TY - GEN A1 - Ferrero, Fabio A1 - Noll, Matthias A1 - Schmidt, Bernd A1 - Malow, Marcus A1 - Schmidt, Martin T1 - Experimentelle und numerische Analyse des Selbstentzündungsverhalten von Holzhalden T2 - 9. Fachtagung "Anlagen-, Arbeits- und Umweltsicherheit" CY - Köthen, Deutschland DA - 2008-11-06 KW - Brandvermeidung KW - Biomasse KW - Lagerung KW - Schüttgüter KW - Selbstentzündung PY - 2008 SN - 978-3-89746-099-7 SP - 1 EP - 21 PB - VDI, Hallescher Bezirksverein CY - Halle AN - OPUS4-18305 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmidt, C. A1 - Hensen, C. A1 - Wallmann, K. A1 - Liebetrau, V. A1 - Tatzel, Michael A1 - Schurr, S. L. A1 - Kutterolf, S. A1 - Haffert, L. A1 - Geilert, Sonja A1 - Hübscher, C. A1 - Lebas, E. A1 - Heuser, A. A1 - Schmidt, M. A1 - Strauss, H. A1 - Vogl, Jochen A1 - Hansteen, T. T1 - Origin of High Mg and SO4 Fluids in Sediments of the Terceira Rift, Azores‐Indications for Caminite Dissolution in a Waning Hydrothermal System N2 - During R/V Meteor cruise 141/1, pore fluids of near surface sediments were investigated to find indications for hydrothermal activity in the Terceira Rift (TR), a hyperslow spreading center in the Central North Atlantic Ocean. To date, submarine hydrothermal fluid venting in the TR has only been reported for the D. João de Castro seamount, which presently seems to be inactive. Pore fluids sampled close to a volcanic cone at 2,800‐m water depth show an anomalous composition with Mg, SO4, and total alkalinity concentrations significantly higher than seawater and a nearby reference core. The most straightforward way of interpreting these deviations is the dissolution of the hydrothermally formed mineral caminite (MgSO4 0.25 Mg (OH)2 0.2H2O). This interpretation is corroborated by a thorough investigation of fluid isotope systems (δ26Mg, δ30Si, δ34S, δ44/42Ca, and 87Sr/86Sr). Caminite is known from mineral assemblages with anhydrite and forms in hydrothermal recharge zones only under specific conditions such as high fluid temperatures and in altered oceanic crust, which are conditions generally met at the TR. We hypothesize that caminite was formed during hydrothermal activity and is now dissolving during the waning state of the hydrothermal system, so that caminite mineralization is shifted out of its stability zone. Ongoing fluid circulation through the basement is transporting the geochemical signal via slow advection toward the seafloor. KW - Isotope ratio KW - Delta value KW - Pore fluids KW - Magnesium KW - Hydrothermal fluid PY - 2019 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-503430 DO - https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GC008525 VL - 20 IS - 12 SP - 6078 EP - 6094 PB - Wiley AN - OPUS4-50343 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bettge, Dirk A1 - Bohraus, Stephan A1 - Schmidt, Rüdiger A1 - Portella, Pedro Dolabella ED - Lohrmann, M. ED - Rettenmayr, P. T1 - Aufbau einer fraktographischen online-Datenbank N2 - Fraktographischen Daten aus Schadensanalysen, Vergleichsversuchen und Vorhaben könnten der Fachöffentlichkeit im Bereich Fraktographie zur Verfügung gestellt werden, sofern das Urheberrecht es zulässt und außerdem ein geeignetes Medium existiert. Ein solches Medium könnte eine offene fraktographische online-Datenbank sein. Eine solche wird im Rahmen der AG Fraktographie im DVM-DGM Gemeinschaftsausschuss "Rasterelektronenmikroskopie in der Materialprüfung" zurzeit erarbeitet. T2 - Metallographietagung 2013 CY - Friedrichshafen, Germany DA - 18.09.2013 KW - Datenbank KW - Fraktographie KW - Schadensanalyse PY - 2013 SN - 978-3-88355-398-6 VL - 45 SP - 19 EP - 24 PB - Inventum CY - Bonn AN - OPUS4-50598 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmidt, C. A1 - Schierack, P. A1 - Gerber, U. A1 - Schröder, C. A1 - Choi, Youngeun A1 - Bald, Ilko A1 - Lehmann, W. A1 - Rödiger, S. T1 - Streptavidin Homologues for Applications on Solid Surfaces at High Temperatures N2 - One of the most commonly used bonds between two biomolecules is the bond between biotin and streptavidin (SA) or streptavidin homologues (SAHs). A high dissociation constant and the consequent high-temperature stability even allows for its use in nucleic acid detection under polymerase chain reaction (PCR) conditions. There are a number of SAHs available, and for assay design, it is of great interest to determine as to which SAH will perform the best under assay conditions. Although there are numerous single studies on the characterization of SAHs in solution or selected solid phases, there is no systematic study comparing different SAHs for biomolecule-binding, hybridization, and PCR assays on solid phases. We compared streptavidin, core streptavidin, traptavidin, core traptavidin, neutravidin, and monomeric streptavidin on the surface of microbeads (10–15 μm in diameter) and designed multiplex microbead-based experiments and analyzed simultaneously the binding of biotinylated oligonucleotides and the hybridization of oligonucleotides to complementary capture probes. We also bound comparably large DNA origamis to capture probes on the microbead surface. We used a real-time fluorescence microscopy imaging platform, with which it is possible to subject samples to a programmable time and temperature profile and to record binding processes on the microbead surface depending on the time and temperature. With the exception of core traptavidin and monomeric streptavidin, all other SA/SAHs were suitable for our investigations. We found hybridization efficiencies close to 100% for streptavidin, core streptavidin, traptavidin, and neutravidin. These could all be considered equally suitable for hybridization, PCR applications, and melting point analysis. The SA/SAH–biotin bond was temperature-sensitive when the oligonucleotide was mono-biotinylated, with traptavidin being the most stable followed by streptavidin and neutravidin. Mono-biotinylated oligonucleotides can be used in experiments with temperatures up to 70 °C. When oligonucleotides were bis-biotinylated, all SA/SAH–biotin bonds had similar temperature stability under PCR conditions, even if they comprised a streptavidin variant with slower biotin dissociation and increased mechanostability. KW - Biopolymers Probes KW - Hybridization KW - Fluorescence KW - Genetics PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02339 VL - 36 IS - 2 SP - 628 EP - 636 PB - American Chemical Society Publication CY - Washington AN - OPUS4-50357 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kondo, M. A1 - Melzer, Michael A1 - Karnaushenko, D. A1 - Uemura, T. A1 - Yoshimoto, S. A1 - Aklyama, M. A1 - Noda, Y. A1 - Araki, T. A1 - Schmidt, O. G. A1 - Sekitani, T. T1 - Imperceptible magnetic sensor matrix system integrated with organic driver and amplifier circuits N2 - Artificial electronic skins (e-skins) comprise an integrated matrix of flexible devices arranged on a soft, reconfigurable surface. These sensors must perceive physical interaction spaces between external objects and robots or humans. Among various types of sensors, flexible magnetic sensors and the matrix configuration are preferable for such position sensing. However, sensor matrices must efficiently map the magnetic field with real-time encoding of the positions and motions of magnetic objects. This paper reports an ultrathin magnetic sensor matrix system comprising a 2 × 4 array of magnetoresistance sensors, a bootstrap organic shift register driving the sensor matrix, and organic signal amplifiers integrated within a single imperceptible platform. The system demonstrates high magnetic sensitivity owing to the use of organic amplifiers. Moreover, the shift register enabled real-time mapping of 2D magnetic field distribution. KW - Imperceptible electronics KW - Magnetic sensor system KW - Electronic skin KW - Organic electronics KW - Giant magnetoresistance PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-503855 DO - https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay6094 SN - 2375-2548 VL - 6 IS - 4 SP - Paper eaay6094, 1 EP - 10 PB - American Association for the Advancement of Science AN - OPUS4-50385 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Wu, Dejian A1 - Zhao, P. A1 - Tan, X. A1 - Huang, W. A1 - Qianc, X. T1 - Minimum explosion concentrations of coal dusts with CH4/H2/CO below the gas lower explosion limit N2 - A 20-L spherical explosion chamber was used to investigate the explosion characteristics of dust clouds in air with the presence of flammable gas which is lower than its lower explosion limit (LEL). including minimum explosion concentration (MEC) of dust. Explosion pressure (Pex) and explosion pressure rise (dp/dt)ex). Two dust samples (anthracite coal, bituminous coal) and were three flammable gases (CH4, H2 and CO) were tested. Experimental results showed that the explosion of hybrid mixtures occurs when both dust and gas concentrations are lower than the LEL/MEC of the single substances. Meanwhile. all flammable gases with different volume fractions have distinct effects on the MEC. Pex and (dp/dt)ex of the dust samples. With the increase of the flammable gas concentration. either the Pex and (dp/dt)ex increase or the MEC decreases for all the hybrid mixtures of both two dust samples. At the same concentration of coal dusts. the addition of CH4 promotes higher explosion risks than the other two flammable gases. The distribution of (dp/dt)ex is quite different with the restricted area defined by empirical formulas. These results improve our understanding of the explosion behaviour and the explosion risk of hybrid dust-gas mixtures in air. KW - Dust explosions KW - Gas explosions KW - Minimum explosible concentration KW - Lower explosion limit KW - Hybrid mixtures PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116401 SN - 0032-5910 VL - 260 SP - UNSP 116401 PB - Elsevier Sci. Ltd. AN - OPUS4-49956 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wu, Dejian A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Tan, X. A1 - Zhao, P. A1 - Huang, W. A1 - Qian, X. T1 - Minimum ignition temperature of carbonaceous dust clouds in air with CH4/H-2/CO below the gas lower explosion limit N2 - Godbert-Greenwald furnace was used to investigate the minimum ignition temperature of dust clouds (MITC) in air with the presence of flammable gas which is lower than its lower explosion limit (LEL). Three flammable gases (CH4, H2 and CO) and three carbonaceous dusts (anthracite coal, bituminous coal and sweet potato starch) were tested. Results showed that all flammable gases have distinct effects on the MITC of the dust samples and volatile matter content of dust plays an important role during the ignition process. Specifically, the MITC of anthracite coal dust decreased from 610 °C to 560 °C, 580 °C and 570 °C with 3% CH4, 3% CO and 2.5% H2, respectively. Moreover, a heterogeneous ignition mechanism model was proposed to verify the equally global ignition characteristic between hybrid anthracite coal-CxHy mixture and bituminous coal. All three gases had an ignorable effect on the MITC of starch dust considering the experimental error. The presence of CO and H2 slightly promoted the ignition of bituminous coal dust, but the addition of CH4 showed a distinct concentration effect on the MITC of bituminous coal: the MITC decreased with 1% CH4 while increased with 2% and 3% CH4. This negative-effect of flammable gases at such low concentrations on ignition temperature of bituminous coal dusts was found for the first time. Furthermore, the presence of the 2nd flammable gas had a smaller effect on the MITC of dust samples with a higher volatile content, resulted from the competition of heterogeneous and homogeneous ignition mechanisms. KW - Dust explosions KW - Gas explosions KW - Minimum ignition temperature KW - Hybrid mixtures PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116811 SN - 0016-2361 VL - 264 SP - 116811 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-50856 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmidt, Benita A1 - Pergantis, S. A. A1 - Esteban-Fernández, Diego A1 - Jakubowski, Norbert A1 - Günther, D. T1 - Investigation of a combined microdroplet generator and pneumatic nebulization system for rapid quantitative determination of metal-containing nanoparticles using ICP-MS N2 - In this work, a routinely applicable approach is presented to characterize metal NPs. Individual droplets generated from a microdroplet generator (MDG) were merged into an aerosol generated by a pneumatic nebulizer (PN) and introduced into an ICPMS. The MDG offers high transport efficiency of individual and discrete droplets and was therefore used to establish a calibration function for mass quantification of NPs which were introduced through the PN following the single particle procedure as described elsewhere. The major advantages of such a combined configuration include fast processing of large sample volumes, fast exchanges of different sample matrixes, and the calibration of the NP signal using traceable elemental standards, thus avoiding the need to use NP reference materials or other, not always thoroughly characterized, commercially available NPs. The transport efficiency of the sample introduction is calculated based on the fact that 100% of the calibrant reaches the plasma through the MDG, whereas for the PN a NP suspension containing a known number concentration is used. Alternatively, bulk analysis of the NP material allows transport efficiency determination without any additional information from reference NPs. With this method, we could determine the size of standard silver NPs at 60.4 ± 1.0 nm and 80.0 ± 1.4 nm, respectively, which agrees with the size ranges given by the supplier (60.8 ± 6.6 nm and 79.8 ± 5.4 nm). Furthermore, we were also able to determine the NPs number concentration of the sample (Ag/Au) with a deviation of 3.2% the expected value. KW - Nanoparticles KW - ICP-MS KW - Microdroplet generator PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01604 SN - 0003-2700 SN - 1520-6882 VL - 87 IS - 17 SP - 8687 EP - 8694 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington, DC AN - OPUS4-34803 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schmidt, Martin T1 - Der Einfluss des Staubungsverhaltens auf druckentlastete Staubexplosionen T2 - 12. Fachtagung Anlagen-, Arbeits- und Umweltsicherheit CY - Köthen DA - 2015-11-05 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-34789 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Knechtel, Sophie A1 - Schmidt, Simon A1 - Mishra, K. B. A1 - Wehrstedt, Klaus-Dieter T1 - Modellierung der Hauptbrandszenarien von flüssigem Wasserstoff (LH2) mittels CFD N2 - Die sichere Lagerung und der Transport von Flüssigwasserstoff (LH2) verlangen nach verlässlichen Abschätzungen möglicher Risiken durch Feuer oder Explosion. Aufgrund des breiten Explosionsbereichs (4 Vol.-% - 74 Vol.-%) reagiert Wasserstoff sehr schnell und produziert hohe Flammentemperaturen. Da Wasserstoffflammen ruß- bzw. farblos sind, ist Wärmestrahlung im Fernfeld kein Risikofaktor. Allerdings stellen die hohe lokale Wärmestrahlung und die nicht sichtbaren Flammen eine Gefahr für Menschen und Infrastruktur in der Nähe dar. Es ist daher notwendig die Gefahren von LH2-Feuern sorgfältig zu bewerten. Einerseits sind experimentelle Untersuchungen verschiedener Szenarien teuer, andererseits können sie teilweise auch praktisch nicht durchführbar sein. Numerische Simulationen dieser Szenarien können ein Ausweg aus diesem Problem sein. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein solcher Ansatz genutzt, um große Brandszenarien mit LH2 mittels CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) zu modellieren und so die notwendigen Sicherheitsabstände abzuschätzen. Der Fokus liegt dabei auf der Simulation von Jet- und Pool-Feuerszenarien mit einem kommerziellen CFD-Code (Ansys CFX). Die benötigten geometrischen Modelle werden für Jet- und Pool-Feuer erstellt und mit den nötigen Randbedingungen implementiert. Wichtige Submodelle für chemische Reaktionen (Einschritt- und detaillierte Modelle), Verbrennung (Eddy-Dissipation- und Flamelet-Modell) und Strahlung (Discrete-Transfer-Modell) werden genutzt. Die maximal simulierten Flammentemperaturen liegen bei ~2100 K für Jet-Feuer und ~2300 K für Pool-Feuer. Um Aussagen zu thermischen Sicherheitsabständen zu treffen, wurden die Spezifischen Ausstrahlungen (SEP) ermittelt und anschließend entsprechende Positionsfaktoren gewählt, um verlässliche Sicherheitsabstände zu berechnen. Je nach Bedarf können CFD-Modelle sowohl für qualitative als auch für quantitative Risikobewertungen von LH2-Großbränden genutzt werden. T2 - 12. Fachtagung Anlagen-, Arbeits- und Umweltsicherheit CY - Köthen, Germany DA - 05.11.2015 KW - Flüssigwasserstoff KW - Großbrand KW - Poolfeuer KW - Jet-Feuer KW - CFD KW - Sicherheitsabstand PY - 2015 SN - 978-3-86011-091-1 SP - Paper P-11, 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-34827 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fischer, Franziska A1 - Schmidt, M. U. A1 - Greiser, Sebastian A1 - Emmerling, Franziska T1 - The challenging case of the theophylline–benzamide cocrystal N2 - Theophylline has been used as an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in the treatment of pulmonary diseases, but due to its low water solubility reveals very poor bioavailability. Based on its different hydrogen-bond donor and acceptor groups, theophylline is an ideal candidate for the formation of cocrystals. The crystal structure of the 1:1 benzamide cocrystal of theophylline, C7H8N4O2·-C7H7NO, was determined from synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data. The compound crystallizes in the tetragonal space group P41 with four Independent molecules in the asymmetric unit. The molecules form a hunter’s fence packing. The crystal structure was confirmed by dispersion-corrected DFT calculations. The possibility of salt formation was excluded by the results of Raman and 1H solid-state NMR spectroscopic analyses. KW - powder diffraction KW - theophylline KW - benzamide KW - cocrystal KW - crystal structure KW - active pharmaceutical ingredient KW - dispersion-corrected density-functional theory PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1107/S2053229616002643 SN - 2053-2296 VL - 72 IS - 3 SP - 217 EP - 224 AN - OPUS4-35621 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Klippel, Alexander A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Mücke, Olaf A1 - Krause, U. T1 - Dust concentration measurements during filling of a silo and CFD modeling of filling processes regarding exceeding the lower explosion limit N2 - Measurement and numerical simulation of local dust concentrations over time in a vessel can only be done with some uncertainty due to the complexity of the behavior of dust/air mixtures. Dust concentration was measured in a 50 m³ vessel and compared to simulations with a commercial CFD code. A 50 m³ silo was used with two different filling methods. In one setup dust was conveyed with pneumatic filling at the top. The other filling was done with pressurized air and a homogenous injection via eight nozzles. Experiments were repeated three to four times with two kinds of dusts and the results were used to evaluate reproducibility of dust concentration measurements over time in a vessel depending on the filling method. Dust concentrations over time varied up to 30% from the average for homogenous injection and even more for pneumatic filling. Numerical investigations were done with maize starch. Measured concentrations were compared to simulated ones with the commercial CFD code ANSYS CFX R14 using an Euler/Lagrange approach. Drag force, turbulent dispersion force, particle size distribution, particle surface area and particle/particle interaction were modeled. A general agreement of measurement and simulation was achieved. Numerical simulations of filling processes were used to predict parts of the vessel where the lower explosion limit is reached and exceeded. This could help to improve dust explosion protection, if it is used to find configurations where the dust concentration exceeds the lower explosion limit only in small parts of the vessel during filling, e.g. using different injection points or injection angles. The volume where LEL is reached or exceeded in a 50 m³ silo is shown for pneumatic and homogenous filling. Volume of combustible atmosphere in the vessel over time is compared for two pneumatic filling configurations and one worst-case homogenous injection configuration. KW - CFD KW - Euler/Lagrange approach KW - Dust explosion protection KW - Dust concentration measurement KW - Dust explosion KW - Dustiness KW - Dispersion KW - Venting PY - 2014 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2014.02.006 SN - 0950-4230 SN - 1873-3352 VL - 29 SP - 122 EP - 137 PB - Butterworth CY - Guildford, Surrey AN - OPUS4-30330 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schmidt, Stephan T1 - Hapten design for the production of monoclonal antibodies against Diclofenac T2 - 8. Interdisziplinäres Doktorandenseminar der GDCh CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2014-02-23 PY - 2014 AN - OPUS4-30280 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Treumann, Hartwig A1 - Schmidt, Jürgen T1 - Die Ermittlung sicherheitstechnischer Eigenschaften von Zündhölzern und deren Verpackungen PY - 1969 SN - 0037-4504 IS - 2 SP - 27 EP - 31 PB - E. Schmidt CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-30180 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Treumann, Hartwig A1 - Schmidt, Jürgen T1 - Die Ermittlung sicherheitstechnischer Eigenschaften von Zündhölzern und deren Verpackungen (1. Fortsetzung und Schluß) PY - 1969 SN - 0037-4504 IS - 3 SP - 57 EP - 61 PB - E. Schmidt CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-30181 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Forler, D. A1 - Schmidt, J. P. A1 - Staude, Andreas T1 - Ein Becken aus Beckentin! - Fund des Monats Mai 2016 N2 - Bronzezeitlicher Hortfund in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern mit CT-Untersuchung an der BAM KW - Computertomographie KW - Hortfund KW - Bronzezeit KW - Mecklenburg-Vorpommern PY - 2016 UR - http://www.kulturwerte-mv.de/cms2/LAKD1_prod/LAKD1/de/Landesarchaeologie/Fund_des_Monats/index.jsp SP - 1 EP - 3 CY - Schwerin AN - OPUS4-36163 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Deppe, Hans-Joachim A1 - Schmidt, Klaus T1 - Zur Beurteilung von Holzwerkstoffen im Kurzzeit-Bewitterungsversuch PY - 1982 SN - 0018-3768 VL - 40 SP - 471 EP - 473 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-36283 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmidt, Stephan A1 - Hanelt, S. A1 - Canitz, C. A1 - Hoffmann, Holger A1 - Garbe, L.-A. A1 - Schneider, Rudolf T1 - Entwicklung monoklonaler Antikörper gegen Diclofenac N2 - Diclofenac (DCF) wird als nicht-steroidales, antientzündliches Arzneimittel gegen Fieber, Entzündungen, rheumatische Erkrankungen und Schmerzen eingesetzt. 70 % werden nach Einnahme wieder ausgeschieden. Aufgrund unvollständiger Elimination in den Kläranlagen lassen sich Rückstände im Trinkwasser und im Oberflächengewässer nachweisen. Diclofenac wird in der Umweltanalytik v.a. mittels GC-MS oder LCMS nachgewiesen. Bioanalytische Methoden machen sich die spezifische Antigen-Antikörper-Wechselwirkung zunutze, so z.B. Immunoassays. Die hierfür erforderlichen Antikörper werden durch Immunisierung mit einem Konjugat aus dem Analyten und einem Trägerprotein gewonnen. Die Kopplung kann direkt über die Carboxylfunktion von Diclofenac erfolgen. Um Abschirmungseffekte zu vermeiden, kann zwischen Protein und Analy1 ein Spacer sinnvoll sein. PY - 2015 SN - 1618-3258 SN - 1617-5301 IS - 4 SP - 107 EP - 109 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-35241 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Dörfel, Ilona A1 - Steinborn, Gabriele A1 - Langner, Jeanette A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Seeger, Stefan A1 - Österle, Werner A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Bresch, Harald T1 - Dossier on titanium dioxide - Part 1/1 - NM 105 N2 - In November 2007, OECD’s Working Party on Manufactured Nanomaterials (WPMN) launched the Sponsorship Programme for the Testing of Manufactured Nanomaterials (hereafter the Testing Programme). The objective was to conduct specific tests, relevant to human health and environmental safety endpoints, on a variety of manufactured nanomaterials (MN). The outcomes of the Testing Programme were intended to assess the applicability of the existing test guidelines1 to nanomaterials, as well as to provide useful information on any intrinsic properties of MNs, which are different from the same bulk material with greater external dimensions. Understanding the properties of NMs is crucial to choose appropriate strategies for hazard identification, risk assessment or risk management measures. The Testing Programme involved delegations from OECD member countries, some non-member economies and other stakeholders. The broad international representation, from a range of delegations enabled the programme to pool expertise and resources without which this programme would not have been possible. KW - Nanomaterial KW - Nanoparticle KW - Sponsorship programme KW - Nano characterization PY - 2015 UR - http://www.oecd.org/env/ehs/nanosafety/dossier-on-silver-nanoparticles-part1-1.htm IS - 54 SP - 27 CY - Paris AN - OPUS4-35430 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bachmann, H. J. A1 - Bucheli, T. D. A1 - Dieguez-Alonso, A. A1 - Fabbri, D. A1 - Knicker, H. A1 - Schmidt, H.-P. A1 - Ulbricht, A. A1 - Becker, Roland A1 - Buscaroli, A. A1 - Buerge, D. A1 - Cross, A. A1 - Dickinson, D. A1 - Enders, A. A1 - Esteves, V.I. A1 - Evangelou, M. W. H. A1 - Fellet, G. A1 - Friedrich, K. A1 - Gasco Guerrero, G. A1 - Glaser, B. A1 - Hanke, U. M. A1 - Hanley, K. A1 - Hilber, I. A1 - Kalderis, D. A1 - Leifeld, J. A1 - Masek, O. A1 - Mumme, J. A1 - Paneque Carmona, M. A1 - Calvelo Pereira, R. A1 - Rees, F. A1 - Rombola, A. G. A1 - de la Rosa, J. M. A1 - Sakrabani, R. A1 - Sohi, S. A1 - Soja, G. A1 - Valagussa, M. A1 - Verheijen, F. A1 - Zehetner, F. T1 - Towards the standardization of biochar analysis: the COST action TD1107 interlaboratory comparison N2 - Biochar produced by pyrolysis of organic residues is increasingly used for soil amendment and many other applications. However, analytical methods for its physical and chemical characterization are yet far from being specifically adapted, optimized, and standardized. Therefore, COST Action TD1107 conducted an interlaboratory comparison in which 22 laboratories from 12 countries analyzed three different types of biochar for 38 physical–chemical parameters (macro- and microelements, heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pH, electrical conductivity, and specific surface area) with their preferential methods. The data were evaluated in detail using professional interlaboratory testing software. Whereas intralaboratory repeatability was generally good or at least acceptable, interlaboratory reproducibility was mostly not (20% < mean reproducibility standard deviation < 460%). This paper contributes to better comparability of biochar data published already and provides recommendations to improve and harmonize specific methods for biochar analysis in the future. KW - Biochar KW - Analysis KW - Standardization KW - Ring test KW - Interlaboratory comparison PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05055 SN - 0021-8561 SN - 1520-5118 VL - 64 IS - 2 SP - 513 EP - 527 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Columbus, Ohio AN - OPUS4-35289 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schmidt, D. T1 - LaB6- und W-Kathoden im REM S 180 - ein Vergleich T2 - 5. Sitzung des Arbeitsausschusses Geräteentwicklung im Arbeitskreis Rastermikroskopie CY - Wien DA - 1980-11-06 PY - 1981 SP - 27 EP - 39 PB - DVM CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-33956 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schmidt, Martin T1 - Homogenität und Stabilität der Ringversuchs-Probe, Interlabory test 2010/11 DIN EN 15188:2007 T2 - Kolloquium des Arbeitskreises "Brennbare Stäube":Interlabory test 2010/11 DIN EN 15188:2007 - self-ignition temperature" CY - Dresden, Deutschland DA - 2013-01-29 PY - 2013 AN - OPUS4-33533 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schmidt, Stephan T1 - Entwicklung monoklonaler Antikörper gegen Diclofenac T2 - 2. Forum Junger Umweltwissenschaftler CY - Blomber, Germany DA - 2015-06-22 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-33642 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schmidt, Stephan T1 - Entwicklung monoklonaler Antikörper gegen Diclofenac T2 - 2. Forum Junger Umweltwissenschaftler CY - Blomberg, Germany DA - 2015-06-22 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-33643 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hantsche, Harald A1 - Schmidt, Dieter A1 - Kempf, Gerhard A1 - Treu, Dieter ED - Vetters, H. T1 - Fortschritte bei der Automatisierung der energiedispersiven Röntgenmikroanalyse T2 - 10. Sitzung d. Arbeitskreises Rastermikroskopie in der Materialprüfung, DVM-Tag CY - Dortmund, Germany DA - 13.10.1981 PY - 1982 SP - 21 EP - 28 CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-36328 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Erdt, René A1 - Gödde, M. A1 - Salg, St. A1 - Ittemann, L. T1 - Selbstentzündungsverhalten von Feststoffen: Validierung der Extrapolation von Labortests mithilfe halbtechnischer Versuche bis 1 m3 N2 - Vorgestellt wird ein 2018 gestartetes Projekt zur Überprüfung der Extrapolation von im Labormaßstab ermittelten Selbstentzündungstemperaturen auf technisch relevante Volumina. Für die Ermittlung reaktionskinetischer Daten von Feststoffschüttungen stehen eine Reihe von Untersuchungsmethoden zur Verfügung. Dies sind thermische Analysen wie z. B. die differential scanning calorimetry DSC sowie Mikrokalorimetrie zur hochgenauen Messung von Wärmeströmen, bei denen sehr geringe Probenmengen zum Einsatz kommen. In der Regel wird das Selbstentzündungsverhalten jedoch mithilfe von isoperibolen oder adiabaten Warmlagerungsversuchen beurteilt, hier liegen die Probenvolumina üblicherweise im Bereich von ca. 100 cm3 bis zu einigen Litern. Die Extrapolation über mehrere Größenordnungen auf technische Volumina birgt Unsicherheiten, da mit Zunahme des Lagervolumens veränderte Start- und Randbedingungen vorliegen können. Zudem besteht die Möglichkeit, dass bei in technischen Lagern vorherrschenden niedrigen Temperaturen Reaktionen ablaufen, die in Standard- Laborversuchen nicht erfasst werden, aber einen wesentlichen Einfluss auf das Selbstentzündungsverhalten aufweisen können. Hauptziel des Projektes ist es daher, die im Labormaßstab vorhandenen Prüfeinrichtungen durch einen Versuchsstand zur Untersuchung von Probengrößen von bis zu 1000 dm3 zu erweitern, die Eignung (oder Nichteignung) der etablierten Methoden nachzuweisen und im Labormaßstab nicht erfassbare Einflussgrößen zu ermitteln. Zudem sollen anhand der kleinskaligen Tests Entscheidungskriterien abgeleitet werden, ob eine Extrapolation nach den derzeit üblichen Methoden zulässig ist. T2 - 15. BAM-PTB-Kolloquium zur chemischen und physikalischen Sicherheitstechnik CY - Brunswick, Germany DA - 21.05.2019 KW - Selbstentzündung KW - Formalkinetische Daten KW - Halbtechnische Versuche KW - Thermoanalytische Methoden PY - 2020 SN - 0030-834X VL - 130 IS - 1 SP - 9 EP - 18 AN - OPUS4-51285 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lüth, Peter A1 - Uhlig, S. A1 - Frost, K. A1 - Malow, Marcus A1 - Michael-Schulz, Heike A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Zakel, S. T1 - CEQAT-DGHS interlaboratory tests for chemical safety: Validation of laboratory test methods by determining the measurement uncertainty and probability of incorrect classification including so-called “Shark profiles” N2 - Laboratory test results are of vital importance for correctly classifying and labelling chemicals as “hazardous” as defined in the UN Globally Harmonized System (GHS) / EC CLP Regulation or as “dangerous goods” as defined in the UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods. Interlaboratory tests play a decisive role in assessing the reliability of laboratory test results. Interlaboratory tests performed over the last 10 years have examined different laboratory test methods. After analysing the results of these interlaboratory tests, the following conclusions can be drawn: 1. There is a need for improvement and validation for all laboratory test methods examined. 2. To avoid any discrepancy concerning the classification and labelling of chemicals, the use of validated laboratory test methods should be state of the art, with the results accompanied by the measurement uncertainty and (if applicable) the probability of incorrect classification. This paper addresses the probability of correct/incorrect classification (for example, as dangerous goods) on the basis of the measurement deviation obtained from interlaboratory tests performed by the Centre for quality assurance for testing of dangerous goods and hazardous substances (CEQAT-DGHS) to validate laboratory test methods. This paper outlines typical results (e.g. so-called “Shark profiles” – the probability of incorrect classification as a function of the true value estimated from interlaboratory test data) as well as general conclusions and steps to be taken to guarantee that laboratory test results are fit for purpose and of high quality. T2 - 13th International Symposium on Hazards, Prevention and Mitigation of Industrial Explosions (ISHPMIE 2020) CY - Braunschweig, Germany DA - 27.07.2020 KW - Dangerous goods KW - Hazardous substances KW - Interlaboratory test KW - Test method KW - Validation KW - Quality assurance KW - Measurement uncertainty KW - Incorrect classification KW - Shark profile PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-515376 UR - https://oar.ptb.de/files/download/5f3e662f4c93901010006dbf DO - https://doi.org/10.7795/810.20200724 VL - 2020 SP - 50 EP - 61 PB - Open Access Repository der Physikalisch-Technischen Bundesanstalt (PTB-OAR) CY - Braunschweig AN - OPUS4-51537 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wu, W. A1 - Wei, A. A1 - Huang, W. A1 - Zhao, Peng A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Krause, Ulrich A1 - Wu, Dejian T1 - Experimental and theoretical study on the inhibition effect of CO2/N2 blends on the ignition behavior of carbonaceous dust clouds N2 - Gaseous inhibitors are used in many industries for the explosion prevention of combustible dusts, mitigating the potential hazard to humans, properties and environments. This work experimentally and theoretically studied the inerting effect of gaseous inhibitors on the ignition process of dust clouds in O2/N2/CO2 atmospheres, with an emphasis on the role of the CO2/N2 ratio. 10 different combustible carbonaceous dusts were selected, including grain dust, biomass dust and coal dust. Experimental results showed that the inhibition effect of CO2/N2 is closely related to the ignition mechanism of dust clouds. Specifically, a higher ratio of CO2/N2 yields a stronger inhibition effect on the ignition process of dust samples with relatively low volatile matter contents predominated by heterogeneous ignition. In addition, two novel steady-state ignition mechanism models were developed to interpret the experimental observations. Maxwell-Stefan equations were used to describe the diffusivity in the ternary O2/N2/CO2 gas mixtures. The analytical results were in good agreement with the experimental data of the minimum ignition temperature of dust cloud (MITC) in oxygen-lean atmospheres. The mechanism modelling can be used to estimate the critical ignition temperature of all carbonaceous dust clouds with a wide range of volatile matter content under different inert atmospheres, which will provide a reference for the explosion hazard assessment of dust posed by a hot surface in the process industries. KW - CO2/N2 ratio KW - Inerting effect KW - Volatile matter content KW - MITC KW - Mechanism model PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2021.07.005 SN - 0957-5820 VL - 153 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-53662 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wu, Dejian A1 - Tan, X. A1 - Wei, A. A1 - Duan, Q. A1 - Huang, W. A1 - Schmidt, Martin T1 - Ignition temperature and mechanism of carbonaceous dust clouds: The roles of volatile matter, CH4 addition, O2 mole fraction and diluent gas N2 - Minimum ignition temperature of dust clouds (MITC) was studied experimentally and theoretically in different atmospheres. Three carbonaceous dusts were tested in both air and O2/CO2 atmospheres with CH4 mole fraction from 0 to 2%. Results showed that the ignition risk of the three dusts significantly increases (decrease of MITC by ~100 ℃) with increasing XO2 from 21% to 50%, but significantly decreases replacing N2 in air with CO2. The inhibition effect of CO2 on MITCs could be diminished by increasing XO2 or adding CH4. The addition of small amount of CH4 has different effects on the MITCs of different dust samples, following the opposite order of volatile matter content: anthracite>bituminous coal>starch. Two modified steady-state ignition models, considering the density of mixture gas and dust cloud, XO2 and its diffusivity, were developed to interpret the experimental observations. The analysis revealed that the global heterogeneous ignition model suits well for the hybrid mixtures of anthracite or bituminous coal dusts. In contrast, the proposed global homogeneous ignition model was found to be only valid for the pure starch dust, and the extra CH4 addition could strongly affect the ignition process of starch, particularly in O2/CO2 atmospheres with higher XO2. KW - Dust explosions KW - Gas explosions KW - Minimum ignition temperature KW - Hybrid mixtures PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124189 SN - 0304-3894 SN - 1873-3336 VL - 405 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-53838 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhao, P. A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Krause, U. A1 - Duan, Q. A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Wu, Dejian T1 - Experimental study on the minimum explosion concentration of anthracite dust: The roles of O2 mole fraction, inert gas and CH4 addition N2 - The explosion characteristics of anthracite coal dust with/without small amount of CH4 (1.14 vol %) were investigated by using a 20 L spherical explosion apparatus with an emphasis on the roles of oxygen mole fraction and inert gas. Two methods based on overpressure and combustion duration time were used to determine the minimum explosion concentration (MEC) or the lower explosion limit (LEL) of the pure anthracite coal dust and the hybrid coal-methane mixtures, respectively. The experiment results showed that increasing oxygen mole fraction increases the explosion risk of coal dust: with increasing oxygen mole fraction, the explosion pressure (Pex) and the rate of explosion pressure rise ((dp/dt)ex)) increase, while MEC decreases. The explosion risk of anthracite dust was found to be lower after replacing N2 with CO2, suggesting that CO2 has a better inhibition effect on explosion mainly due to its higher specific heat. However, the addition of 1.14% CH4 moderates the inhibition effect of CO2 and the promotion effect of O2 on anthracite dust explosion for some extent, increasing explosion severity and reducing the MEC of anthracite dust. For hybrid anthracite/CH4 mixture explosions, Barknecht’s curve was found to be more accurate and conservative than Chatelier’s line, but neither are sufficient from the safety considerations. The experimental results provide a certain help for the explosion prevention and suppression in carbonaceous dust industries. KW - Lower explosion limit KW - Minimun explosion concentration KW - Explosion charasteristics KW - Hybrid mixture KW - Explosion regimes PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2021.104490 VL - 2021 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - Elsevier Ltd. ET - 71 AN - OPUS4-54074 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Erdt, René A1 - Gödde, M. A1 - Salg, St. T1 - Validierung der Extrapolation von Labortests mit Hilfe halbtechnischer Versuche bis 1 m3 und thermoanalytischer Methoden N2 - Zur Bestimmung der reaktionskinetischen Daten von Schüttgütern und iur Vorhersage des Selbstentzündungsverhaltens großer.Lager kommen verschiedene Analysemethoden zum Einsatz. Dabei handelt es sich .um thermische Verfahren wie die Differential-Scanning- Kalorimetrie OS(. die simultane Thermoanalyse STA sowie die Mikrokalorimetrie zur hochpräzisen Messung von Wärmeströmen. Für die oben genannten Methoden werden sehr kleine Probenmengen verwendet. In der Regel wird das Selbstentzündungsverhalten jedoch mit Hilfe von isoperibolen oder adiabatischen Warmlagerungsversuchen ermittelt: die Probenvolumina liegen hier meist im Bereich von ca. 100 cm3 bis zu mehreren Litern. Die Extrapolation auf technisch relevante Volumina birgt jedoch erhebliche Unsicherheiten. Diese Unsicherheiten zu identifizieren und zu reduzieren ist das Hauptziel eines 2018 gestarteten Forschungsprojekts. Dies soll in erster Linie durch den Aufbau eines Versuchsstandes zur Untersuchung von Probengrößen von bis zu. 1000 dm 3 geschehen. Sowohl Warmlagerungsversucl1e im Labormaßstab als auch thermoanalytische Verfahren. die mit Hilfe verschiedener Methoden ausgewertet werden. lassen, einzeln betrachtet. häufig nur bedingt zuverlässige Aussagen über das Selbstentzündungsverhalten von großen Schüttgütern zu. Es werden komplette Versuchsreihen mit allen genannten Prüfverfahren vorgestellt und Aussagen zur Anwendbarkeit der Extrapolationsmethoden diskutiert. T2 - VDI-Fachtagung "Sichere Handhabung brennbarer Stäube 2020" CY - Online meeting DA - 04.11.2020 KW - Selbstentzündung KW - Kinetische Daten KW - Halbtechnische Versuche KW - Thermoanalytische Methoden PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-18-092376-5 SP - 17 EP - 36 AN - OPUS4-52443 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wu, Dejian A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Huang, W. A1 - Wei, A. A1 - Krause, U. A1 - Wu, W. T1 - Inhibition effect of N2/CO2 blends on the minimum explosion concentration of agriculture and coal dusts N2 - Minimum explosion concentration (MEC) of three agriculture dusts and two coal dusts was studied via a 20-L explosion chamber to reveal the role of gaseous inhibitors. Both active method (CO2 diluting air) and passive method (CO2 replacing O2) were used. The TG and DTG thermal analysis tests were conducted to study the pyrolysis and combustion characteristics of dust samples. An alternative explosion criterion based on combustion duration time was used to determine MEC, and compared with the standardized overpressure method. Under 10-kJ ignition condition, as oxygen mole fraction (XO2) decreased from 21% to 10%, MEC of agriculture dusts and coal dusts respectively increased by around 5 times and 2 times. The active inerting method with a lower N2/CO2 ratio was found to have a better suppression effect on the explosion of the five carbonaceous dusts because the blend has a higher specific heat and a lower oxygen diffusion rate. KW - CO2/N2 ratio KW - Explosion criterion KW - Combustion kinetics KW - Inerting effect KW - Explosion characteristics PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2022.117195 SN - 0032-5910 VL - 399 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-55013 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schmidt, Dirk A1 - Ruwe, L. T1 - Experimental study on the performance of the standardized test method for detonation flame arresters N2 - Flame arresters are autonomous protection systems and are among the constructive explosion protection measures that limit the effects of an explosion. In this study, the performance of the standardized test method regulated in the DIN EN ISO 16852 standard for in-line flame arresters for stable and unstable detonations, which is mainly designed for atmospheric conditions, is examined. In an interlaboratory comparison, experiments are performed for different pressures before ignition and explosion groups according to the standardized test method. The experimental data is analyzed in detail to further optimize the test method and to thus achieve an improved reproducibility of detonation tests at high pressures, especially regarding the deflagration to detonation transition. Based on these results, an improved test method for detonation flame arresters will be developed, which will ensure better reproducibility as well as applicability under non-atmospheric conditions. T2 - 28th ICDERS 2022 CY - Naples, Italy DA - 19.06.2022 KW - Flame arrester KW - Explosion protection KW - Experimental tests PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55101 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gupta, P. A1 - Karnaushenko, D. D. A1 - Becker, C. A1 - Okur, I. E. A1 - Melzer, Michael A1 - Özer, B. A1 - Schmidt, O. G. A1 - Karnaushenko, D. T1 - Large Scale Exchange Coupled Metallic Multilayers by Roll-to-Roll (R2R) Process for Advanced Printed Magnetoelectronics N2 - Till now application of printed magnetoelectronics is hindered by lack of large area exchange coupled metallic multilayers required to produce printable magneto-sensory inks. Large-scale roll-to-roll (R2R) fabrication process is an attractive approach owing to its capabilities for high volume, high throughput, and large area manufacturing. Precise and high performance R2R sputtering technology is developed to fabricate large area giant magnetoresistive (GMR) thin-films stacks that contain 30 metallic bilayers prepared by continuous R2R sputtering of Co and Cu sequential on a hundred meters long polyethylene terephthalate (PET) web. The R2R sputtered Co/Cu multilayer on a 0.2 × 100 m2 PET web exhibits a GMR ratio of ≈40% achieving the largest area exchange coupled room temperature magneto-sensitive system demonstrated to date. The prepared GMR thin-film is converted to magnetosensitive ink that enables printing of magnetic sensors with high performance in a cost-efficient way, which promotes integration with printed electronics. An average GMR ratio of ≈18% is obtained for 370 printed magnetic sensors. The realized precise R2R sputtering approach can also be extended to a wide range of hybrid thin-film material systems opening up a path for new functional inks applied with printing technologies. KW - Printed Electronics KW - Flexible Magnetic Sensors KW - Roll-to-Roll Processing KW - Functional Materials KW - Upscaling PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-552344 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.202200190 SN - 2365-709X SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim, Deutschland AN - OPUS4-55234 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Spallanzani, Roberta A1 - Koga, K. A1 - Cichy, S. A1 - Wiedenbeck, M. A1 - Schmidt, B. A1 - Oelze, Marcus A1 - Wilke, M. T1 - Lithium and boron difusivity and isotopic fractionation in hydrated rhyolitic melts N2 - Lithium and boron are trace components of magmas, released during exsolution of a gas phase during volcanic activity. In this study, we determine the difusivity and isotopic fractionation of Li and B in hydrous silicate melts. Two glasses were synthesized with the same rhyolitic composition (4.2 wt% water), having diferent Li and B contents; these were studied in difusion-couple experiments that were performed using an internally heated pressure vessel, operated at 300 MPa in the temperature range 700–1250 °C for durations from 0 s to 24 h. From this we determined activation energies for Li and B difusion of 57±4 kJ/mol and 152±15 kJ/mol with pre-exponential factors of 1.53 × 10–7 m2/s and 3.80× 10–8 m2 /s, respectively. Lithium isotopic fractionation during difusion gave β values between 0.15 and 0.20, whereas B showed no clear isotopic fractionation. Our Li difusivities and isotopic fractionation results difer somewhat from earlier published values, but overall confrm that Li difusivity increases with water content. Our results on B difusion show that similarly to Li, B mobility increases in the presence of water. By applying the Eyring relation, we confrm that B difusivity is limited by viscous fow in silicate melts. Our results on Li and B difusion present a new tool for understanding degassing-related processes, ofering a potential geospeedometer to measure volcanic ascent rates. KW - Hydrated silicate melts KW - Stable isotopes KW - Diffusion KW - Isotopic fractionation PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-554496 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-022-01937-2 VL - 177 IS - 8 SP - 1 EP - 17 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-55449 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Gödde, M. A1 - Salg, S. A1 - Erdt, René T1 - Self-ignition Behaviour of Bulk Materials: How Reliable is the Extrapolation of Laboratory Tests? N2 - The self-ignition behaviour of bulks is usually determined with the aid of isoperibolic or adiabatic hot storage tests; the sample volumes here are typically in the range of approx. 100 cm³ to several litres. The extrapolation to technically relevant volumes holds, however, considerable uncertainties. To reduce these uncertainties, a test stand was set up that allows to investigation sample sizes of up to 1000 dm³. These allow the study of selfignition behavior closer to the conditions that prevail in practice. The suitability (or unsuitability) of the established methods (including dangerous goods classification tests) were to be demonstrated and influencing variables that cannot be measured on a laboratory scale were to be determined. In addition, various analytical methods were used for the determination of reaction kinetic data of solid bulk materials and to predict the self-ignition behaviour of large storages. These are thermal analyses such as differential scanning calorimetry DSC, simultaneous thermal analysis STA as well as microcalorimetry for highprecision measurement of heat flows. Complete test series using all mentioned test methods will be presented for crosslinked polyvinyl-pyrrolidone (PVP) and conclusions regarding the applicability of the extrapolation methods will be discussed. Hot storage tests up to semi-industrial scale and their combination with various thermoanalytical methods allow a much more precise prediction of the self-ignition behaviour of large bulks. A further promising approach to estimate their heat release rates, and hence, the risk of self-ignition under technical conditions, is the use of microcalorimetric methods. T2 - Loss Prevention 2022 CY - Prag, Czechia DA - 05.06.2022 KW - Self-ignition KW - Kinetic data KW - Semi-technical tests KW - Thermoanalytical methods PY - 2022 SN - 978-88-95608-88-4 DO - https://doi.org/10.3303/CET2290049 SN - 2283-9216 VL - 90 SP - 289 EP - 294 PB - AIDIC AN - OPUS4-55079 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Erdt, René A1 - Gödde, M. A1 - Salg, S. T1 - Self-ignition Behaviour of Bulk Materials: How Reliable is the Extrapolation of Laboratory Tests? N2 - The self-ignition behaviour of bulks is usually determined with the aid of isoperibolic or adiabatic hot storage tests; the sample volumes here are typically in the range of approx. 100 cm³ to several litres. The extrapolation to technically relevant volumes holds, however, considerable uncertainties. To reduce these uncertainties, a test stand was set up that allows to investigation sample sizes of up to 1000 dm³. These allow the study of selfignition behavior closer to the conditions that prevail in practice. The suitability (or unsuitability) of the established methods (including dangerous goods classification tests) were to be demonstrated and influencing variables that cannot be measured on a laboratory scale were to be determined. In addition, various analytical methods were used for the determination of reaction kinetic data of solid bulk materials and to predict the self-ignition behaviour of large storages. These are thermal analyses such as differential scanning calorimetry DSC, simultaneous thermal analysis STA as well as microcalorimetry for highprecision measurement of heat flows. Complete test series using all mentioned test methods will be presented for crosslinked polyvinyl-pyrrolidone (PVP) and conclusions regarding the applicability of the extrapolation methods will be discussed. Hot storage tests up to semi-industrial scale and their combination with various thermoanalytical methods allow a much more precise prediction of the self-ignition behaviour of large bulks. A further promising approach to estimate their heat release rates, and hence, the risk of self-ignition under technical conditions, is the use of microcalorimetric methods. T2 - Loss Prevention 2022 CY - Prague, Czech Republic DA - 05.06.2022 KW - Self-ignition KW - Kinetic data KW - Semi-technical tests KW - Thermoanalytical methods PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55080 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wilrich, Cordula A1 - Schröder, Volkmar A1 - Brandes, E. A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Wandrey, Peter-Andreas A1 - Mix, K.-H. A1 - Wehrstedt, Klaus-Dieter A1 - Bender, H. A1 - Stephan, U. A1 - Eberz, A. A1 - Steinbach, J. A1 - Stoessel, F. T1 - Plant and process safety - 2. Hazardous materials and process conditions N2 - "Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry" is the benchmark reference in chemistry and chemical and life science engineering, covering inorganic and organic chemicals, advanced materials, pharmaceuticals, polymers and plastics, metals and alloys, biotechnology and biotechnological products, food chemistry, process engineering and unit operations, analytical methods, environmental protection, and much more. The present article is part of the topic collection "Environmental Protection and Industrial Safety". It covers plant and process safety, focusing on hazardous materials and process conditions. KW - Flammable gases and vapors KW - Combustibility of liquids KW - Dust explosions KW - Explosive condensed substances KW - Harmful effects of substances KW - Exothermic and pressure-inducing chemical reactions PY - 2012 SN - 978-3-527-30673-2 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/14356007.q20_q01 SP - 1 EP - 50 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-58108 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schmidt, Martin T1 - Selbstentzündungsverhalten von Holz- und Biokohlen Gefahrguteinstufung sicher? N2 - Mit der Abkehr von der Nutzung fossiler Rohstoffe rücken regenerative Energieträger immer weiter in den Focus. Neben klassischen Holzkohlen werden verstärkt so genannte Biokohlen produziert. Dieser Begriff findet Verwendung für mit Hilfe verschiedener Verfahren karbonisierte pflanzliche, tierische oder mikrobielle Ausgangsstoffe. Diese Kohlen werden zum Teil über weite Strecken zum Bestimmungsort transportiert (Überseetransporte) oder vor Verwendung für längere Zeit gelagert. Häufig zeigen diese Kohlen ein kritisches Selbstentzündungsverhalten, wobei Einstufungstests (UN N.4 Test) versagen können. Ein negatives Testergebnis des UN N.4 Tests führte dabei in der Vergangenheit zur Nichteinstufung als selbsterhitzungsfähiger Stoff; in der Praxis entzündeten sich aber bereits vergleichsweise kleine Schüttungen (einige m³), z. B. beim Seetransport in Containern. Der Artikel geht auf dieses Problem ein, stellt Prüfverfahren vor und gibt Empfehlungen für sicheren Transport und Lagerung. T2 - VDI Fachtagung "Sichere Handhabung brennbarer Stäube CY - Nürnberg, Germany DA - 25.10.2023 KW - Biokohle KW - Selbstentzündung KW - Gefahrguteinstufung PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-59597 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schmidt, Martin T1 - Selbstentzündungsverhalten von Biokohlen - Gefahrguteinstufung immer sicher? N2 - Mit der Abkehr von der Nutzung fossiler Rohstoffe rücken regenerative Energieträger immer weiter in den Focus. Neben klassischen Holzkohlen werden verstärkt so genannte Biokohlen produziert. Dieser Begriff findet Verwendung für mit Hilfe verschiedener Verfahren karbonisierte pflanzliche, tierische oder mikrobielle Ausgangsstoffe. Diese Kohlen werden zum Teil über weite Strecken zum Bestimmungsort transportiert (Überseetransporte) oder vor Verwendung für längere Zeit gelagert. Häufig zeigen diese Kohlen ein kritisches Selbstentzündungsverhalten, wobei Einstufungstests (UN N.4 Test) versagen können. Ein negatives Testergebnis des UN N.4 Tests führte dabei in der Vergangenheit zur Nichteinstufung als selbsterhitzungsfähiger Stoff; in der Praxis entzündeten sich aber bereits vergleichsweise kleine Schüttungen (einige m³), z. B. beim Seetransport in Containern. Der Artikel geht auf dieses Problem ein, stellt Prüfverfahren vor und gibt Empfehlungen für sicheren Transport und Lagerung. KW - Biokohlen KW - Selbstentzündung KW - Gefahrguteinstufung PY - 2023 SN - 978-3-18-092424-3 SN - 978-3-18-092424-9 SN - 0083-5560 SP - 143 EP - 153 PB - VDI Verlag GmbH CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-59598 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schmidt, Martin T1 - Holzkohlen im Seeverkehr - Selbstentzündung vermeiden, sichere Beförderungsbedingungen schaffen N2 - Mit der Abkehr von der Nutzung fossiler Rohstoffe rücken regenerative Energieträger immer weiter in den Focus. Neben klassischen Holz- und Pflanzenkohlen werden verstärkt so genannte Biokohlen produziert. Dieser Begriff findet Verwendung für mit Hilfe verschiedener Verfahren karbonisierte pflanzliche, tierische oder mikrobielle Ausgangsstoffe. Diese Kohlen werden zum Teil über weite Strecken zum Bestimmungsort transportiert (Überseetransporte) oder vor Verwendung für längere Zeit gelagert. Häufig zeigen diese Kohlen ein kritisches Selbstentzündungsverhalten, wobei Einstufungstests (UN N.4 Test) versagen können. Ein negatives Testergebnis des UN N.4 Tests führte dabei in der Vergangenheit zur Nichteinstufung als selbsterhitzungsfähiger Stoff; in der Praxis entzündeten sich aber bereits vergleichsweise kleine Schüttungen (einige m³), z. B. beim Seetransport in Containern. Ergebnisse eines Projektes zur systematischen Untersuchung verschiedener Pflanzenkohlen werden vorgestellt. T2 - Internationale Gefahrgut-Tage CY - Hamburg, Germany DA - 26.02.2024 KW - Holzkohlen KW - Pflanzenkohlen KW - Selbstentzündung KW - Gefahrguteinstufung KW - Schiffsbrände PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-59599 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schmidt, Martin T1 - Selbstentzündung von Biokohlen – Lager- und Transportsicherheit N2 - Mit der Abkehr von der Nutzung fossiler Rohstoffe rücken regenerative Energieträger immer weiter in den Focus. Neben klassischen Holzkohlen werden verstärkt so genannte Biokohlen produziert. Dieser Begriff findet Verwendung für mit Hilfe verschiedener Verfahren karbonisierte pflanzliche, tierische oder mikrobielle Ausgangsstoffe. Diese Kohlen werden zum Teil über weite Strecken zum Bestimmungsort transportiert (Überseetransporte) oder vor Verwendung für längere Zeit gelagert. Häufig zeigen diese Kohlen ein kritisches Selbstentzündungsverhalten, wobei Einstufungstests (UN N.4 Test) versagen können. Ein negatives Testergebnis des UN N.4 Tests führte dabei in der Vergangenheit zur Nichteinstufung als selbsterhitzungsfähiger Stoff; in der Praxis entzündeten sich aber bereits vergleichsweise kleine Schüttungen (einige m³), z. B. beim Seetransport in Containern. Der Artikel geht auf dieses Problem ein und stellt Prüfverfahren vor. Aus den Ergebnissen durchgeführter Untersuchungen werden Empfehlungen für sicheren Transport und Lagerung abgeleitet. T2 - Magdeburg-Köthener Brandschutz- und Sicherheitstagung CY - Magdeburg, Germany DA - 14.03.2024 KW - Biokohlen KW - Selbstentzündung KW - Gefahrguteinstufung PY - 2024 SN - 978-3-948749-41-5 SP - 68 EP - 77 PB - Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg CY - Magdeburg AN - OPUS4-59717 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schmidt, Martin T1 - Selbstentzündung von Biokohlen – Lager- und Transportsicherheit N2 - Mit der Abkehr von der Nutzung fossiler Rohstoffe rücken regenerative Energieträger immer weiter in den Focus. Neben klassischen Holzkohlen werden verstärkt so genannte Biokohlen produziert. Dieser Begriff findet Verwendung für mit Hilfe verschiedener Verfahren karbonisierte pflanzliche, tierische oder mikrobielle Ausgangsstoffe. Diese Kohlen werden zum Teil über weite Strecken zum Bestimmungsort transportiert (Überseetransporte) oder vor Verwendung für längere Zeit gelagert. Häufig zeigen diese Kohlen ein kritisches Selbstentzündungsverhalten, wobei Einstufungstests (UN N.4 Test) versagen können. Ein negatives Testergebnis des UN N.4 Tests führte dabei in der Vergangenheit zur Nichteinstufung als selbsterhitzungsfähiger Stoff; in der Praxis entzündeten sich aber bereits vergleichsweise kleine Schüttungen (einige m³), z. B. beim Seetransport in Containern. Der Artikel geht auf dieses Problem ein und stellt Prüfverfahren vor. Aus den Ergebnissen durchgeführter Untersuchungen werden Empfehlungen für sicheren Transport und Lagerung abgeleitet. T2 - Magdeburg-Köthener Brandschutz- und Sicherheitstagung CY - Magdeburg, Germany DA - 14.03.2024 KW - Biokohlen KW - Selbstentzündung KW - Gefahrguteinstufung PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-59718 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Ballio, F. A1 - Chatzi, E. A1 - Cigada, A. A1 - Darò, P. A1 - Elfgren, L. A1 - Gentile, C. A1 - Górski, M. A1 - Küttenbaum, Stefan A1 - Limongelli, M. P. A1 - Mancini, G. A1 - Oliveira, S. A1 - Rasol, M. A1 - Schmidt, F. A1 - Shan, J. A1 - Sousa, H. A1 - Torrent, R. A1 - Ueda, T. A1 - Verstrynge, E. T1 - Chapter 6: Case studies N2 - This chapter contains a selection of case studies that show the implementation of the methods and tools that have been described in the previous chaprters of fib Bulletin 109 on actual large-scale structures. KW - Structural engineering KW - Structural Health Monitoring KW - Non-destructive testing KW - Static and dynamic reassessment KW - Existing structures PY - 2023 SN - 978-2-88394-172-4 DO - https://doi.org/10.35789/fib.BULL.0109.Ch06 SN - 1562-3610 VL - fib Bulletin 109 SP - 104 EP - 126 PB - Fédération internationale du béton (fib) CY - Lausanne AN - OPUS4-59341 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jablonka, Kevin Maik A1 - Ai, Qianxiang A1 - Al-Feghali, Alexander A1 - Badhwar, Shruti A1 - Bocarsly, Joshua D. A1 - Bran, Andres M. A1 - Bringuier, Stefan A1 - Brinson, L. Catherine A1 - Choudhary, Kamal A1 - Circi, Defne A1 - Cox, Sam A1 - de Jong, Wibe A. A1 - Evans, Matthew L. A1 - Gastellu, Nicolas A1 - Genzling, Jerome A1 - Gil, María Victoria A1 - Gupta, Ankur K. A1 - Hong, Zhi A1 - Imran, Alishba A1 - Kruschwitz, Sabine A1 - Labarre, Anne A1 - Lála, Jakub A1 - Liu, Tao A1 - Ma, Steven A1 - Majumdar, Sauradeep A1 - Merz, Garrett W. A1 - Moitessier, Nicolas A1 - Moubarak, Elias A1 - Mouriño, Beatriz A1 - Pelkie, Brenden A1 - Pieler, Michael A1 - Ramos, Mayk Caldas A1 - Ranković, Bojana A1 - Rodriques, Samuel G. A1 - Sanders, Jacob N. A1 - Schwaller, Philippe A1 - Schwarting, Marcus A1 - Shi, Jiale A1 - Smit, Berend A1 - Smith, Ben E. A1 - Van Herck, Joren A1 - Völker, Christoph A1 - Ward, Logan A1 - Warren, Sean A1 - Weiser, Benjamin A1 - Zhang, Sylvester A1 - Zhang, Xiaoqi A1 - Zia, Ghezal Ahmad Jan A1 - Scourtas, Aristana A1 - Schmidt, K. J. A1 - Foster, Ian A1 - White, Andrew D. A1 - Blaiszik, Ben T1 - 14 examples of how LLMs can transform materials science and chemistry: a reflection on a large language model hackathon N2 - Large-language models (LLMs) such as GPT-4 caught the interest of many scientists. Recent studies suggested that these models could be useful in chemistry and materials science. To explore these possibilities, we organized a hackathon. This article chronicles the projects built as part of this hackathon. Participants employed LLMs for various applications, including predicting properties of molecules and materials, designing novel interfaces for tools, extracting knowledge from unstructured data, and developing new educational applications. The diverse topics and the fact that working prototypes could be generated in less than two days highlight that LLMs will profoundly impact the future of our fields. The rich collection of ideas and projects also indicates that the applications of LLMs are not limited to materials science and chemistry but offer potential benefits to a wide range of scientific disciplines. KW - Large Language model KW - Hackathon KW - Concrete KW - Prediction KW - Inverse Design KW - Orchestration PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-589961 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d3dd00113j VL - 2 IS - 5 SP - 1233 EP - 1250 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) AN - OPUS4-58996 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schneider, M. A1 - Schlingmann, T. A1 - Schmidt, J. A1 - Bettge, Dirk A1 - Hilgenberg, Kai A1 - Binder, M. A1 - Klöden, B. T1 - A Round Robin Test To Investigate The Printing Quality Of PBF LB/M Processed AlSi10Mg N2 - When it comes to higher accuracies, new technologies and real applications in additive manufacturing, there is one topic which cannot be avoided: The material response on the chosen processing parameters and its agreement and correspondence with literature data of the wrought material grade counterpart. In industrial Additive Manufacturing (AM) standards in terms of printing parameters, protection gas atmospheres or powder handling instructions are not obligatory. Therefore, the question must be answered whether the AM process is reproducible and reliable over different printing companies. This was the motivation to realize a round robin test between 8 European printing companies and academic partners. The consortium had printed and tested fatigue and tensile testing bars under plant-specific conditions. A commonly used cast aluminum alloy, AlSi10Mg, was chosen as test material for the PBF-LB/M process. Differences of the results between the partners and the scatter itself were discussed in detail. T2 - World PM2022 CY - Lyon, France DA - 09.10.2022 KW - Additive manufacturing KW - AlSi10Mg KW - Laser powder bed fusion KW - Round robin KW - Reproducibility PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-56303 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schneider, M. A1 - Schlingmann, T. A1 - Schmidt, J. A1 - Bettge, Dirk A1 - Hilgenberg, Kai A1 - Binder, M. A1 - Klöden, B. T1 - A Round Robin Test To Investigate The Printing Quality Of PBF-LB/M Processed AlSi10Mg N2 - When it comes to higher accuracies, new technologies and real applications in additive manufacturing, there is one topic which cannot be avoided: The material response on the chosen processing parameters and its agreement and correspondence with literature data of the wrought material grade counterpart. In industrial Additive Manufacturing (AM) standards in terms of printing parameters, protection gas atmospheres or powder handling instructions are not obligatory. Therefore, the question must be answered whether the AM process is reproducible and reliable over different printing companies. This was the motivation to realize a round robin test between 8 European printing companies and academic partners. The consortium had printed and tested fatigue and tensile testing bars under plant-specific conditions. A commonly used cast aluminum alloy, AlSi10Mg, was chosen as test material for the PBF-LB/M process. Differences of the results between the partners and the scatter itself were discussed in detail. T2 - World PM2022 CY - Lyon, France DA - 09.10.2022 KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Round robin KW - Reproducibility KW - Laser powder bed fusion KW - AlSi10Mg PY - 2022 SN - 978-1-899072-54-5 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - European Powder Metallurgy Association (EPMA) AN - OPUS4-56304 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wu, Dejian A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Krause, U. T1 - Effect of oxygen concentration, inert gas and CH4/H2 addition on the minimum ignition energy of coal dusts N2 - MIKE III apparatus tests were conducted to investigate the minimum ignition energy (MIE) of coal dusts in air and O2/CO2 atmospheres with and without small amount of CH4/H2. The O2 mole fraction (XO2) in the gas mixtures varied from 21% to 50% with the CH4/H2 mole fraction from 0 to 2%. Experimental result showed that MIE of coal dusts significantly decreases even by three orders of magnitude in mJ with increasing XO2 and the addition of CH4/H2. Compared with CH4, H2 had a relatively strong promotion effect on the spark ignition of coal dusts. The inhibiting effect of CO2 was found to be much stronger than N2, but this inhibiting effect of CO2 could be eliminated by 9% increment of XO2. The effect on MIE of coal dusts thus followed by the order: 9% increment of XO2 > CO2 replacing N2 > 2% CH4 or H2 addition. Moreover, two empirical models were used to estimate the MIE of hybrid dust-gas mixture (HMIE), and the results showed that calculated data can well reflect the promoting effect of elevated XO2 and flammable gas addition, and the inhibiting effect of inert gas KW - Ignition energy KW - Hybrid mixture KW - Oxygen rich KW - Inerting effect KW - Empirical model PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2022.104772 SN - 0950-4230 VL - 77 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-55888 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schneider, M. A1 - Bettge, Dirk A1 - Hilgenberg, Kai A1 - Binder, M. A1 - Dollmeier, K. A1 - Dreyer, M. A1 - Klöden, B. A1 - Schlingmann, T. A1 - Schmidt, J. T1 - Reproducibility and Scattering in Additive Manufacturing: Results from a Round Robin on PBF-LB/M AlSi10Mg Alloy T1 - Reproduzierbarkeit und Streuung bei der additiven Fertigung: Ergebnisse eines Ringversuchs mit einer PBF-LB/M AlSi10Mg-Legierung N2 - The round robin test investigated the reliability users can expect for AlSi10Mg additive manufactured specimens by laser powder bed fusion through examining powder quality, process parameter, microstructure defects, strength and fatigue. Besides for one outlier, expected static material properties could be found. Optical microstructure inspection was beneficial to determine true porosity and porosity types to explain the occurring scatter in properties. Fractographic analyses reveal that the fatigue crack propagation starts at the rough as-built surface for all specimens. Statistical analysis of the scatter in fatigue using statistical derived safety factors concludes that at a stress of 36.87 MPa the fatigue limit of 107 cycles could be reached for all specimen with a survival probability of 99.999 %. N2 - Im Rahmen eines Ringversuchs wurde durch die Untersuchung der Pulverqualität, der Prozessparameter, der Gefügefehler, der Festigkeit und der Ermüdung die Zuverlässigkeit bestimmt, die Nutzer von AlSi10Mg-Proben erwarten können, die mit pulverbettbasiertes Schmelzen mittels Laser (engl. Laser Powder Bed Fusion) gefertigt worden sind. Abgesehen von einem Ausreißer wurden die erwarteten statischen Materialeigenschaften erreicht. Eine optische Gefügeprüfung diente dazu, die tatsächliche Porosität und Arten von Porosität zu ermitteln, um die bei den Eigenschaften auftretende Streuung zu erklären. Fraktographische Unterschungen zeigen eine bei allen Proben von der rauen Oberfläche im As-built-Zustand ausgehende Ermüdungsrissausbreitung. Aus der statistischen Analyse der Streuung bezüglich der Ermüdung unter Anwendung von statistischen abgeleiteten Sicherheitsfaktoren geht hervor, dass alle Proben die Dauerfestigkeit von 107 Zyklen bei einer Spannung von 36,87 MPa mit einer Überlebenswahrscheinlichkeit von 99,999 % erreichten. KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Reproducibility KW - Reliability PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.1515/pm-2022-1018 SN - 2195-8599 VL - 59 IS - 10 SP - 580 EP - 614 PB - De Gruyter AN - OPUS4-55935 LA - mul AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zweigle, J. A1 - Schmidt, A. A1 - Bugsel, B. A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Simon, Fabian A1 - Zwiener, C. T1 - Perfluoroalkyl acid precursor or weakly fluorinated organic compound? A proof of concept for oxidative fractionation of PFAS and organofluorines N2 - Organofluorine mass balance approaches are increasingly applied to investigate the occurrence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and other organofluorines in environmental samples more comprehensively. Usually, complex samples prevent the identification and quantification of every fluorine-containing molecule. Consequently, large unidentified fractions between fluorine sum parameters such as extractable organic fluorine (EOF) and the sum of quantified analytes are frequently reported. We propose using oxidative conversion to separate (unidentified) weakly fluorinated compounds (e.g., pesticides, pharmaceuticals) from PFAA-precursors (perfluoroalkyl chain lengths ≥ C6). We show with three organofluorine model substances (flufenamic acid, diflufenican, pantoprazole) that CF3-groups or aromatic fluorine can be quantitatively converted to inorganic fluoride and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) by applying PhotoTOP oxidation (UV/TiO2). The principle of fluorine separation in mixtures is demonstrated by the oxidation of the three weakly fluorinated compounds together with the PFAA-precursor 6:2/6:2 fluorotelomer mercaptoalkyl phosphate diester (FTMAP). After oxidation, the products F− and TFA were separated from PFCAs ( C4) by SPE, and the fractions were analyzed individually. Closed mass balances both with and without the addition of organic matrix were achieved. Eventually, the fluorine balance was verified by total fluorine measurements with combustion ion chromatography (CIC). The proposed methods should be considered a proof of concept to potentially explain unidentified fractions of the EOF, especially if compounds with low fluorine content such as pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and their transformation products contribute largely to the EOF. Future studies are needed to show the applicability to the complexity of environmental samples. Graphical Abstract KW - Combustion Ion Chromatography KW - Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-613429 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-024-05590-5 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC AN - OPUS4-61342 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schmidt, Jonathan T1 - Hochaufgelöste visuelle In-situ Prozessüberwachung im PBF-LB/M N2 - Im Rahmen dieses Vortrags werden die bisherigen Arbeiten des Fachbereichs 9.6 zur hochauflösenden visuellen In-Situ Prozessüberwachung im pulverbettbasierten Schmelzen von Metall mittels Laserstrahl (PBF-LB/M) vorgestellt. Als Kamerasystem dient eine 65-Megapixel-Monochromkamera, die in eine kommerzielle PBF-LB/M-Maschine integriert wurde und eine räumliche Auflösung von 17,2 µm/Pixel erreicht. Zur Problemstrukturierung werden Defekte im PBF-LB/M als indirekte und direkte Defekte klassifiziert und ihre Erkennung anhand von Schichtbildern diskutiert. Zudem wird der Einfluss der Beleuchtungssituation auf die Erkennbarkeit von Defekten untersucht. Darüber hinaus wird der Kontrast der Grauwertmatrix als Indikator für das Vorliegen von Bindefehlern vorgestellt. T2 - 11. Mitteldeutsches Forum 3D-Druck in der Anwendung CY - Merseburg, Germany DA - 16.10.2024 KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Image processing KW - In-situ monitoring PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61376 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmidt, Stephan A1 - Hoffmann, Holger A1 - Garbe, Leif-Alexander A1 - Harrer, Andrea A1 - Steiner, Markus A1 - Himly, Martin A1 - Schneider, Rudolf T1 - Re-assessment of monoclonal antibodies against diclofenac for their application in the analysis of environmental waters N2 - The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) diclofenac (DCF) is an important environmental contaminant occurring in surface waters all over the world, because, after excretion, it is not adequately removed from wastewater in sewage treatment plants. To be able to monitor this pollutant, highly efficient analytical methods are needed, including immunoassays. In a medical research project, monoclonal antibodies against diclofenac and its metabolites had been produced. Based on this monoclonal anti-DCF antibody, a new indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed and applied for environmental samples. The introduction of a spacer between diclofenac and the carrier protein in the coating conjugate led to higher sensitivity. With a test midpoint of 3 mg L−1 and a measurement range of 1–30 mg L−1, the system is not sensitive enough for direct analysis of surface water. However, this assay is quite robust against matrix influences and can be used for wastewater. Without adjustment of the calibration, organic solvents up to 5%, natural organic matter (NOM) up to 10 mg L−1, humic acids up to 2.5 mg L−1, and salt concentrations up to 6 g L−1 NaCl and 75 mg L−1 CaCl2 are tolerated. The antibody is also stable in a pH range from 3 to 12. Cross-reactivity (CR) of 1% or less was determined for the metabolites 40-hydroxydiclofenac (40-OH-DCF), 5-hydroxydiclofenac (5-OH-DCF), DCF lactam, and other NSAIDs. Relevant cross-reactivity occurred only with an amide derivative of DCF, 6-aminohexanoic acid (DCF-Ahx), aceclofenac (ACF) and DCF methyl ester (DCF-Me) with 150%, 61% and 44%, respectively. These substances, however, have not been found in samples. Only DCF-acyl glucuronide with a cross-reactivity of 57% is of some relevance. For the first time, photodegradation products were tested for cross-reactivity. With the ELISA based on this antibody, water samples were analysed. In sewage treatment plant effluents, concentrations in the range of 1.9–5.2 mg L−1 were determined directly, with recoveries compared to HPLC-MS/MS averaging 136%. Concentrations in lakes ranged from 3 to 4.4 ng L−1 and were, after pre-concentration, determined with an average recovery of 100% KW - Antikörper KW - Immunoassay KW - Wasser PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-602280 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d3ay01333b VL - 16 IS - 21 SP - 3349 EP - 3363 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) CY - London AN - OPUS4-60228 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lüth, Peter A1 - Brandes, E. A1 - Frost, K. A1 - Kurth, Lutz A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Michael-Schulz, Heike A1 - Uhlig, S. T1 - CEQAT-DGHS Ringversuchsprogramm der BAM in Kooperation mit QuoData und PTB N2 - Bei der Bewertung der Verlässlichkeit der im Labor gewonnenen Prüfergebnisse spielen Ringversuche eine entscheidende Rolle. Die Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) unterstützt deshalb den weiteren Ausbau des Ringversuchsprogramms des im Jahr 2007 gegründeten Kompetenzzentrums zur Qualitätssicherung für Prüfungen von Gefahrgütern und Gefahrstoffen auf physikalische Gefahren (Centre for quality assurance for testing of dangerous goods and hazardous substances, CEQAT-DGHS). Bei allen bisher untersuchten Prüfmethoden besteht ein Verbesserungsbedarf. Die RV müssen daher zunächst auf die Methodenentwicklung, -verbesserung und -validierung abzielen und nicht auf Leistungstests. T2 - 14. Kolloquium zur chemischen und physikalischen Sicherheitstechnik (BAM-PTB-Kolloquium) CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 14.06.2016 KW - Gefahrgut KW - Gefahrstoff KW - Ringversuch KW - Prüfmethode KW - Validierung KW - Qualitätssicherung PY - 2016 SN - 978-3-9817853-5-7 SN - 0938-5533 SP - 143 EP - 143 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-38464 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmidt, Stephan ED - Schmidt, Stephan T1 - Entwicklung monoklonaler Antikörper gegen Diclofenac N2 - Diclofenac (DCF) wird als nicht-steroidales-antientzündliches Arzneimittel gegen Fieber, Entzündungen, rheumatische Erkrankungen und Schmerzen eingesetzt. 70 % werden nach Einnahme wieder ausgeschieden. Aufgrund unvollständiger Elimination in den Kläranlagen lassen sich Rückstände im Trinkwasser und im Oberflächengewässer nachweisen. Diclofenac wird in der Umweltanalytik v.a. mittels GC-MS oder LC-MS nachgewiesen. Bioanalytische Methoden machen sich die spezifische Antigen-Antikörper-Wechselwirkung zunutze, so z.B. Immunoassays. Die hierfür erforderlichen Antikörper werden durch Immunisierung mit einem Konjugat aus dem Analyten und einem Trägerprotein gewonnen. Die Kopplung kann direkt über die Carboxylfunktion von Diclofenac erfolgen. Um Abschirmungseffekte zu vermeiden, kann zwischen Protein und Analyt ein Spacer sinnvoll sein. T2 - 2. Forum Junger Umweltwissenschaftler CY - Blomberg, Germany DA - 22.06.2015 KW - Haptene KW - Diclofanc KW - Antikörper KW - Proteinkonjugate KW - ELISA PY - 2015 SN - 1618-3258 VL - 21 IS - 4/2015 SP - 107 EP - 109 PB - Fachgruppe Umweltchemie und Ökotoxikologie der Gesellchaft Deutscher Chemiker CY - Trier AN - OPUS4-36810 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schmidt, Stephan T1 - Monoclonal Antibodies against Diclofenac N2 - Mittels Festphasensynthese konnte ein Amid aus Diclofenac und 6-Aminohexansäure synthetisert werden. Dieses Hapten wurde an Trägerproteinen gekoppelt. Diese wurden für Immunisierungen und als Coatingantigene existierender Antikörper eingesetzt. Die Coatingantigene bewirkten eine Verbesserung etablierter indirekter ELISA mit kommerziell verfügbaren Antikörpern. Positive Immunantworten auf Diclofenac in der Immunisierung wurden bereits nachgewiesen. N2 - Diclofenac is a widely used drug against fever, inflammation, pain, and rheumatic diseases. An average of 70 % of the ingested diclofenac is excreted in the urine. Thus, 63 tons are introduced into the water cycle in Germany. Due to insufficient removal of diclofenac in wastewater treatment plants, residues of diclofenac can be found in surface water and sometimes in drinking water It exist a polyclonal against diclofenac and monoclonal antibodies against diclofenac and it`s metabolites. There all based on direct couling of diclofenac on proteins via carboxylic functions. However it was imagined advantageous to introduce a heterobifunctional spacer between the analyte and the carrier protein. Aceclofeac is commercial available. All other spacers can only be introduced with solid phase synthesis. T2 - Wasser 2016 CY - Bamberg, Germany DA - 02.05.2016 KW - Diclofenac KW - Proteinkonjugate KW - Haptensynthese KW - Monoklonale Antikörper KW - Monoclonal antibodies KW - Haptenes KW - Protein conjugates PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-36707 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Frost, K. A1 - Lüth, Peter A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Simon, K. A1 - Uhlig, St. T1 - Evaluation of the interlaboratory test 2015-2016 on the method DIN EN 15188:2007 "Determination of the spontaneous ignition behaviour of dust accumulations" N2 - For the classification, safe handling and use of the chemicals, special standardized testing procedures have been developed and are used worldwide. Safety experts must be able to fully rely on the precise execution of the respective laboratory tests and assessments. In this context, interlaboratory tests are a crucial element of a laboratory's quality system. Participation in interlaboratory tests is explicitly recommended by the standard ISO/IEC 17025. The present document reports the results of the interlaboratory test 2015-2016, which was performed on the test method DIN EN 15188:2007 “Determination of the spontaneous ignition behaviour of dust accumulations”. It was organized by BAM in the frame of the co-operation project CEQAT-DGHS Centre for Quality Assurance for Testing of Dangerous Goods and Hazardous Substances. The test method DIN EN 15188:2007 is applied to characterize the self-ignition behaviour of combustible dusts. The experimental basis for describing the self-ignition behaviour of a given dust is the determination of the self-ignition temperatures (TSI) of differently-sized volumes of the dust sample by isoperibolic hot storage experiments (storage at constant oven temperatures) in commercially available ovens. The results measured this way reflect the dependence of the self-ignition temperatures on the volume of a dust accumulation. The interlaboratory test 2015-2016 on the method DIN EN 15188:2007 is the latest in a systematic stepwise built up series of method validation interlaboratory tests and internal laboratory investigations. The aim of this interlaboratory test was to determine measurement uncertainties of the modified method DIN EN 15188 for different substances, covering a sufficiently wide range of self-ignition behaviours in the scope of the DIN EN 15188 of the four basket test to extrapolate to storage volumes up to 1000 m³ and the single basket test for a basket volume of 1000 cm³. The precision of the four basket test and the single basket of the modified method DIN EN 15188 can be assessed as acceptable for the four sample materials investigated in the current interlaboratory test 2015-2016. It was possible to derive a functional equation for the measurement uncertainty U depending on the storage volume V. The measurement uncertainty cannot be ignored and must be considered, if TSI results should be used in practice. KW - Gefahrgut KW - Gefahrstoff KW - Ringversuch KW - Prüfmethode KW - Validierung KW - Qualitätssicherung KW - Messunsicherheit KW - Dangerous goods KW - Hazardous substances KW - Round robin test KW - Interlaboratory comparison KW - Test method KW - Validation KW - Measurement uncertainty PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-387343 SN - 978-3-9818270-0-2 SP - 1 EP - 106 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-38734 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haid, August A1 - Goetze, A1 - Selle, Hermann A1 - Koenen, Heinrich A1 - Becker, A1 - Schmidt, T1 - Sprengtechnische Untersuchungen - Die Detonationsfähigkeit von Gelatinedynamit in Abhängigkeit von der Lagerdauer PY - 1929 SN - 0368-1785 VL - VII SP - 174 EP - 175 PB - Verl. Chemie CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-42142 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kast, Hermann A1 - Haid, August A1 - Goetze, A1 - Selle, Hermann A1 - Metz, Ludwig A1 - Koenen, Heinrich A1 - Schmidt, T1 - Prüfungsmethoden - Versuche über den Wert und die Genauigkeit der Methylviolett- und Jodzinkstärkeprobe zur Beurteilung der chemischen Beständigkeit von rauchschwachem Pulver im Vergleich zu anderen Stabilitätsproben PY - 1929 SN - 0368-1785 VL - VI SP - 126 EP - 129 PB - Verl. Chemie CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-43037 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kast, Hermann A1 - Haid, August A1 - Goetze, A1 - Selle, Hermann A1 - Metz, Ludwig A1 - Koenen, Heinrich A1 - Schmidt, T1 - Prüfungsmethoden - Kritische Würdigung des sog. Abeltests zur Prüfung von Sprengstoffen auf chemische Beständigkeit PY - 1929 SN - 0368-1785 VL - VI SP - 129 EP - 132 PB - Verl. Chemie CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-43039 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kast, Hermann A1 - Haid, August A1 - Goetze, A1 - Selle, Hermann A1 - Metz, Ludwig A1 - Koenen, Heinrich A1 - Schmidt, T1 - Prüfungsmethoden - Prüfung der Beständigkeit von Sprengstoffen mit Hilfe von Wasserstoffionenmessungen PY - 1929 SN - 0368-1785 VL - VI SP - 132 EP - 133 PB - Verl. Chemie CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-43040 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kast, Hermann A1 - Haid, August A1 - Goetze, A1 - Selle, Hermann A1 - Metz, Ludwig A1 - Koenen, Heinrich A1 - Schmidt, T1 - Prüfungsmethoden - Bestimmung von Diphenylamin und Centralit in rauchschwachen Pulvern PY - 1929 SN - 0368-1785 VL - VI SP - 133 EP - 135 PB - Verl. Chemie CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-43041 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Engl, T. A1 - Eberl, N. A1 - Gorse, C. A1 - Krüger, T. A1 - Schmidt, T. A1 - Plarre, Rüdiger A1 - Adler, C. A1 - Kaltenpoth, M. T1 - Ancient symbiosis confers desiccation resistance to stored grain pest beetles N2 - Microbial symbionts of insects provide a range of ecological traits to their hosts that are beneficial in the context of biotic interactions. However, little is known about insect symbiont-mediated adaptation to the abiotic environment, for example, temperature and humidity. Here, we report on an ancient clade of intracellular, bacteriome-located Bacteroidetes symbionts that are associated with grain and Wood pest beetles of the phylogenetically distant families Silvanidae and Bostrichidae. In the saw-toothed grain beetle Oryzaephilus surinamensis, we demonstrate that the symbionts affect cuticle thickness, melanization and hydrocarbon profile, enhancing desiccation resistance and thereby strongly improving fitness under dry conditions. Together with earlier observations on Symbiont contributions to cuticle biosynthesis in weevils, our findings indicate that convergent acquisitions of bacterial mutualists represented key adaptations enabling diverse pest beetle groups to survive and proliferate under the low ambient humidity that characterizes dry grain storage facilities. KW - Bacteroidetes KW - Cuticle KW - Desiccation resistance KW - Grain pest beetles KW - Symbiosis PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.14418 SN - 1365-294X SN - 0962-1083 VL - 27 IS - 8 SP - 2095 EP - 2108 AN - OPUS4-44013 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmidt, Stephan A1 - Hoffmann, Holger A1 - Garbe, L.-A. A1 - Schneider, Rudolf T1 - Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry detection of diclofenac and related compounds in water samples N2 - A frequently studied environmental contaminant is the active substance diclofenac, which is removed insufficiently in sewage treatment plants. Since its inclusion in the watch list of the EU Water Framework Directive, the concentrations in surface waters will be determined throughout Europe. For this, still, more precise analytical methods are needed. As a reference, HPLC-MS is frequently employed. One of the major metabolites is 4’-hydroxydiclofenac (4’-OH-DCF). Also, diclofenac lactam is important for assessing degradation and transformation. Aceclofenac (ACF), the glycolic acid ester of diclofenac is used as a drug, too, and could potentially be cleaved to yield diclofenac again. In various sewage treatment plant influent samples, diclofenac, 4’-OH-DCF, DCF lactam and ACF could be determined with detection limits of 3 µg/L, 0.2 µg/L, 0.17 µg/L and 10 ng/L, respectively. KW - Diclofenac KW - Festphasenextraktion KW - HPLC-MS KW - Probenvorbereitung KW - Kläranlage KW - Abwasser KW - Zyklisierung KW - Diclofenac KW - Solid-phase extraction KW - Sewage treatment plant KW - Cyclization KW - Sample treatment KW - HPLC–MS PY - 2018 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2018.01.037 SN - 0021-9673 SN - 1873-3778 VL - 1538 SP - 112 EP - 116 PB - Elsevier B.V. CY - Amsterdam, NL AN - OPUS4-44183 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haid, August A1 - Selle, Hermann A1 - Metz, Ludwig A1 - Koenen, Heinrich A1 - Schmidt, A1 - Becker, A1 - Hunold, A1 - Dittmar, Paul A1 - Frenzel, T1 - Arbeiten auf dem Gebiete der Sprengmittel - Bestimmung der Beständigkeit von Sprengstoffen PY - 1935 SN - 0368-1785 VL - XIV SP - 265 EP - 273 PB - Verl. Chemie CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-43823 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haid, August A1 - Selle, Hermann A1 - Metz, Ludwig A1 - Koenen, Heinrich A1 - Schmidt, A1 - Becker, A1 - Hunold, A1 - Dittweg, A1 - Frenzel, T1 - Arbeiten auf dem Gebiete der Sprengmittel - Temperaturmessungen an Geschossen bei Sonnenbestrahlung PY - 1935 SN - 0368-1785 VL - XIV SP - 273 EP - 274 PB - Verl. Chemie CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-43824 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haid, August A1 - Selle, Hermann A1 - Metz, Ludwig A1 - Koenen, Heinrich A1 - Schmidt, A1 - Becker, A1 - Hunold, A1 - Dittmar, Paul A1 - Frenzel, T1 - Arbeiten auf dem Gebiete der Sprengmittel - Formbeständigkeit von Pappebüchsen für Sprengladungen beim Lagern PY - 1935 SN - 0368-1785 VL - XIV SP - 274 EP - 275 PB - Verl. Chemie CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-43825 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haid, August A1 - Selle, Hermann A1 - Metz, Ludwig A1 - Koenen, Heinrich A1 - Schmidt, A1 - Becker, A1 - Hunold, A1 - Dittmar, Paul A1 - Frenzel, T1 - Arbeiten auf dem Gebiete der Sprengmittel - Über gieß- und preßbare Sprengstoffe für militärische Zwecke - Über Nitropentaerythrit und daraus hergestellte Gemische - Nitropentaerythrit mit verdampfbaren Zusätzen als Rauchentwickler PY - 1935 SN - 0368-1785 VL - XIV SP - 239 EP - 240 PB - Verl. Chemie CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-43810 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haid, August A1 - Selle, Hermann A1 - Metz, Ludwig A1 - Koenen, Heinrich A1 - Schmidt, A1 - Becker, A1 - Hunold, A1 - Dittmar, Paul A1 - Frenzel, T1 - Arbeiten auf dem Gebiete der Sprengmittel - Über gieß- und preßbare Sprengstoffe für militärische Zwecke - Über Nitropentaerythrit und daraus hergestellte Gemische - Cyclotrimethylentrinitramin PY - 1935 SN - 0368-1785 VL - XIV SP - 240 EP - 243 PB - Verl. Chemie CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-43811 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haid, August A1 - Selle, Hermann A1 - Metz, Ludwig A1 - Koenen, Heinrich A1 - Schmidt, A1 - Becker, A1 - Hunold, A1 - Dittmar, Paul A1 - Frenzel, T1 - Arbeiten auf dem Gebiete der Sprengmittel - Über gieß- und preßbare Sprengstoffe für militärische Zwecke - Äthanolamindinitrat und Äthylendiamindinitrat PY - 1935 SN - 0368-1785 VL - XIV SP - 243 EP - 246 PB - Verl. Chemie CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-43812 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haid, August A1 - Selle, Hermann A1 - Metz, Ludwig A1 - Koenen, Heinrich A1 - Schmidt, A1 - Becker, A1 - Hunold, A1 - Dittmar, Paul A1 - Frenzel, T1 - Arbeiten auf dem Gebiete der Sprengmittel - Über Nitropentaerythrit und daraus hergestellte Gemische PY - 1935 SN - 0368-1785 VL - XIV SP - 232 EP - 233 PB - Verl. Chemie CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-43794 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haid, August A1 - Selle, Hermann A1 - Metz, Ludwig A1 - Koenen, Heinrich A1 - Schmidt, A1 - Becker, A1 - Hunold, A1 - Dittmar, Paul A1 - Frenzel, T1 - Arbeiten auf dem Gebiete der Sprengmittel - Über gieß- und preßbare Sprengstoffe für militärische Zwecke - Über Nitropentaerythrit und daraus hergestellte Gemische - Nitropentaerythrit für sich und mit Montanwachs phlegmatisiert PY - 1935 SN - 0368-1785 VL - XIV SP - 233 EP - 237 PB - Verl. Chemie CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-43797 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haid, August A1 - Selle, Hermann A1 - Metz, Ludwig A1 - Koenen, Heinrich A1 - Schmidt, A1 - Becker, A1 - Hunold, A1 - Dittmar, Paul A1 - Frenzel, T1 - Arbeiten auf dem Gebiete der Sprengmittel - Über gieß- und preßbare Sprengstoffe für militärische Zwecke - Über Nitropentaerythrits und daraus hergestellte Gemische - Gießbarmachung des Nitropentaerythrits durch Trinitrotoluol PY - 1935 SN - 0368-1785 VL - XIV SP - 237 EP - 238 PB - Verl. Chemie CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-43798 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haid, August A1 - Selle, Hermann A1 - Metz, Ludwig A1 - Koenen, Heinrich A1 - Schmidt, A1 - Becker, A1 - Hunold, A1 - Dittmar, Paul A1 - Frenzel, T1 - Arbeiten auf dem Gebiete der Sprengmittel - Über gieß- und preßbare Sprengstoffe für militärische Zwecke - Über Nitropentaerythrit und daraus hergestellte Gemische - Gießbarmachung von Nitropentaerythrit ohne Trinitrotoluol und andere Sparstoffe PY - 1935 SN - 0368-1785 VL - XIV SP - 238 EP - 238 PB - Verl. Chemie CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-43799 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haid, August A1 - Selle, Hermann A1 - Metz, Ludwig A1 - Koenen, Heinrich A1 - Schmidt, A1 - Becker, A1 - Hunold, A1 - Dittmar, Paul A1 - Frenzel, T1 - Arbeiten auf dem Gebiete der Sprengmittel - Über gieß- und preßbare Sprengstoffe für militärische Zwecke - Über Nitropentaerythrit und daraus hergestellte Gemische - Plastische Sprengstoffmischungen aus Nitropentaerythrit PY - 1935 SN - 0368-1785 VL - XIV SP - 238 EP - 239 PB - Verl. Chemie CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-43800 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haid, August A1 - Selle, Hermann A1 - Metz, Ludwig A1 - Koenen, Heinrich A1 - Schmidt, A1 - Becker, A1 - Hunold, A1 - Dittmar, Paul A1 - Frenzel, T1 - Arbeiten auf dem Gebiete der Sprengmittel - Über gieß- und preßbare Sprengstoffe für militärische Zwecke - Über Nitropentaerythrit und daraus hergestellte Gemisch - Andere Phlegmatisierungsmittel für Nitropentaerythrit PY - 1935 SN - 0368-1785 VL - XIV SP - 239 EP - 239 PB - Verl. Chemie CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-43801 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haid, August A1 - Selle, Hermann A1 - Metz, Ludwig A1 - Koenen, Heinrich A1 - Schmidt, A1 - Becker, A1 - Hunold, A1 - Dittmar, Paul A1 - Frenzel, T1 - Arbeiten auf dem Gebiete der Sprengmittel - Über gieß- und preßbare Sprengstoffe für militärische Zwecke - Über Nitropentaerythrit und daraus hergestellte Gemische - Nitropentaerythrit mit verdampfbaren Zusätzen als Rauchentwickler PY - 1935 SN - 0368-1785 VL - XIV SP - 239 EP - 240 PB - Verl. Chemie CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-43802 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haid, August A1 - Selle, Hermann A1 - Metz, Ludwig A1 - Koenen, Heinrich A1 - Schmidt, A1 - Becker, A1 - Hunold, A1 - Dittmar, Paul A1 - Frenzel, T1 - Arbeiten betr. Zündmittel, pyrotechnische Gegenstände, selbstentzündliche Stoffe, Brandmassen und Feuerschutz von Holz - Untersuchungen über "rostfreie" Zündhütchen - Lagerbeständigkeit PY - 1935 SN - 0368-1785 VL - XIV SP - 124 EP - 129 PB - Verl. Chemie CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-43710 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haid, August A1 - Selle, Hermann A1 - Metz, Ludwig A1 - Koenen, Heinrich A1 - Schmidt, A1 - Becker, A1 - Hunold, A1 - Dittmar, Paul A1 - Frenzel, T1 - Arbeiten betr. Zündmittel, pyrotechnische Gegenstände, selbstentzündliche Stoffe, Brandmassen und Feuerschutz von Holz - Untersuchungen über "rostfreie" Zündhütchen - Abnahmeuntersuchung von Zündhütchen 30 PY - 1935 SN - 0368-1785 VL - XIV SP - 129 EP - 129 PB - Verl. Chemie CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-43711 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haid, August A1 - Selle, Hermann A1 - Metz, Ludwig A1 - Koenen, Heinrich A1 - Schmidt, A1 - Becker, A1 - Hunold, A1 - Dittmar, Paul A1 - Frenzel, T1 - Arbeiten betr. Zündmittel, pyrotechnische Gegenstände, selbstentzündliche Stoffe, Brandmassen und Feuerschutz von Holz - Untersuchungen über "rostfreie" Zündhütchen - Versuche über den Gefährlichkeitsgrad von Zündhütchen 30 im Vergleich zu Zündhütchen 88 PY - 1935 SN - 0368-1785 VL - XIV SP - 129 EP - 131 PB - Verl. Chemie CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-43712 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haid, August A1 - Selle, Hermann A1 - Metz, Ludwig A1 - Koenen, Heinrich A1 - Schmidt, A1 - Becker, A1 - Hunold, A1 - Dittmar, Paul A1 - Frenzel, T1 - Arbeiten betr. Zündmittel, pyrotechnische Gegenstände, selbstentzündliche Stoffe, Brandmassen und Feuerschutz von Holz - Sätze für Verzögerungszünder PY - 1935 SN - 0368-1785 VL - XIV SP - 132 EP - 134 PB - Verl. Chemie CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-43713 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haid, August A1 - Selle, Hermann A1 - Metz, Ludwig A1 - Koenen, Heinrich A1 - Schmidt, A1 - Becker, A1 - Hunold, A1 - Dittmar, Paul A1 - Frenzel, T1 - Arbeiten betr. Zündmittel, pyrotechnische Gegenstände, selbstentzündliche Stoffe, Brandmassen und Feuerschutz von Holz - Explosive Eigenschaften von Blitzlichtpulvern PY - 1935 SN - 0368-1785 VL - XIV SP - 135 EP - 137 PB - Verl. Chemie CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-43714 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haid, August A1 - Selle, Hermann A1 - Metz, Ludwig A1 - Koenen, Heinrich A1 - Schmidt, A1 - Becker, A1 - Hunold, A1 - Dittmar, Paul A1 - Frenzel, T1 - Arbeiten betr. Zündmittel, pyrotechnische Gegenstände, selbstentzündliche Stoffe, Brandmassen und Feuerschutz von Holz - Zirkonwasserstoff als Anfeuerungsbestandteil PY - 1935 SN - 0368-1785 VL - XIV SP - 137 EP - 139 PB - Verl. Chemie CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-43715 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haid, August A1 - Selle, Hermann A1 - Metz, Ludwig A1 - Koenen, Heinrich A1 - Schmidt, A1 - Becker, A1 - Hunold, A1 - Dittmar, Paul A1 - Frenzel, T1 - Arbeiten betr. Zündmittel, pyrotechnische Gegenstände, selbstentzündliche Stoffe, Brandmassen und Feuerschutz von Holz - Eigenschaften und Abnahmeuntersuchung von Leuchtspurmunition PY - 1935 SN - 0368-1785 VL - XIV SP - 139 EP - 142 PB - Verl. Chemie CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-43716 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haid, August A1 - Selle, Hermann A1 - Metz, Ludwig A1 - Koenen, Heinrich A1 - Schmidt, A1 - Becker, A1 - Hunold, A1 - Dittmar, Paul A1 - Frenzel, T1 - Arbeiten betr. Zündmittel, pyrotechnische Gegenstände, selbstentzündliche Stoffe, Brandmassen und Feuerschutz von Holz - Mechanische Empfindlichkeit von Feuerwerkskörpern für R-Patronen; Vermeidung von Rohrkrepierern beim Verschießen von Signalpatronen mit grünem Leuchtstern PY - 1935 SN - 0368-1785 VL - XIV SP - 142 EP - 143 PB - Verl. Chemie CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-43717 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haid, August A1 - Selle, Hermann A1 - Metz, Ludwig A1 - Koenen, Heinrich A1 - Schmidt, A1 - Becker, A1 - Hunold, A1 - Dittmar, Paul A1 - Frenzel, T1 - Arbeiten betr. Zündmittel, pyrotechnische Gegenstände, selbstentzündliche Stoffe, Brandmassen und Feuerschutz von Holz - Untersuchung von Sicherheitszündhölzern auf angebliche Selbstentzündung PY - 1935 SN - 0368-1785 VL - XIV SP - 143 EP - 149 PB - Verl. Chemie CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-43718 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haid, August A1 - Selle, Hermann A1 - Metz, Ludwig A1 - Koenen, Heinrich A1 - Schmidt, A1 - Becker, A1 - Hunold, A1 - Dittmar, Paul A1 - Frenzel, T1 - Arbeiten betr. Zündmittel, pyrotechnische Gegenstände, selbstentzündliche Stoffe, Brandmassen und Feuerschutz von Holz - Verwendbarkeit eines Phosphor-Rauchsatzes für Signalpatronen PY - 1935 SN - 0368-1785 VL - XIV SP - 150 EP - 150 PB - Verl. Chemie CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-43720 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haid, August A1 - Selle, Hermann A1 - Metz, Ludwig A1 - Koenen, Heinrich A1 - Schmidt, A1 - Becker, A1 - Hunold, A1 - Dittmar, Paul A1 - Frenzel, T1 - Arbeiten betr. Zündmittel, pyrotechnische Gegenstände, selbstentzündliche Stoffe, Brandmassen und Feuerschutz von Holz - Verwendbarkeit von Phosphor als Mittel zur Brandstiftung PY - 1935 SN - 0368-1785 VL - XIV SP - 150 EP - 151 PB - Verl. Chemie CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-43723 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haid, August A1 - Selle, Hermann A1 - Metz, Ludwig A1 - Koenen, Heinrich A1 - Schmidt, A1 - Becker, A1 - Hunold, A1 - Dittmar, Paul A1 - Frenzel, T1 - Arbeiten betr. Zündmittel, pyrotechnische Gegenstände, selbstentzündliche Stoffe, Brandmassen und Feuerschutz von Holz - Mitarbeit bei der Entwicklung der Brandmunition PY - 1935 SN - 0368-1785 VL - XIV SP - 152 EP - 155 PB - Verl. Chemie CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-43724 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haid, August A1 - Selle, Hermann A1 - Metz, Ludwig A1 - Koenen, Heinrich A1 - Schmidt, A1 - Becker, A1 - Hunold, A1 - Dittmar, Paul A1 - Frenzel, T1 - Arbeiten betr. Zündmittel, pyrotechnische Gegenstände, selbstentzündliche Stoffe, Brandmassen und Feuerschutz von Holz - Untersuchungen über die Bekämpfung von Elektron-Thermitbrandbomben bzw. brennendem Elektronmetall PY - 1935 SN - 0368-1785 VL - XIV SP - 156 EP - 157 PB - Verl. Chemie CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-43725 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haid, August A1 - Selle, Hermann A1 - Metz, Ludwig A1 - Koenen, Heinrich A1 - Schmidt, A1 - Becker, A1 - Hunold, A1 - Dittmar, Paul A1 - Frenzel, T1 - Arbeiten betr. Zündmittel, pyrotechnische Gegenstände, selbstentzündliche Stoffe, Brandmassen und Feuerschutz von Holz - Untersuchungen über die Explosionsfähigkeit von Salpetervergütungsbädern für Aluminiumlegierungen PY - 1935 SN - 0368-1785 VL - XIV SP - 157 EP - 160 PB - Verl. Chemie CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-43726 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haid, August A1 - Selle, Hermann A1 - Metz, Ludwig A1 - Koenen, Heinrich A1 - Schmidt, A1 - Becker, A1 - Hunold, A1 - Dittmar, Paul A1 - Frenzel, T1 - Arbeiten betr. Zündmittel, pyrotechnische Gegenstände, selbstentzündliche Stoffe, Brandmassen und Feuerschutz von Holz - Explosionen und Unfälle PY - 1935 SN - 0368-1785 VL - XIV SP - 160 EP - 162 PB - Verl. Chemie CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-43728 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haid, August A1 - Selle, Hermann A1 - Metz, Ludwig A1 - Koenen, Heinrich A1 - Schmidt, A1 - Becker, A1 - Hunold, A1 - Dittmar, Paul A1 - Frenzel, T1 - Arbeiten betr. Zündmittel, pyrotechnische Gegenstände, selbstentzündliche Stoffe, Brandmassen und Feuerschutz von Holz - Arbeiten über selbstentzündliche und sonstige gefährliche Stoffe PY - 1935 SN - 0368-1785 VL - XIV SP - 163 EP - 163 PB - Verl. Chemie CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-43729 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haid, August A1 - Selle, Hermann A1 - Metz, Ludwig A1 - Koenen, Heinrich A1 - Schmidt, A1 - Becker, A1 - Hunold, A1 - Dittmar, Paul A1 - Frenzel, T1 - Arbeiten betr. Zündmittel, pyrotechnische Gegenstände, selbstentzündliche Stoffe, Brandmassen und Feuerschutz von Holz - Arbeiten über selbstentzündliche und sonstige gefährliche Stoffe - Empfindlichkeit der Chlorbleichmittel "Aktivin" und "Peraktivin" gegen Wärme und mechanische Beanspruchungen PY - 1935 SN - 0368-1785 VL - XIV SP - 163 EP - 165 PB - Verl. Chemie CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-43730 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haid, August A1 - Selle, Hermann A1 - Metz, Ludwig A1 - Koenen, Heinrich A1 - Schmidt, A1 - Becker, A1 - Hunold, A1 - Dittmar, Paul A1 - Frenzel, T1 - Arbeiten betr. Zündmittel, pyrotechnische Gegenstände, selbstentzündliche Stoffe, Brandmassen und Feuerschutz von Holz - Arbeiten über selbstentzündliche und sonstige gefährliche Stoffe - Zersetzlichkeit und Explosionsfähigkeit von "Wasserstoffsuperoxyd in fester Form" PY - 1935 SN - 0368-1785 VL - XIV SP - 165 EP - 165 PB - Verl. Chemie CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-43731 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haid, August A1 - Selle, Hermann A1 - Metz, Ludwig A1 - Koenen, Heinrich A1 - Schmidt, A1 - Becker, A1 - Hunold, A1 - Dittmar, Paul A1 - Frenzel, T1 - Arbeiten betr. Zündmittel, pyrotechnische Gegenstände, selbstentzündliche Stoffe, Brandmassen und Feuerschutz von Holz - Prüfung von Sprengkapseln PY - 1935 SN - 0368-1785 VL - XIV SP - 177 EP - 179 PB - Verl. Chemie CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-43745 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haid, August A1 - Selle, Hermann A1 - Metz, Ludwig A1 - Koenen, Heinrich A1 - Schmidt, A1 - Becker, A1 - Hunold, A1 - Dittmar, Paul A1 - Frenzel, T1 - Arbeiten betr. Zündmittel, pyrotechnische Gegenstände, selbstentzündliche Stoffe, Brandmassen und Feuerschutz von Holz - Prüfung von Sprengkapseln - Über Verwendungsmöglichkeit von Bleiazid an Stelle des Knallquecksilbers als Initialladung für Sprengkapseln PY - 1935 SN - 0368-1785 VL - XIV SP - 179 EP - 181 PB - Verl. Chemie CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-43746 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haid, August A1 - Selle, Hermann A1 - Metz, Ludwig A1 - Koenen, Heinrich A1 - Schmidt, A1 - Becker, A1 - Hunold, A1 - Dittmar, Paul A1 - Frenzel, T1 - Untersuchungen über Treibmittel - Fortschritte und Änderungen in der Pulverherstellung PY - 1935 SN - 0368-1785 VL - XIV SP - 182 EP - 183 PB - Verl. Chemie CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-43747 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haid, August A1 - Selle, Hermann A1 - Metz, Ludwig A1 - Koenen, Heinrich A1 - Schmidt, A1 - Becker, A1 - Hunold, A1 - Dittmar, Paul A1 - Frenzel, T1 - Untersuchungen über Treibmittel - Mündungsfeuer PY - 1935 SN - 0368-1785 VL - XIV SP - 183 EP - 183 PB - Verl. Chemie CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-43748 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haid, August A1 - Selle, Hermann A1 - Metz, Ludwig A1 - Koenen, Heinrich A1 - Schmidt, A1 - Becker, A1 - Hunold, A1 - Dittmar, Paul A1 - Frenzel, T1 - Untersuchungen über Treibmittel - Bestimmung der chemischen Beständigkeit nach dem Verfahren von Bergmann-Junk PY - 1935 SN - 0368-1785 VL - XIV SP - 183 EP - 184 PB - Verl. Chemie CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-43749 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haid, August A1 - Selle, Hermann A1 - Metz, Ludwig A1 - Koenen, Heinrich A1 - Schmidt, A1 - Becker, A1 - Hunold, A1 - Dittmar, Paul A1 - Frenzel, T1 - Untersuchungen über Treibmittel - Bestimmung von Stabilisatoren in rauchschwachen Pulvern PY - 1935 SN - 0368-1785 VL - XIV SP - 185 EP - 188 PB - Verl. Chemie CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-43750 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haid, August A1 - Selle, Hermann A1 - Metz, Ludwig A1 - Koenen, Heinrich A1 - Schmidt, A1 - Becker, A1 - Hunold, A1 - Dittmar, Paul A1 - Frenzel, T1 - Untersuchungen über Treibmittel - Bestimmung von Feuchtigkeit in Pulvern PY - 1935 SN - 0368-1785 VL - XIV SP - 188 EP - 196 PB - Verl. Chemie CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-43751 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -