TY - CONF A1 - Werrel, Martin A1 - Deubel, Jan A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja A1 - Krause, Ulrich A1 - Deuerler, Frederike T1 - Ventilation vs. Vitiation Effects on the CO Pruduktion in a Controlled-atmosphere Cone Calorimeter T2 - IAFSS International Symposium on Fire Safety Science T2 - IAFSS International Symposium on Fire Safety Science CY - Christchurch, New Zealand DA - 2014-02-10 PY - 2014 AN - OPUS4-30291 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Werrel, Martin A1 - Deubel, Jan A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja A1 - Krause, U. T1 - The calculation of the heat release rate by oxygen consumption in a controlled-atmosphere cone calorimeter JF - Fire and materials N2 - The standard cone calorimeter according to ASTM E 1354 and ISO 5660 enables reaction-to-fire tests to be performed in ambient atmospheric conditions. A controlled-atmosphere chamber modifies the standard apparatus in a way that allows tests to be performed in nonambient conditions as well. The enclosed chamber is placed underneath the standard exhaust hood and does not have a closed connection to the hood. With this open arrangement, the exhaust gases are diluted by excess air drawn in from the laboratory surroundings. Heat-induced changes in the consequential dilution ratio affect the calculation of fire quantities and, when neglected, lead to deviations of up to 30% in heat release rate. The paper introduces a test protocol and equations to calculate the heat release rate taking dilution effects into account. A mathematical correction is shown that compensates for the dilution effects while avoiding extensive mechanical changes in the equipment. KW - Controlled-atmosphere cone calorimeter KW - Heat release rate KW - Oxygen consumption KW - Cone calorimeter KW - Vitiation and ventilation control KW - Excess air PY - 2014 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.2175 SN - 0308-0501 SN - 1099-1018 VL - 38 IS - 2 SP - 204 EP - 226 PB - Heyden CY - London AN - OPUS4-30317 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kim, Y.S. A1 - Li, Y.-C. A1 - Pitts, W.M. A1 - Werrel, Martin A1 - Davis, R.D. T1 - Rapid growing clay coatings to reduce the fire threat of furniture JF - ACS applied materials & interfaces N2 - Layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly coatings reduce the flammability of textiles and polyurethane foam but require extensive repetitive processing steps to produce the desired coating thickness and nanoparticle fire retardant content that translates into a fire retardant coating. Reported here is a new hybrid bi-layer (BL) approach to fabricate fire retardant coatings on polyurethane foam. Utilizing hydrogen bonding and electrostatic attraction along with the pH adjustment, a fast growing coating with significant fire retardant clay content was achieved. This hybrid BL coating exhibits significant fire performance improvement in both bench scale and real scale tests. Cone calorimetry bench scale tests show a 42% and 71% reduction in peak and average heat release rates, respectively. Real scale furniture mockups constructed using the hybrid LbL coating reduced the peak and average heat release rates by 53% and 63%, respectively. This is the first time that the fire safety in a real scale test has been reported for any LbL technology. This hybrid LbL coating is the fastest approach to develop an effective fire retardant coating for polyurethane foam. KW - Layer-by-layer assembly KW - Polyurethane foam KW - Sodium montmorillonite KW - Flame retardant KW - Real scale mockup PY - 2014 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/am405259n SN - 1944-8244 SN - 0013-936X SN - 1944-8252 VL - 6 IS - 3 SP - 2146 EP - 2152 PB - ACS Publ. CY - Washington, DC, USA AN - OPUS4-31489 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Werrel, Martin A1 - Deubel, Jan A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Brandtechnologische Untersuchungen zum Einfluss von Brandbeschleunigern auf den Verlauf von Raumbränden JF - Zeitschrift für Forschung, Technik und Management im Brandschutz / Vfdb, Vereinigung zur Förderung des Deutschen Brandschutzes e.V. N2 - Bei der Ermittlung von Brandursachen und bei der Rekonstruktion von Brandverläufen kommt der Frage, ob und wie bei der Entstehung und Entwicklung des betreffenden Brandes Brandbeschleuniger beteiligt waren, eine bedeutende Rolle zu. Dennoch stehen umfangreiche experimentelle Daten zu originalmaßstäblichen Raumbrandversuchen, die den Einfluss von Brandbeschleunigern untersuchen, oder zumindest beiläufig berücksichtigen, kaum bis nicht zur Verfügung. Dieser Artikel berichtet über eine originalmaßstäbliche Versuchsserie, die diesen Einfluss auf den Verlauf von Raumbränden zum Gegenstand hatte. Es zeigt sich, dass die Beteiligung von Brandbeschleunigern einen unwesentlichen Einfluss auf die Ausprägung einzelner brandtechnologischer Kenngrößen, wie Wärmefreisetzungsrate, Brandraumtemperatur, Kohlenmonoxidfreisetzung uvm. hat, sich die Zeitspannen zum Eintreten von Ereignissen oder zum Erreichen bestimmter Kriterien jedoch erheblich verändern. PY - 2014 SN - 1868-6540 IS - 2 SP - 68 EP - 71 PB - Ebner Verlag GmbH & Co. KG CY - Ulm AN - OPUS4-31488 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -