T2 - CLOOP-Workshop "What is in your opinion the fertiliser of the future?"
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 22.10.2019
KW - Controlled release fertilisers
KW - Recycling fertilisers
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-49554
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Verwertung carbonfaserhaltiger Reststoffe in der Pyrometallurgie
N2 - Carbonfasern sind äußerst stabil und werden auch in Anlagen zur Verbrennung von Sondermüll kaum zerstört. Beim Handling carbonfaserhaltiger Abfälle können Gesundheitsrisken auftreten (Abgabe von WHO-Fasern). Es werden Methoden der Verwertung carbonfaserhaltiger Reststoffe in der Pyrometallurgie diskutiert.
T2 - UBA Fachaustausch: Aufbereitung und Verwertung carbonfaserhaltiger Abfälle
CY - Dessau, Germany
DA - 19.09.2019
KW - Carbonfasern
KW - Pyrometallurgie
PY - 2019
AN - OPUS4-49555
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Schraut, Katharina
A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart
A1 - Simon, Sebastian
A1 - von Werder, Julia
A1 - Meng, Birgit
A1 - Stephan, D.
A1 - Kargl, F.
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Formation and chemical stabilisation of tricalcium-silicate during solidification from the melt of post-treated metallurgical slags
N2 - Tricalcium-silicate (C3S) or Alite is the most important mineral in Portland cement. Since pure tricalcium-silicate is only stable above temperatures of 1250 °C, its decomposition has to be prevented technically by fast cooling after the sintering process. At room temperature, the decomposition velocity is very slow so that metastable tricalcium-silicate is obtained.
Although the mechanisms of clinker phase formation during burning process of Portland cement in a rotary kiln were solved and improved over the years, in view of possible economic and ecological benefits current projects aim to produce clinker phases from metallurgical slags. Recent studies discovered that the mineral phase which remained after a reducing treatment and separation of formed metallic iron from molten Linz-Donawitz (LD-) slags contained about 60 wt.% Alite despite it was cooled slowly. Because the results could be verified using slags from different origins and varying cooling velocities a chemical stabilisation of the Alite can be assumed. First tests in mortars indicate that workability, hardening and solid state properties are comparable with an ordinary Portland cement. An application of the observed phenomenon in cement production requires enhanced knowledge about formation and stabilisation conditions of Alite during crystallisation from melts in contrast to the sintering reactions in conventional Portland cement production. Therefore, this study focuses on the stabilisation mechanisms of Alite in consolidating melts. Samples from different melting experiments are analysed to determine stabilising factors.
T2 - 15th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement
CY - Prag, Czech Republic
DA - 16.09.2019
KW - Tricalcium-silicate
KW - Portland Cement
KW - Alite
KW - Steelmaking slag
PY - 2019
SP - Paper 492, 1
EP - 10
AN - OPUS4-49050
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Peplinski, Burkhard
A1 - Kley, Gerd
A1 - Kratz, S.
A1 - Schick, J.
A1 - Schnug, E.
T1 - Phosphorrückgewinnung aus Klärschlammaschen - Ergebnisse aus dem EU-Projekt SUSAN
N2 - Phosphor ist ein für alle Lebewesen essenzielles Element und kann in seinen Funktionen z. B. als Bestandteil der DNS und RNS sowie als Schlüsselelement beim Energiestoffwechsel (ADP/ATP) nicht ersetzt werden. Klärschlammaschen sind aufgrund ihrer hohen Gehalte an Phosphor (1525 % P2O5) geeignete Sekundärrohstoffe für die Herstellung von P-Düngemitteln. Aufgrund der schlechten Pflanzenverfügbarkeit des Phosphors und der Gehalte an umweltrelevanten Schwermetallen sollten diese allerdings nicht direkt in der Landwirtschaft eingesetzt werden. Im Mittelpunkt des EU-Projekts SUSAN steht die Entwicklung und Optimierung einer thermochemischen Behandlung von Klärschlammaschen, mit der die Düngewirkung der Aschen auf das Niveau konventioneller Mineraldünger (Thomaskali und Superphosphat SSP) angehoben wird und die Schwermetallkonzentrationen unter die Grenzwerte nach Düngemittelverordnungen europäischer Länder abgesenkt werden. Die sehr positiven Ergebnisse, die bisher im SUSAN-Projekt erzielt wurden, und die darauf basierenden ökonomischen Betrachtungen legen eine großtechnische Umsetzung des Verfahrens nahe.
KW - Klärschlamm
KW - Phosphor
KW - Ressource
KW - Klärschlammasche
KW - P-Düngemittel
KW - Mineralische Phasen
PY - 2008
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00506-008-0152-3
SN - 0945-358X
SN - 1613-7566
VL - 60
IS - 3-4
SP - 55
EP - 64
PB - Springer
CY - Wien
AN - OPUS4-17449
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Phosphorrückgewinnung aus Klärschlammaschen: Forschungsergebnisse aus Deutschland
T2 - Klärschlammbehandlung - heute und morgen
CY - Wels, Austria
DA - 2007-11-21
PY - 2007
AN - OPUS4-16458
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Stemann, Jan
A1 - Kabbe, C.
A1 - Adam, Christian
ED - Thomé-Kozmiensky, K.J.
ED - Beckmann, M.
T1 - Phosphorrückgewinnung im Rahmen der Klärschlammbehandlung - das EU-Projekt P-REX -
N2 - Das Element Phosphor ist für alle Lebewesen essentiell. Es ist insbesondere für den Energiestoffwechsel (ATP, ADP), das Speichern und Auslesen von Erbinformationen (DNA, RNA) sowie den Knochenbau unverzichtbar und kann weder synthetisiert noch substituiert werden. Für die Pflanzen- und Tierproduktion werden aus diesem Grund erhebliche Mengen an Phosphor benötigt. Wird dem Ackerboden durch das Pflanzenwachstum und die anschließende Ernte Phosphor entzogen, so muss dieser; zum Erhalt der Ertragsfähigkeit den landwirtschaftlichen Flächen wieder zugeführt werden. Die weitverbreitete direkte Ausbringung von Klärschlamm wird zunehmend kritisch hinterfragt und ist in vielen EU Ländern deutlich rückläufig bzw. verboten.
Neben der Hygieneproblematik sind hier insbesondere erhöhte Schwermetallgehalte sowie organische Schadstoffe als kritisch anzusehen.
KW - Klärschlammasche
KW - Ressourcen
KW - Wertstoffpotential
KW - Phosphorrückgewinnung
PY - 2014
SN - 978-3-944310-06-0
VL - 11
SP - 749
EP - 763
PB - TK Verlag Karl Thomé-Kozmiensky
CY - Neuruppin
AN - OPUS4-31143
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Recycling von Photovoltaik-Dünnschichtmodulen mit nassmechanischen Verfahren - Ergebnissen des EU LIFE Projektes RESOLVED
T2 - Tagung "Aufbereitung und Recycling"
CY - Freiberg, Germany
DA - 2005-11-09
PY - 2005
AN - OPUS4-11090
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Weimann, Karin
A1 - Adam, Christian
ED - Jones, Roderick
ED - Newlands, Moray D.
ED - Halliday, Judith E.
ED - Csetenyi, Lszlo J.
ED - Zheng, Li
ED - McCarthy, Michael J.
ED - Dyer, Thomas D.
T1 - Sustainability in the production of Recycled Concrete Aggregates
N2 - Concrete is one of the most widely used construction materials and, accordingly, the concrete industry is an important stakeholder in the field of sustainable construction. Therefore various approaches have been implemented to increase the sustainability of concrete. Besides reducing CO2-emissions during cement production, increasing the energy efficiency of buildings and extending their life span, the end-of-life performance of concrete is also an essential aspect of sustainability. Reusing concrete as a secondary building material meets the requirements of sustainability in several ways: the extended time availability of primary raw materials and, thereby, the protection of natural resources as well as conserving landfill site. Furthermore, the production of recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) is a good example for closed-loop recycling.
However, regarding the use of RCA as a substitute for natural aggregates in concrete, attention must be paid to all issues of sustainability: this means that environmental, economic and social aspects have to be considered. Since RCA generally have inferior building material properties, such as higher porosity and lower density, the implementation of closed-loop recycling of concrete only makes sense if the technical quality assurance is secured. This paper focusses on the implementation of techniques for the deconstruction/demolition of buildings and the subsequent treatment of concrete rubble in order to improve the building material properties of RCA with regard to the requirements of sustainability and also technical rules and standards.
T2 - The 9th International Concrete Conference
CY - Dundee, UK
DA - 04.07.2016
KW - RCA (Recycled concrete aggregates)
KW - Gypsum
KW - Selective dismantling
KW - CDW treatment
KW - Gips
KW - Bauschuttaufbereitung
PY - 2016
SN - 978-0-9573263-1-6
SP - 1
EP - 10
PB - University of Dundee – Concrete Technology Unit
CY - Dundee, UK
AN - OPUS4-38175
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Krüger, Oliver
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Recovery potential of German sewage sludge ash
N2 - Incineration of sewage sludge is expected to increase in the future due to growing concerns about the direct use of sludge in agriculture. Sewage sludge is the pollutant sink of wastewater treatment and thus loaded with contaminants that might pose environmental hazards. Incineration degrades organic pollutants efficiently, but since the ash is currently mostly disposed of, all valuable component like phosphorus (P) and technologically relevant metals present in the sewage sludge ash (SSA) are removed from the economic cycle entirely. We conducted a complete survey of SSA from German mono-incineration facilities and determined the theoretical recovery potential of 57 elements. German SSA contains up to 19,000 t/a P which equals approximately 13% of phosphorus applied in the German agriculture in form of phosphate rock based mineral fertilizers. Thus, SSA is an important secondary resource of P. However, its P-solubility in ammonium citrate solution, an indicator for the bioavailability, is only about 26%. Treatment of SSA is recommended to enhance P bioavailability and remove heavy metals before it is applied as fertilizer. The recovery potential for technologically relevant metals is generally low, but some of these elements might be recovered efficiently in the course of P recovery exploiting synergies.
KW - Sewage sludge ash
KW - Recovery potential
KW - Phosphorus
KW - Critical raw materials
KW - Bioavailability
KW - Phosphorus recovery
KW - Monitoring
PY - 2015
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.01.025
SN - 0956-053X
VL - 45
SP - 400
EP - 406
PB - Pergamon Press
CY - New York, NY
AN - OPUS4-34157
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Recycling of Waste Materials by Thermochemical Treatment
T2 - ISWA World Congress 2010 Urban Development and Sustainability - a Major Challenge for Waste Management in the 21st Century
CY - Hamburg, Germany
DA - 2010-11-15
PY - 2010
AN - OPUS4-22473
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Severin, M.
A1 - Breuer, J.
A1 - Rex, M.
A1 - Stemann, Jan
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Van den Weghe, H.
A1 - Kücke, M.
T1 - Phosphate fertilizer value of heat treated sewage sludge ash
N2 - This study focuses on the question whether heat treated sewage sludge ashes are more favourable as fertilizers than untreated sewage sludge ashes (USSA) and whether their fertilization effects are comparable with commercial triple superphosphate (TSP). In a pot experiment, maize was fertilized either with one of three heat treated and Na-, Ca- and Si-compounds amended sewage sludge ashes (two glown phosphates, steel mill slag + sewage sludge ash) or USSA or TSP as control. Fertilization with USSA did not increase the biomass yield and the P uptake of maize in comparison to the P0 treatment (7.25 resp. 8.35 g dry matter/pot). Fertilization with heat treated sewage sludge ashes and TSP resulted in significantly higher yields and plant P uptakes which are on average eight times higher than treatment with USSA and P0 control. Biomass yields and P uptake of maize after fertilization with heat treated sewage sludge ashes are not significantly different from those after TSP fertilization. The main P compound in USSA is Ca3(PO4)2. By heat treatment and amendment with different sodium, calcium, sulphur and silicon containing additives or steel mill converter slag, Ca3(PO4)2 is converted to Ca- and Na-silico-phosphates, which have a higher water solubility than Ca3(PO4)2. This increased solubility is responsible for the high plant availability of this phosphates.
KW - P recycling
KW - Sustainability
KW - P solubility
PY - 2014
UR - http://www.agriculturejournals.cz/publicFiles/138177.pdf
SN - 1214-1178
SN - 1805-9368
VL - 60
IS - 12
SP - 555
EP - 561
PB - Inst.
CY - Prague
AN - OPUS4-32147
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Phosphorus recovery by thermochemical treatment of sewage sludge ash - Results of the European FP6-project SUSAN
T2 - 2009 International Conference on Nutrient Recovery from Wastewater Streams
CY - Vancouver, Canada
DA - 2009-05-10
PY - 2009
AN - OPUS4-19543
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Krüger, Oliver
T1 - Complete survey of German sewage sludge ashes - phosphorous and technology metal recovery potential
N2 - Sewage sludge ashes (SSA) are a possible source for recovery of phosphorous (P) and technology metals. Phosphorous is essential for all animate beings. So far, its sole external source is rock phosphate, which is a finite resource. The EU import dependency on P from regions with high domestic demands or political instabilities is almost complete. Furthermore, rock phosphate often contains high amounts of heavy metals like Cd and U that might lead to health and environmetal hazards. P recovered from SSA might diminish these problems. We analyzed SSA from German mono incineration facilities in terms of their elemental composition and respective recovery potential. More than 97% of the emerging SSA is monitored, enabling the determination of complete mass flows of the ashes and their components. Results indicate a P recovery potential of 19,000 t/a (more than 12% of the annual P demands for fertilizer production). The concentrations of Cd and U in SSA are significantly lower than in rock phosphate and thus might help to reduce possible envrionmental and health hazards.
T2 - SUM2014 - 2nd Symposium on urban mining
CY - Bergamo, Italy
DA - 19.05.2014
KW - Sewage sludge
KW - Ashes
KW - Phosphorous
KW - Metal
KW - Recovery
PY - 2014
SN - 978-8-86265-031-1
SP - Session B 4, 1
EP - 7
AN - OPUS4-30824
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Adam, Christian
ED - H.J. Linke,
T1 - Phosphorrückgewinnung aus Abwasser, Klärschlamm und Klärschlammasche
T2 - 1. Darmstädter Ingenieurkongress - Bau und Umwelt
CY - Darmstadt, Deutschland
DA - 2009-09-14
PY - 2009
SN - 978-3-941799-00-4
SP - 62
EP - 66
CY - Darmstadt
AN - OPUS4-19896
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - RPRT
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Kley, Gerd
T1 - Thermochemische Behandlung von unterschiedlichen Klärschlammaschen mit dem Ziel der Abtrennung von Schwermetallen - Herstellung von Phosphat-Düngemitteln aus den behandelten Aschen: Umweltforschungsplan des Bundesministeriums für Umelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit; Abfallwirtschaft; UFOPLAN-Nr. 20333396
N2 - Aufgrund der Endlichkeit der Phosphorlagerstätten und der zu erwartenden Preissteigerungen auf dem Weltmarkt werden Rückgewinnung, Kreislaufflührung und sparsamer Umgang mit dem essentiellen Makronährstoff Phosphor zunehmend interessant. Der P-Rückgewinnung aus biogenen Abfallstoffen wird hierbei zukünftig eine bedeutende Rolle zukommen. Die Aufarbeitung von Klärschlammaschen zu P-Düngemitteln kann in diesem Zusammenhang einen entscheidenden Beitrag leisten.
Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden statische und dynamische Versuche zur thermochemischen Behandlung von Klärschlammaschen mit dem Ziel der Bereitstellung eines geeigneten Sekundärrohstoffes für die P-Düngemittelproduktion durchgeführt. Statische Versuche mit Edelsole (MgCl2Lösung) als Cl-Donator zeigten dass eine weitgehende Schwermetallabreicherung unter signifikanter Steigerung der P-Pflanzenverfügbarkeit möglich ist. Die Schwermetalle wurden in die entsprechenden Chloride überrührt und konnten aufgrund ihrer hohen Dampfdrücke bei Betriebstemperaturen von etwa 1000°C über die Gasphase von der Asche separiert werden. Arsen, Chrom und Nickel konnten mit dieser Behandlungsmethode jedoch nicht entfernt werden. Des weiteren wurde mit der Behandlung nicht für alle untersuchten Klärschlammaschen der Grenzwert der aktuellen Düngemittelverordnung für Kupfer unterschritten. Verbesserungen in Hinblick auf die Reinigungsleistung und die technische Umsetzbarkeit des Verfahrens ließen sich durch Versuche mit Chlorgas als CL-Donator erzielen. Alle Schwermetalle inklusive Arsen, Chrom und Nickel konnten bereits ab einer Betriebstemperatur von 850°C deutlich unter die Grenzwerte nach Düngemittelverordnung abgereichert werden. Die Pflanzenverfügbarkeit des Phosphors war vergleichbar mit den Produkten aus der Behandlung mit Edelsole.
Die Citratlöslichkeit konnte von etwa 50-70% (Rohasche) auf 100% (mit Cl2-Gas behandelt) angehoben werden. Bei der kleintechnischen Umsetzung des Verfahrens im Drehrohrofen traten jedoch erhebliche Korrosionsprobleme m Verbindung mit den verwendeten Stahlwerkstoffen auf. Hier besteht Entwicklungsbedarf.
Im Rahmen der Untersuchungen wurde gezeigt, dass die vorgeschlagene thermochemische Behandlung von Klarschlammaschen zur Bereitstellung eines Ausgangsmaterials für die P-Düngemittelherstellung geeignet ist und somit ein erhebliches Potential zur nachhaltigen Kreislaufführung der endlichen Ressource Phosphor erschlossen werden kann. Das thermochemische Verfahren führt sowohl zur weitgehenden Entfernung der Schwermetalle als auch zu einer deutlichen Verbesserung der Pflanzenverfügbarkeit des Phosphors. Diese erfolgversprechenden Ergebnisse sollten durch weitere kleintechnische Untersuchungen ergänzt werden, um die Basis für eine großtechnische Anwendung zu schaffen.
PY - 2004
SP - 1
EP - 63
PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-7304
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Kley, Gerd
A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg
ED - Wang, B.
ED - J.H. Song,
ED - H. Abe,
T1 - Thermal treatment of municipal sewage sludge aiming at marketable P-fertilisers
T2 - 8th International Conference on Eco-materials (ICEM8 2007)
CY - London, UK
DA - 2007-07-09
KW - Sewage sludge
KW - Mono-incineration
KW - Ash treatment
KW - Thermo-chemical treatment
KW - P-fertiliser
PY - 2007
SN - 978-1-902316-54-3
VL - 2
SP - 435
EP - 442
PB - Brunel University Press
CY - London, UK
AN - OPUS4-16470
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Metal recovery by reductive melting of red mud
T2 - Exchange of good practices on metal by-products recovery
CY - Brüssel, Belgium
DA - 2015-11-12
PY - 2015
AN - OPUS4-34931
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Möglichkeiten zur umweltverträglichen Nutzung von Nährstoffen im Klärschlamm
T2 - Umwelttechnisch Integrierten Lehrveranstaltung (UTIL), TU
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 2006-06-07
PY - 2006
AN - OPUS4-12432
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Phosphorrückgewinnung im Rahmen der Klärschlammbehandlung - das EU-Projekt P-REX
T2 - Berliner Abfallwirtschafts- und Energiekonferenz
CY - Berlin, Germany
DA - 2014-01-27
PY - 2014
AN - OPUS4-31102
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart
A1 - Mory, D.
A1 - Schilller, D.
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Chemische Onlineanalyse von Schmelzen im Lichtbogenofen durch LIBS
N2 - Die Reduktion von Metalloxiden zum Metall in einer schmelzflüssigen mineralischen Matrix stellt die Grundlage vieler metallurgischer Verfahren dar.
Eine Prozessoptimierung und -kontrolle setzt allerdings die genaue Kenntnis der chemischen Zusammensetzung der Schmelze voraus.
Im Beitrag wird LIBS als Methode zur Online-Analyse von Hochtemperaturschmelzen vorgestellt.
T2 - Schlacken Symposium 2016
CY - Meitingen, Germany
DA - 13.10.2016
KW - Online-Analyse
KW - LIBS
KW - Lichtbogenofen
KW - Prozessoptimierung
PY - 2016
SP - 49
EP - 58
AN - OPUS4-38155
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Recovery of nutrients from sewage sludge - Results of the European research-project SUSAN
T2 - IWA-Specialist Conference "Facing Sludge Diversities: Challenges, Risks and Opportunities"
CY - Antalya, Turkey
DA - 2007-03-28
PY - 2007
AN - OPUS4-14675
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Krüger, Oliver
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Sewage sludge ashes - composition, mass flows, and recovery potential
N2 - Sewage sludge ashes (SSA) represent a possible source of phosphorus (P) and technology metals. So far, the sole external source for P, that is indispensable for all animate beings, is rock phosphate, a finite resource. The EU depends completely on the import from possible politically instable regions. Furthermore, rock phosphate is often contaminated with heavy metals like Cd and U, leading to health and environmental hazards. P recovered from SSA might diminish these problems. SSA of German mono incineration facilities are analyzed for their elemental composition. More than 95% of the emerging SSA is monitored, enabling the determination of complete mass flows of the ashes and their components. Initial results indicate a P recovery potential of 16,000 t/a (11% of the annual P demands for fertilizer production). The concentrations of Cd and U in SSA are one to two Orders of magnitude lower than in rock phosphate and could help to reduce possible hazards.
T2 - 14th International waste management and landfill symposium - Sardinia 2013
CY - Cagliari, Italy
DA - 30.09.2013
PY - 2013
SP - 1
EP - 5
PB - CISA Publisher
AN - OPUS4-29734
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Schick, J.
A1 - Kratz, S.
T1 - Düngemittel aus Klärschlammasche - Die Ergebnisse aus dem EU-Projekt SUSAN legen die großtechnische Umsetzung eines neuen thermochemischen Verfahrens für die Phosphor-Rückgewinnung nahe
KW - Klärschlamm
KW - Phosphor
KW - Ressource
KW - Klärschlammasche
KW - P-Düngemittel
KW - Pilotanlage
PY - 2008
SN - 0934-3482
VL - 3
SP - 16
EP - 20
PB - Rhombos-Verl.
CY - Berlin
AN - OPUS4-17847
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - RPRT
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Eicher, N.
A1 - Hermann, L.
A1 - Herzel, Hannes
A1 - Mallon, J.
A1 - Schaaf, M.
A1 - Stemann, J.
T1 - Comparative review of ash processes
N2 - This report gives technological information about processes for the recovery of phosphorus from sewage sludge ash including mass- and energy balance, process conditions and product quality.
The information in this report aim at giving an overview on different concepts for the recovery of phosphorus from sewage sludge ash and are intended to allow a general qualitative comparison between the different technical approaches. This report also describes the technological backgrounds of the processes that were furthermore investigated by life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle cost (LCC) analysis. However, most process data stated in this report are site specific data. The LCA/LCC study includes the definition of a common base line for all processes, detailed process modeling and plausibility assessments. Results of the LCA/LCC-studies are reported in deliverables D9.2 und D10.1.
PY - 2015
UR - http://p-rex.eu/uploads/media/P-REX_D4_1_Comparative_review_of_ash_processes.pdf
SP - 1
EP - 30
AN - OPUS4-34858
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Phosphorus recovery by thermochemical treatment of sewage sludge ash
T2 - Leading-Edge Technology, International Water Association (IWA)
CY - Zurich, Switzerland
DA - 2008-06-01
PY - 2008
AN - OPUS4-17559
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg
A1 - Brenneis, Rudolf
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Verwertungsoptionen für Verbrennungsrückstände biogenen Ursprungs
PY - 2009
N1 - Serientitel: Schriftenreihe: Club Niederösterreich – Series title: Schriftenreihe: Club Niederösterreich
VL - 4/5
SP - 46
EP - 56
CY - Wien, Österreich
AN - OPUS4-20389
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Enzymkatalysierte Synthese von Schmierstoffen aus Altfett
N2 - Im Rahmen eines vom BMBF geförderten KMU-Innovativ Forschungsprojekts (KKZ 0316199B) konnte in Kooperation mit der Firma Greibo Chemie GmbH ein bio-katalysierter Prozess zur Hydrolyse und Veresterung von gastronomischen Altfetten etabliert werden. Unter Anwendung des Enzyms Candida antarctica lipase-A (CAL-A) kann dieser Prozess mit einem teilweise wässrigen Medium durchgeführt werden was prozesstechnisch einige Vorteile mit sich bringt. Im Gegensatz zu anderen Acyltransferasen ist die CAL-A nicht nur in der Lage die Alkoholyse zu katalysieren sondern auch Fettsäuren zu verestern. Dies eröffnet eine breitere Anwendung des Prozesses auf weitere Produktgruppen und Abfallströme. Es wurden Optimierungen mit modifizierten Enzymen und verschiedenen Fetten und Alkoholen vorgenommen. Des Weiteren wurden die verfahrenstechnischen Parameter optimiert und ein Scale-up auf den 0,5 Tonnen Maßstab durchgeführt. Die aus dem Prozess resultierenden Fettsäureester eignen sich als Motoren- oder Hydraulikbasisöle sowie als Metallbearbeitungsöle. Im Vergleich zu den Mineralölkosten von ca. 1,0 - 1,5 € pro kg muss bei einer Umstellung eines Hydrauliköls auf Fettsäureester (konventionell hergestellt) allerdings bei einem Preis von 3 – 5 € pro kg mit Mehrkosten bei gleichbleibendem Verbrauch gerechnet werden. Für die erfolgreiche Markteinführung müssten vermutlich die durchaus vorhandenen ökologischen Vorteile der Altfett-basierten Produkte beworben werden.
T2 - Deutsche Biotechnologietage 2016
CY - Leipzig
DA - 26.04.2016
KW - Altfett
KW - Enzymkatalyse
PY - 2016
SP - 11
EP - 11
PB - Forschungszentrum Jülich
CY - 52425 Jülich
AN - OPUS4-35969
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Brenneis, Rudolf
T1 - Schlacken/Aschen - Herstellung von Düngemitteln
T2 - 19. Kölner Abfalltage - Von der Abfallwirtschaft zur Rohstoffwirtschaft - Wer sind die Gewinner, wer die Verlierer?
CY - Köln, Deutschland
DA - 2010-11-02
KW - Klärschlammasche
KW - Phosphor
KW - Rückgewinnung
PY - 2010
IS - Kap. 3.5
SP - 1
EP - 20(?)
PB - Kirsten Gutke Verlag
AN - OPUS4-22468
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Kervarec, M.-C.
A1 - Kemnitz, E.
A1 - Scholz, G.
A1 - Rudic, S.
A1 - Jäger, Christian
A1 - Braun, T.
A1 - Michalchuk, Adam
A1 - Emmerling, Franziska
T1 - A HF Loaded Lewis-Acidic Aluminium Chlorofluoride for Hydrofluorination Reactions
N2 - The very strong Lewis acid aluminium chlorofluo-ride (ACF) was loaded with anhydrous HF. The interactionbetween the surface of the catalyst and HF was investigatedusing a variety of characterization methods, which revealed he formation of polyfluorides. Moreover, the reactivity ofthe HF-loaded ACF towards the hydrofluorination of alkyneswas studied.
KW - Aluminium
KW - HF
KW - Hydrofluorination
KW - Metal fluorides
PY - 2020
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-508360
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.202001627
VL - 26
SP - 1
PB - Wiley Online Libary
AN - OPUS4-50836
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Heinekamp, Christian
A1 - Palmer, Tahlia M.
A1 - Al‐Sabbagh, Dominik
A1 - May, Anastasia
A1 - Prinz, Carsten
A1 - Michalik, Stefan
A1 - Michalchuk, Adam
A1 - Emmerling, Franziska
T1 - Pre‐Activation as a Route for Tuning the Kinetics of Mechanochemical Transformations
N2 - Learning to control reaction kinetics is essential for translating any chemical technology into real‐world application. Based on time‐resolved in situ powder X‐ray diffraction data, we demonstrate the opportunity to tune mechanochemical reaction rates through the pre‐activation of the starting reagents. For three model co‐crystal systems, the pre‐activation of the most stable reagent yields up to a ca 10‐fold increase in the reaction rate, whilst negligible kinetic enhancement is seen when the less stable reagent is pre‐activated. Moreover, we demonstrate how the polymorphic outcome of mechano‐co‐crystallization is also sensitive to pre‐activation of the starting material. Our results suggest that reproducibility of mechanochemical processes requires detailed understanding over the origin and history of reagent powders, whilst providing a new conceptual framework to design and control mechanochemical reactions.
KW - Mechanochemistry
KW - In situ synthesis
PY - 2025
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-649409
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202516632
SN - 1433-7851
SP - 1
EP - 7
PB - Wiley VHC-Verlag
AN - OPUS4-64940
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Herzel, Hannes
A1 - Grevel, K.-D.
A1 - Emmerling, Franziska
A1 - Dachs, E.
A1 - Benisek, A.
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Majzlan, J.
T1 - Thermodynamic properties of calcium alkali phosphates Ca(Na,K)PO4
N2 - Calcium alkali phosphates Ca(Na,K)PO4 are main constituents of bioceramics and thermochemically produced phosphorus fertilizers because of their bioavailability. Sparse thermodynamic data are available for the endmembers CaNaPO4 and CaKPO4. In this work, the missing data were determined for the low-temperature phase modifications of the endmembers CaNaPO4 and CaKPO4 and three intermediate Ca(Na,K)PO4 compositions. Standard enthalpy of formation ranges from - 2018.3 ± 2.2 kJ mol-1 to - 2030.5 ± 2.1 kJ mol-1 and standard entropy from 137.2 ± 1.0 J mol-1 K-1 to 148.6 ± 1.0 J mol-1 K-1 from sodium endmember b-CaNaPO4 to potassium endmember b0-CaKPO4.
Thermodynamic functions are calculated up to 1400 K for endmembers and the sodium-rich intermediate phase b-Ca(Na0.93K0.07)PO4. Functions above 640 K are extrapolated because of the phase transition from low- to high-temperature phase. Impurities in the synthesized intermediate phases c-Ca(Na0.4K0.6)PO4 and c-Ca Na0.35K0.65)PO4 and one additional phase transition around 500 K impeded the determination of high-temperature thermodynamic functions. In general, data for phase transition temperatures agree with the previously reported phase diagrams.
KW - Formation enthalpy
KW - Heat capacity
KW - Phase transformation
KW - Bioceramics
KW - Phosphorus fertilizer
KW - Entropy
PY - 2020
UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-507640
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-04615-5
VL - 55
SP - 8477
EP - 8490
PB - Springer
AN - OPUS4-50764
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Peplinski, Burkhard
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Michaelis, Matthias
A1 - Kley, Gerd
A1 - Emmerling, Franziska
A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg
T1 - Reaction sequences in the thermochemical treatment of sewage sludge ashes revealed by X-ray powder diffraction - A contribution to the European project SUSAN
N2 - The sequence of reactions accompanying the thermochemical treatment of an iron- and aluminium-bearing sewage sludge ash was ascertained by investigating two systematic series of samples. The ash was thermochemically treated in a lab-scale rotary furnace after mixing it with a chlorine-donor, either CaCl2 or MgCl2. Within each of these two sample series only a single process parameter, the reaction temperature, was varied, namely between 350 and 1050°C. It was found, that among the numerous crystalline phases present in the raw ash only quartz and hematite continue to exist after thermochemical treatments carried out at 1050°C, whereas all other components undergo at least one decomposition-recrystallization cycle. Some of the components re-crystallize even several times. It was proved that the restructuring of the calcium- and phosphorus-bearing mineral phases proceeds via the formation of chlorspodioside, Ca2PO4Cl. The influence of the type of chlorine-donor on the final product was elucidated in detail and - to the best of our knowledge - for the first time crystalline AlPO4 was found in a sewage sludge ash and its decomposition was investigated, too.
KW - XRD
KW - Phosphorus recovery
KW - Sewage sludge ash
KW - Urban mining
KW - Fertilizers
PY - 2009
DO - https://doi.org/10.1524/zksu.2009.0068
SN - 0930-486X
VL - 30 EPDIC 2008
SP - 459
EP - 464
PB - Oldenbourg
CY - München
AN - OPUS4-20562
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Peplinski, Burkhard
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart
A1 - Müller, Ralf
A1 - Michaelis, Matthias
A1 - Krahl, T.
A1 - Emmerling, Franziska
T1 - Nanocrystalline and stacking-disordered beta-cristobalite AlPO4: the now deciphered main constituent of a municipal sewage sludge ash from a full-scale incineration facility
N2 - For the first time evidence is provided that a nanocrystalline and stacking-disordered, chemically stabilized β-cristobalite form of AlPO4 occurs in a sewage sludge ash (SSA). This proof is based on a combined X-ray powder diffraction and X-ray fluorescence investigation of an SSA produced at a large-scale fluidized bed incineration facility serving a catching area with a population of 2 million. The structural and chemical characterization was carried out on 'as received' SSA samples as well as on solid residues remaining after leaching this SSA in sodium hydroxide solution. Thus, it was ascertained that the observed nanocrystalline and stacking-disordered cristobalite-like component belongs to the aluminum phosphate component of this SSA, rather than to its silicon dioxide component. In addition, a direct proof is presented that the chemically stabilized β-cristobalite form of AlPO4 does crystallize from X-ray amorphous precursors under conditions that mimic the huge heating rate and short retention time (just seconds at T ≈ 850°C), typical for fluidized bed incinerators.
KW - Aluminum phosphate
KW - Chemical stabilization of high-temperature forms
KW - Cristobalite form
KW - Stacking disorder
KW - Incinerator ash
KW - Sewage sludge ash
PY - 2015
DO - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0885715614001213
SN - 0885-7156
VL - 30
IS - Supplement S 1
SP - S31
EP - S35
PB - JCPDS
CY - Swarthmore, Pa.
AN - OPUS4-33435
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Peplinski, Burkhard
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart
A1 - Müller, Ralf
A1 - Schadrack, Reinhard
A1 - Michaelis, Matthias
A1 - Emmerling, Franziska
A1 - Reuther, H.
A1 - Menzel, Michael
T1 - Evidence of formation of the tridymite form of AlPO4 in some municipal sewage sludge ashes
N2 - Evidence is provided that the tridymite component observed in the X-ray diffraction patterns of some sewage sludge ashes (SSAs) should not be interpreted as the tridymite modification of SiO2 but as the tridymite form of AlPO4. This proof is based on a combined X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and Mossbauer spectroscopy investigation of two SSAs produced at two fluidized bed incineration facilities, located in different municipalities and operated differently. The structural and chemical characterization was carried out on the 'as received' SSA samples as well as on the residues of these two SSAs pretreated by leaching in citric acid. In addition, direct proof is presented that the tridymite form of AlPO4 does crystallize from X-ray amorphous precursors under conditions that mimic the huge heating rate and short retention time (just seconds at T ≈ 850 °C) typical for fluidized bed incinerators.
KW - Aluminium phosphate
KW - Ash
KW - Fly ash
KW - Incinerator ash
KW - Sewage sludge ash
KW - Tridymite form
PY - 2013
DO - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0885715613000869
SN - 0885-7156
VL - 28
IS - S2
SP - S425
EP - S435
PB - JCPDS
CY - Swarthmore, Pa.
AN - OPUS4-29703
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Peplinski, Burkhard
A1 - Adam, Christian
A1 - Michaelis, Matthias
T1 - Reaction sequences in the thermochemical treatment of sewage sludge ashes revealed by X-ray powder diffraction - A contribution to the European project SUSAN
T2 - 11. European Powder Diffraction Conference (EPDIC-11)
CY - Warsaw, Poland
DA - 2008-09-19
PY - 2008
AN - OPUS4-17855
LA - deu
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -
TY - CONF
A1 - Krüger, Oliver
A1 - Adam, Christian
T1 - Resource recovery potential of sewage sludge ashes (SSA)
N2 - Phosphorous is essential for all animate beings and not replaceable in its functions, e.g. for intracellular energy transfer (ATP) or storage and expression of genetic information (DNA, RNA). Currently, 125,000 t of phosphorous is used as mineral fertilizer in Germany annually. Most of the phosphorous is mined as rock phosphate and thus a finite resource with an estimated static Lifetime of around 120 years. Since Europe does not possess significant deposits, the dependence on Imports is very high. This problem may be diminished by phosphorous recovery from sewage sludge ash (SSA). More than half of the thermally treated sewage sludge is currently co-incinerated in cement or power plants as well as municipal waste incineration plants.
T2 - Crete 2012 - 3rd International conference on industrial and hazardous waste management
CY - Chania, Crete, Greece
DA - 12.09.2012
KW - Sewage sludge ash
KW - Phosphorous recovery
KW - Mass balance
KW - Resource recovery potential
PY - 2012
SN - 978-960-8475-17-5
SN - 2241-3138
IS - Session 5: Recovery opportunities
SP - 73
EP - 74
AN - OPUS4-26570
LA - eng
AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
ER -