TY - RPRT A1 - Holtappels, Kai A1 - Liebner, Christian A1 - Schröder, Volkmar A1 - Pasman, H. A1 - Pekalski, A. A1 - Carson, D. A1 - Proust, C. T1 - Report on the experimental factors influencing explosion indices determination KW - SAFEKINEX KW - Explosionskenngrößen KW - Experimentelle Einflüsse KW - Nicht-atmosphärische Bedingungen PY - 2004 UR - http://www.morechemistry.com/SAFEKINEX/deliverables/02.Del.%20No.%202%20Exp.%20Factors%20Expl.%20Indices%20Det.pdf SP - 1 EP - 52 AN - OPUS4-5976 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Barbe, J. A1 - Barbier, J.-P. A1 - Currie, J. A1 - Jourdan, A. A1 - Schröder, Volkmar A1 - Schwarze, T. A1 - Stianchie, G. T1 - Code of practice - Compressed fluorine and mixtures with inert gases KW - Sicherheitstechnik KW - Industriegase KW - Prozesssicherheit KW - Materialkompatibilität PY - 2007 IS - 140/07/E SP - 1 EP - 28 PB - European Industrial Gases Association (EIGA) CY - Brussels AN - OPUS4-16661 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Holtappels, Kai A1 - Schröder, Volkmar A1 - Kobiera, A. A1 - Wolanski, P. A1 - Braithwaite, M. A1 - Pasman, H. T1 - Gas explosion safety characteristics and anomalies at unusual conditions T2 - 12th International Symposium on Loss and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries CY - Edinburgh, Scotland, UK DA - 2007-05-22 KW - Process safety KW - Hydrocarbon oxidation KW - Combustion phenomena KW - Combustion regions PY - 2007 SN - 978-0-85295-508-6 SN - 0307-0492 N1 - Serientitel: IChemE symposium series – Series title: IChemE symposium series IS - 153 SP - 1 EP - 7(?) PB - IChemE CY - Rugby, Warwickshire AN - OPUS4-14849 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schießl, P. A1 - Meng, Birgit A1 - Rößler, G. A1 - Schröder, P. A1 - Schwamborn, B. A1 - Spengler, A. A1 - Wallner, B. ED - Zilch, K. ED - Diederichs, C.J. ED - Katzenbach, R. ED - Beckmann, K. J. T1 - Konstruktiver Ingenieurbau und Hochbau KW - Baustoffe KW - Beton KW - Bindemittel KW - Zement PY - 2012 SN - 978-3-642-14449-3 IS - Kap. 3.1 SP - 966 EP - 1038 PB - Springer ET - 2. Aufl. AN - OPUS4-25844 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schröder, Volkmar A1 - Askar, Enis A1 - Seemann, A. T1 - Power-to-Gas: Zusatz von Wasserstoff zum Erdgas N2 - Bei der Power-to-Gas-Technologie wird überschüssiger Strom aus erneuerbaren Energien durch Elektrolyse von Wasser in Wasserstoff umgewandelt. Dieser Wasserstoff kann als „chemischer Energiespeicher“ dienen und rückverstromt werden oder aber in das Erdgasnetz eingespeist wer-den. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit sind die Auswirkungen von Wasserstoffzusätzen zum Erdgas im Hin-blick auf den Explosionsschutz untersucht und die sicherheitstechnischen Kenngrößen für Erdgas-Wasserstoff-Gemische bestimmt worden. Von besonderem Interesse waren diejenigen Kenngrößen, die für reines Methan (Erdgas) und Wasserstoff deutliche Unterschiede aufweisen. Anders als bei vielen Literaturquellen, sollten im Rahmen dieser Arbeit die im Bereich der ATEX geltenden, harmo-nisierten Normen zur Bestimmung der Kenngrößen angewendet werden. Die Untersuchungen ergaben, dass bei einem Zusatz von bis zu 10 Mol-% Wasserstoff keine der un-tersuchten Kenngrößen relevant beeinflusst wird. Die Gemische haben nur geringfügig erweiterte Explosionsbereiche und bleiben, wie die reinen Erdgase, in der Explosionsgruppe IIA. Auch die ma-ximalen Explosionsdrücke und die maximalen zeitlichen Druckanstiege bei Gasexplosionen werden nur wenig beeinflusst. Vergleichende Berechnungen zur Festlegung von explosionsgefährdeten Be-reichen (Ex-Zonen) auf Basis von Gasausbreitungsberechnungen ergaben ebenfalls nur geringfüge Unterschiede zum reinen Erdgas. Der Einsatz von Gaswarngeräten, die für Erdgas kalibriert wurden, ist für Erdgas-Wasserstoff-Gemische grundsätzlich möglich, erfordert aber eine gesonderte Sicher-heitsbewertung und ggf. eine Nachjustierung. KW - Wasserstoff KW - Erdgasnetz KW - Energiewende KW - Energiespeicherung KW - Explosionsschutz PY - 2016 SN - 2191-0073 VL - 6 IS - 7/8 SP - 22 EP - 26 PB - Springer VDI Verlag CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-37300 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Askar, Enis A1 - Schröder, Volkmar A1 - Seemann, A. A1 - Schuetz, S. T1 - Power-to-Gas: Safety Characteristics of Hydrogen/NaturalGas-Mixtures N2 - Safety characteristics for explosion protection of natural gas/hydrogen mixtures relevant in connection with the Power2Gas technology were studied in this work. Lower explosion limits (LEL) and upper explosion limits (UEL), limiting oxygen concentrations (LOC), maximum experimental safety gaps (MESG), maximum explosion pressures (pmax) and maximum rates of pressure rise (dp/dt)max were determined experimentally in dependence of the hydrogen fraction. Adding hydrogen did mainly effect the UEL, LOC, MESG and (dp/dt)max. The mixtures become more "critical" concerning the explosion hazards with increasing hydrogen fraction. However, the dependency of the safety characteristics from the hydrogen fraction is mainly not linear. Adding up to 10% hydrogen to natural gas had nearly no effect on the safety characteristics. More significant effects on the safety characteristics were observed at hydrogen fractions of more than 25%. For example the explosion group changes from IIA to IIB. Considering the huge explosion region and very high (dp/dt)max of hydrogen compared to natural gas, even adding 50% hydrogen to natural gas has a rather small effect on these characteristics. Furthermore pmax of hydrogen/natural-gas mixtures can be calculated with good accuracy assuming ideal adiabatic conditions. EL and LOC of natural gas/hydrogen mixtures in ternary systems with inert gas and air were calculated in dependence of the type of inert gas with the so called “model of constant adiabatic flame temperature profiles”. KW - Explosion protection KW - Hydrogen safety KW - Hydrogen enriched natural gas KW - Energy storage PY - 2016 SN - 78-88-95608-39-6 DO - https://doi.org/10.3303/CET1648067 SN - 2283-9216 VL - 2016/48 SP - 397 EP - 402 PB - AIDIC AN - OPUS4-36788 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kailasam, K. A1 - Mesch, M. B. A1 - Möhlmann, Lennart A1 - Baar, M. A1 - Blechert, S. A1 - Schwarze, M. A1 - Schröder, M. A1 - Schomäcker, R. A1 - Senker, J. A1 - Thomas, A. T1 - Donor–acceptor-type heptazine-based polymer networks for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution N2 - A heptazine-based polymer network (HMP-3) with a donor–acceptor (D–A) structure was prepared and tested as catalyst for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution from water. Compared to other heptazine-based materials, which are typically prepared at high temperatures and have recently received much interest as metal-free photocatalysts, the low-temperature protocol applied here allows the defined introduction of organic functional groups within the polymer backbone. The structure of HMP-3 contains alternating heptazine and benzothiadiazole moieties as electron acceptors connected by aminobenzene bridges as electron donors. The resulting material leads to enhanced hydrogen evolution compared to graphitic carbon nitride materials prepared at high temperatures (>500 8C) most probably because of the stabilization of photogenerated charge carriers in the D–A structure. KW - Photocatalysis KW - Water splitting KW - Water reduction KW - Carbon nitride PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.201500478 VL - 4 IS - 6 SP - 744 EP - 750 PB - Wiley AN - OPUS4-36915 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bause, F. A1 - Schröder, A. A1 - Rautenberg, J. A1 - Henning, B. A1 - Gravenkamp, Hauke T1 - Time-causal material modeling in the simulation of guided waves in circular viscoelastic waveguides N2 - For the description of linear viscoelasticity, the fractional Zener model may be used. Based on the spectral decomposition of the elasticity matrix as proposed by Theocaris, we generalize the one-dimensional analysis of the material model into three dimensions and discuss appropriate simplifications to reduce the amount of unknowns for the material description. Then, a decomposition approach that considers the real valued frequency dependence of the viscoelastic moduli and the real valued frequency dependence of their attenuation separately is proposed. The Scaled Boundary Finite Element Method is used for the efficient computation of the phase velocity dispersion and the modal wave fields given a frequency dependent but real valued viscoelasticity matrix. Utilizing the modal expansion approach, the transmitting and receiving transducer are taken into account to compute the modal amplitudes. Combining these modal amplitudes, the phase velocity dispersion and re-introducing the viscoelastic attenuation results in a transfer function of the viscoelastic waveguide including excitation and receiving conditions. The performance of the proposed simulation model is shown by comparison to measurements taken on a polypropylene sample. T2 - IUS 2014 - IEEE International ultrasonics symposium CY - Chicago, IL, USA DA - 03.09.2014 PY - 2014 SN - 978-1-4799-7049-0 DO - https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.2014.0333 SP - 1348 EP - 1351 AN - OPUS4-31869 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Holtappels, Kai A1 - Schröder, Volkmar A1 - Pekalski, A. A1 - Schildberg, H.-P. A1 - Pasman, H.J. ED - Suter, G. ED - de Rademaeker, E. T1 - Process safety by oxygen monitoring T2 - 13th International symposium on loss prevention and safety promotion in the process industries CY - Brugge, Belgium DA - 2010-06-06 PY - 2010 SN - 978-90-76019-291 VL - 02 SP - 181 EP - 186 CY - Brugge, Belgium AN - OPUS4-21441 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Arlt, Tobias A1 - Manke, I. A1 - Wippermann, K. A1 - Schröder, A. A1 - Mergel, J. A1 - Riesemeier, Heinrich A1 - Banhart, J. T1 - Röntgen-Kanten-Tomografie und -Radiografie zur Untersuchung von Alterungseffekten in Brennstoffzellenmaterialien KW - Resolution neutron-radiography KW - Local current distribution KW - Water transport KW - Carbon-dioxide KW - Methanol KW - Platinum KW - Oxidation PY - 2010 SN - 0025-5300 VL - 52 IS - 10 SP - 692 EP - 697 PB - Hanser CY - München AN - OPUS4-23045 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -