TY - JOUR A1 - Weise, Frank A1 - von Werder, Julia A1 - Manninger, Tanja A1 - Maier, Bärbel A1 - Fladt, Matthias A1 - Simon, Sebastian A1 - Gardei, Andre A1 - Höhnel, Desirée A1 - Pirskawetz, Stephan A1 - Meng, Birgit T1 - A multiscale and multimethod approach to assess and mitigate concrete damage due to alkali-silica reaction N2 - Alkali-silica reaction (ASR) is a chemical reaction within concrete which can lead over time to cracking and spalling. Due to the complexity of the problem, it still causes damage to concrete constructions worldwide. The publication aims to illustrate the interdisciplinary research of the German Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) within the last 20 years, considering all aspects of ASR topics from the macro to the micro level. First, methods for characterization and assessment of ASR risks and reaction products used at BAM are explained and classified in the international context. Subsequently the added value of the research approach by combining different, preferably nondestructive, methods across all scales is explained using specific examples from a variety of research projects. Aspects covered range from the development of new test-setups to assess aggregate reactivity, to analysis of microstructure and reaction products using microscopical, spectroscopical and X-ray methods, to the development of a testing methodology for existing concrete pavements including in-depth analysis of the visual damage indicator and the de-icing salt input using innovative testing techniques. Finally, research regarding a novel avoidance strategy that makes use of internal hydrophobization of the concrete mix is presented. KW - Mitigation strategies KW - Concrete KW - Damage analysis KW - Alkali silica reaction KW - Road pavement KW - Accelerated testing KW - Non-destructive testing KW - Microstructure PY - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:101:1-2022052515100075090235 SN - 1527-2648 VL - 24 IS - 6 SP - 1 EP - 36 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-54951 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - von Werder, Julia A1 - Stohl, Leonie T1 - Biorezeptive Betonfassaden: Algenbiofilme als Gestaltungselement und zur Verbesserung des Stadtklimas N2 - Der Vortrag fasst den aktuellen Stand der Forschung an der BAM zum Thema "Biorezeptive Betonfassaden" zusammen. Während im Projekt Funktionsbeton der Einfluss der Textur von ultrahochfestem Beton auf die Biorezeptivität im Vordergrund steht, wird im Projekt Algenbiofilmfassade untersucht, inwieweit ein Biofilm künstlich auf Betonsubstraten etabliert werden kann. T2 - BUGG-Tag der Forschung und Lehre Gebäudegrün 2022 CY - Stuttgart, Germany DA - 10.05.2022 KW - Biofilm KW - Biorezeptivität KW - Beton KW - UHPC KW - Fassade PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-56388 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - von Werder, Julia A1 - Hubert, T. T1 - metabuilding labs: OITB presentation and how BAM an NBK can contribute N2 - The aim of the project metabuilding labs to establish an EU wide network of testing facilities and innovation services for new building envelope technologies & products is presented. Further the envisaged contribution of BAM and the private Frech research center NOBATEK is explained. T2 - ENBRI/BBRI workshop “Hygrothermal testing – a necessity to guarantee durable buildings” CY - Brussels, Belgium DA - 21.09.2022 KW - Building envelope KW - Building facade KW - Test bench KW - Pilot building KW - Open innovation testbed PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-56389 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Manninger, Tanja A1 - Rübner, Katrin A1 - von Werder, Julia T1 - Eco friendly stabilization of loam with calcined clay and potassium hydroxide: a new approach to improve water resistance N2 - Earth buildings and adobe construction have been in use for thousands of years. Loam is locally available, environmentally friendly and has a small CO2 footprint mainly resulting from extraction and transport. Because of these reasons loam is one of the building materials of the future. Water resistance is an important aspect when using loam as a construction material. If the structural option of building protruding roofs cannot be implemented, the water resistance of clay can be improved by stabilization. Positive properties of the material should not be diminished by stabilization. For example, the desired regulation of air humidity, which however cannot be fully preserved by cement stabilization. For an alternative and more appropriate stabilisation, different mixtures with calcined clays with alkali activator were examined. The calcination temperature for clays is usually lower than for cement and starts at 600° C. The calcined clays therefore also have a lower CO2 footprint compared to cement. To keep the mixture environmentally friendly potassium was used as alkali ion. It could be proven that the alkali activated polymer enhances water resistance of the loam mixture. Provided some further optimization the material shows potential to replace cement without compromising on the positive properties of clay. T2 - International Conference on Regeneration and Conservation of Structures (ICRCS 2022) CY - Kyoto, Japan DA - 07.09.2022 KW - Loam KW - Alkali activation PY - 2022 SP - 1 EP - 4 AN - OPUS4-56396 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - von Werder, Julia A1 - Simon, Sebastian A1 - Meng, Birgit T1 - Internal sulfate resistance of concrete N2 - If the amount of sulfate within the mix design for concrete is not balanced, ettringite formation which first controls solidification continues while the concrete is hardening. Ettringite forms by reaction of sulfate contained in the cement or in some admixture with calcium aluminate (C3A) as cement component. The “late primary ettringite formation” promotes an increase in volume within the hardened concrete leading to cracks. To analyze the effect of substituting part of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) by a treated brown coal fly ash mortar bars were tested according to ASTM C452. This test method was originally developed to extrapolate from the internal to external sulfate attack and is based on the idea that by testing a concrete mixture containing sulfate the process of deterioration is accelerated because it does not have to diffuse into the concrete before reaction first. In addition to the samples prescribed in ASTM C452 further samples in the size of the German SVA procedure were tested also designed for accessing the external sulfate resistance. The results show that while the replacement of 25 % of cement by brown coal fly ash leads to length changes around the limit defined by ASTM, the substitution of 50 % cement exceeded the limit by a multiple. The progress of expansion is the very similar for the two geometries tested. In-situ XRD measurements confirmed that while for pastes made of OPC the formation of ettringite is completed after 20 hours, this is not true for the mixtures containing the brown coal fly ash. In a different study the effect of hydrothermal treatment on the phase composition of ultra-high-performance concrete was analyzed. The results show that the sulfate and aluminate resulting from the decomposition of ettringite are bound into new phases. If this binding is permanent this might allow the larger use of sulfate bearing raw materials. T2 - EuroCoalAsh 2021 Conference CY - Online meeting DA - 02.11.2021 KW - Brown coal fly ash KW - Ettringite KW - Internal sulfate resistance KW - Test methods KW - In-situ XRD KW - Hydrothermal treatment PY - 2021 SP - 131 EP - 137 CY - Thessaloniki AN - OPUS4-54133 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - von Werder, Julia A1 - Simon, Sebastian A1 - Meng, Birgit T1 - Internal sulfate resistance of concrete N2 - If the amount of sulfate within the mix design for concrete is not balanced, ettringite formation which first controls solidification continues while the concrete is hardening. Ettringite forms by reaction of sulfate contained in the cement or in some admixture with calcium aluminate (C3A) as cement component. The “late primary ettringite formation” promotes an increase in volume within the hardened concrete leading to cracks. To analyze the effect of substituting part of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) by a treated brown coal fly ash mortar bars were tested according to ASTM C452. This test method was originally developed to extrapolate from the internal to external sulfate attack and is based on the idea that by testing a concrete mixture containing sulfate the process of deterioration is accelerated because it does not have to diffuse into the concrete before reaction first. In addition to the samples prescribed in ASTM C452 further samples in the size of the German SVA procedure were tested also designed for accessing the external sulfate resistance. The results show that while the replacement of 25 % of cement by brown coal fly ash leads to length changes around the limit defined by ASTM, the substitution of 50 % cement exceeded the limit by a multiple. The progress of expansion is the very similar for the two geometries tested. In-situ XRD measurements confirmed that while for pastes made of OPC the formation of ettringite is completed after 20 hours, this is not true for the mixtures containing the brown coal fly ash. In a different study the effect of hydrothermal treatment on the phase composition of ultra-high-performance concrete was analyzed. The results show that the sulfate and aluminate resulting from the decomposition of ettringite are bound into new phases. If this binding is permanent this might allow the larger use of sulfate bearing raw materials. T2 - EuroCoalAsh 2021 Conference CY - Online meeting DA - 02.11.2021 KW - Brown coal fly ash KW - Ettringite KW - Internal sulfate resistance KW - Test methods KW - In-situ XRD KW - Hydrothermal treatment PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-54134 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schraut, Katharina A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Stephan, D. A1 - Meng, Birgit A1 - Simon, Sebastian A1 - von Werder, Julia T1 - Synthesis and characterisation of alites from reduced basic oxygen furnace slags N2 - Basic oxygen furnace slags (BOFS) are by-products of the steelmaking process. Several researchers have studied the production of Portland cement clinker and metallic iron from BOFS via a reductive treatment. In this study, we applied a carbothermal reduction of BOFS in a technical-scale electric arc furnace and characterised the clinker-like products. Those clinker-like non-metallic products (NMPs) had a chemical and mineralogical composition comparable to clinker for ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and contained large elongated alite crystals as major component. The pure NMPs reacted more slowly and achieved a lower degree of hydration compared with commercial OPC. If the reactivity of the products can be further increased by employing specific adaptations, it can be used as a full clinker substitute for OPC. Nevertheless, it is also an option to use the material without further modifications as a cement component or concrete addition, which contributes to the strength development in both cases. KW - BOFS KW - Hydration products KW - Thermal analysis KW - X-ray diffraction PY - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2021.106518 SN - 0008-8846 VL - 147 SP - 6518 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-52939 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rachmatulin, Natalia A1 - Gardei, André A1 - von Werder, Julia A1 - Meng, Birgit A1 - Süßmuth, J. A1 - Gerdes, A. A1 - Ballschuh, D. A1 - Seibt, H. T1 - Funktionalisierung von Polymerfasern - ein Beitrag der Tensidchemie für dauerhafte zementgebundene Werkstoffe N2 - Im Gegensatz zur Druckfestigkeit weisen zementgebundene Werkstoffe i. a. nur geringe Zugfestigkeiten auf. Ein Weg, Zugfestigkeiten zementgebundener Werkstoffe zu erhöhen und Rissbildung aufgrund von Zugspannungen zu verringern, besteht in der Einarbeitung von Fasern, die diese Spannungen aufnehmen. Häufig eingesetzt werden Stahlfasern, obwohl synthetische Polymerfasern leichter und meist beständiger gegenüber chemischen Angriffen und Korrosion sind. Die Polymerfasern zeigen allerdings meist einen deutlich schwächeren Haftverbund, was an der hydrophoben Faseroberfläche liegt. Um nun eine Anbindung der Fasern an die mineralische Matrix zu erreichen, müssen die Faseroberflächen modifiziert werden, ohne dass die mechanischen Eigenschaften negativ beeinflusst werden. Eine Herausforderung besteht somit in einer Oberflächenmodifikation durch eine schonende Behandlung der Fasern zur Erzeugung von anbindungsfähigen Gruppen. Durch eine Behandlung von modifizierten Fasern mit geeigneten Polymerlösungen werden die Oberflächeneigenschaften verändert und erlauben eine Anbindung an die Zementsteinmatrix. Der Einsatz von Tensiden als grenzflächenaktive Verbindungen ermöglicht in diesem Zusammenhang eine Vermittlung zwischen Polymeroberflächen und mineralischen Werkstoffen. T2 - HighTechMatBau CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 31.01.2018 KW - Zementgebundene Baustoffe KW - Lichtmikroskopie KW - Röntgen-3D-Computertomographie KW - Einzelfaserdurchzugsversuch KW - Windkanal KW - Fasermodifikation KW - Oberflächenfunktionalisierung KW - Grenzflächenaktive Verbindung PY - 2018 SN - 978-3-7388-0082-1 SP - 31 EP - 35 PB - Fraunhofer IRB Verlag CY - Stuttgart AN - OPUS4-44651 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rachmatulin, Natalia A1 - Gardei, André A1 - von Werder, Julia A1 - Meng, Birgit A1 - Süßmuth, J. A1 - Gerdes, A. T1 - Funktionalisierung von Polymerfasern - ein Beitrag der Tensidchemie für dauerhafte zementgebundene Werkstoffe N2 - Im Gegensatz zur Druckfestigkeit weisen zementgebundene Werkstoffe i. a. nur geringe Zugfestigkeiten auf. Ein Weg, Zugfestigkeiten zementgebundener Werkstoffe zu erhöhen und Rissbildung aufgrund von Zugspannungen zu verringern, besteht in der Einarbeitung von Fasern, die diese Spannungen aufnehmen. Häufig eingesetzt werden Stahlfasern, obwohl synthetische Polymerfasern leichter und meist beständiger gegenüber chemischen Angriffen und Korrosion sind. Die Polymerfasern zeigen allerdings meist einen deutlich schwächeren Haftverbund, was an der hydrophoben Faseroberfläche liegt. Um nun eine Anbindung der Fasern an die mineralische Matrix zu erreichen, müssen die Faseroberflächen modifiziert werden, ohne dass die mechanischen Eigenschaften negativ beeinflusst werden. Eine Herausforderung besteht somit in einer Oberflächenmodifikation durch eine schonende Behandlung der Fasern zur Erzeugung von anbindungsfähigen Gruppen. Durch eine Behandlung von modifizierten Fasern mit geeigneten Polymerlösungen werden die Oberflächeneigenschaften verändert und erlauben eine Anbindung an die Zementsteinmatrix. Der Einsatz von Tensiden als grenzflächenaktive Verbindungen ermöglicht in diesem Zusammenhang eine Vermittlung zwischen Polymeroberflächen und mineralischen Werkstoffen. T2 - HighTechMatBau CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 31.01.2018 KW - Zementgebundene Baustoffe KW - Lichtmikroskopie KW - Röntgen-3D-Computertomographie KW - Einzelfaserdurchzugsversuch KW - Windkanal KW - Fasermodifikation KW - Oberflächenfunktionalisierung KW - Grenzflächenaktive Verbindung PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44652 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schraut, Katharina A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart A1 - Simon, Sebastian A1 - von Werder, Julia A1 - Meng, Birgit A1 - Stephan, D. A1 - Kargl, F. A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Formation and chemical stabilisation of tricalcium-silicate during solidification from the melt of post-treated metallurgical slags N2 - Tricalcium-silicate (C3S) or Alite is the most important mineral in Portland cement. Since pure tricalcium-silicate is only stable above temperatures of 1250 °C, its decomposition has to be prevented technically by fast cooling after the sintering process. At room temperature, the decomposition velocity is very slow so that metastable tricalcium-silicate is obtained. Although the mechanisms of clinker phase formation during burning process of Portland cement in a rotary kiln were solved and improved over the years, in view of possible economic and ecological benefits current projects aim to produce clinker phases from metallurgical slags. Recent studies discovered that the mineral phase which remained after a reducing treatment and separation of formed metallic iron from molten Linz-Donawitz (LD-) slags contained about 60 wt.% Alite despite it was cooled slowly. Because the results could be verified using slags from different origins and varying cooling velocities a chemical stabilisation of the Alite can be assumed. First tests in mortars indicate that workability, hardening and solid state properties are comparable with an ordinary Portland cement. An application of the observed phenomenon in cement production requires enhanced knowledge about formation and stabilisation conditions of Alite during crystallisation from melts in contrast to the sintering reactions in conventional Portland cement production. Therefore, this study focuses on the stabilisation mechanisms of Alite in consolidating melts. Samples from different melting experiments are analysed to determine stabilising factors. T2 - 15th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement CY - Prag, Czech Republic DA - 16.09.2019 KW - Tricalcium-silicate KW - Portland Cement KW - Alite KW - Steelmaking slag PY - 2019 SP - Paper 492, 1 EP - 10 AN - OPUS4-49050 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -