TY - CONF A1 - Wilsch, Gerd A1 - Weritz, Friederike A1 - Schaurich, Dieter A1 - Wiggenhauser, Herbert ED - Forde, M. C. T1 - Determination of chloride content in concrete structures with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy T2 - 10th Structural Faults + Repair Conference CY - London, England, UK DA - 2003-07-01 KW - Chloride content KW - Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) KW - On-line results KW - Reinforced concrete PY - 2003 SN - 0-947644-53-9 PB - Engineering Technics Press CY - Edinburgh AN - OPUS4-3367 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wilsch, Gerd A1 - Schaurich, Dieter A1 - Weritz, Friederike A1 - Wiggenhauser, Herbert T1 - Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for on-site determination of chloride in concrete N2 - The Chloride content is an important factor which influences the durability of concrete structures. The standard methods are mostly intricate, time consuming and require a chemical laboratory. This article describes the application of a spectroscopic method, the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), for the determination of Chloride contents in concrete and mortar specimens. LIBS can be used on-site, needs no sample preparation and is able to investigate rapidly a large number of different measuring points. The LIBS set-up and the experimental conditions to detect Chlorides are reported. Calibration curves are presented and the limit of detection (LOD) is determined. Results measured on different concrete cores are presented and compared with the results of standard chemical methods. T2 - 6th International Symposium Non-Destructive Testing in Civil Engineering (NDT-CE) CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2003-09-16 PY - 2003 UR - http://www.ndt.net/article/ndtce03/papers/v011/v011.htm SN - 3-931381-49-8 SP - 1(?) EP - 11(?) PB - DGZfP CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-3368 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Weritz, Friederike A1 - Wilsch, Gerd A1 - Schaurich, Dieter A1 - Wiggenhauser, Herbert T1 - Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy as a tool for the characterization and sorting of concrete waste material in view of high-order re-use N2 - The high amount of building waste material requires innovative strategies for high-order re-use of the material. With Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) both the elemental composition of building materials and trace elements can be determined with a real-time measurement, even on-site and in a harsh industrial environment. We present the experimental data on heavy metal detection in the ppm concentration range, as well as calibration curves. Further on we demonstrate the characterization of cement and concrete concerning the main components by means of Rankin diagrams. We suggest an implementation of LIBS in the processing of building waste materials to allow a high-order re-use. T2 - 6th International Symposium Non-Destructive Testing in Civil Engineering (NDT-CE) CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2003-09-16 PY - 2003 UR - http://www.ndt.net/article/ndtce03/papers/p032/p032.htm SN - 3-931381-49-8 SP - 1(?) EP - 7(?) PB - DGZfP CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-3369 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Brink, Arne A1 - Wedler, Gerd A1 - Maierhofer, Christiane A1 - Röllig, Mathias A1 - Weritz, Friederike A1 - Wiggenhauser, Herbert T1 - Active infrared thermography in civil engineering - quantitative analysis by numerical simulation N2 - The cooling-down process of building structures after heating-up with an external radiation source was analysed to detect voids inside and below the surface. Quantitative results of concrete test specimen containing voids with different sizes at various depths will be presented here. The experimental results were compared to numerical simulations performed with a Finite Difference program developed at BAM. T2 - 6th International Symposium Non-Destructive Testing in Civil Engineering (NDT-CE) CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2003-09-16 KW - Non-destructive testing in civil engineering KW - Acitve thermography KW - Concrete KW - Voids KW - Numerical SImulation KW - Finite differences PY - 2003 UR - http://www.ndt.net/article/ndtce03/papers/p024/p024.htm SN - 3-931381-49-8 SP - 1 EP - 8(?) PB - DGZfP CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-3403 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Weritz, Friederike A1 - Wilsch, Gerd A1 - Schaurich, Dieter A1 - Wiggenhauser, Herbert T1 - Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy as a tool for the characterization and sorting of concrete waste material in view of high-order re-use T2 - Non-Destructive Testing in Civil Engineering (NDT-CE 2003) CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2003-09-16 PY - 2003 AN - OPUS4-3375 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Maierhofer, Christiane A1 - Arndt, Ralf A1 - Röllig, Mathias A1 - Weritz, Friederike A1 - Wiggenhauser, Herbert T1 - Untersuchung von Betonstrukturen mit der Puls-Phasen-Thermografie T2 - Thermografie-Kolloquium 2003 CY - Stuttgart, Deutschland DA - 2003-09-25 KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung im Bauwesen KW - Impuls-Thermografie KW - Puls-Phasen Thermografie KW - Beton KW - Spaltklinker KW - Hohlstellen KW - Ablösungen PY - 2003 UR - http://www.ndt.net/search/docs.php3?date=2006-01&issue=1 SN - 3-931381-51-X N1 - Serientitel: DGZfP-Berichtsband – Series title: DGZfP-Berichtsband IS - 86-CD SP - 53 EP - 62 PB - DGZfP CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-3158 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Arndt, Ralf A1 - Maierhofer, Christiane A1 - Röllig, Mathias A1 - Weritz, Friederike A1 - Wiggenhauser, Herbert T1 - Structural investigation of concrete and masonry structures behind plaster by means of pulse phase thermography T2 - 7th International Conference on Quantitative Infrared Thermography (QIRT 2004) CY - Rhode-St-Genese, Belgien DA - 2004-06-05 KW - Pulse phase thermography KW - Nondestructive testing in civil engineering KW - Plaster KW - Concrete KW - Masonry KW - Delaminations KW - Voids PY - 2004 SP - I.3.1 EP - I.3.6 PB - Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics CY - Rhode-St-Genese AN - OPUS4-4397 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Weritz, Friederike A1 - Wilsch, Gerd A1 - Schaurich, Dieter A1 - Ryahi, Solh A1 - Taffe, Alexander T1 - Quantitative determination of S-content in building materials with Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy T2 - 3rd International Conference on Laser Induced Plasma Spectroscopy and Applications (LIBS 2004) CY - Torremolinos, Spain DA - 2004-09-28 PY - 2004 AN - OPUS4-4494 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wilsch, Gerd A1 - Weritz, Friederike A1 - Schaurich, Dieter A1 - Wiggenhauser, Herbert T1 - Determination of chloride content in concrete structures with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy N2 - An important criterion for the evaluation of reinforced concrete structures is the measurement of the chloride content. This will normally be done by time consuming standard chemical methods. We propose the application of a spectroscopic technique, the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), which provides the advantages of a fast measurement, the potential for on-site application and the possibility to investigate a wide range of different measuring points. The surface can be scanned, or depth profiles are available from cores. Measurements can be performed directly on the sample surface and the results are available in near real time. We present LIBS results measured on concrete cores as well as on grinded and pressed material in comparison with the results of standard chemical methods. The optimum LIBS set-up and the experimental conditions to detect and measure chlorine in building materials are reported. The limits of detection were determined and calibration curves were measured. KW - Chloride content KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy KW - Near real time results KW - Non-destructive testing PY - 2005 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.06.001 SN - 0950-0618 VL - 19 IS - 10 SP - 724 EP - 730 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford AN - OPUS4-10830 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Taffe, Alexander A1 - Schaurich, Dieter A1 - Weritz, Friederike A1 - Wilsch, Gerd ED - Alexander, M. T1 - Chloride and sulphate content in concrete with Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) T2 - International Conference on Concrete Repair, Rehabilitation and Retrofitting (ICCRRR) CY - Cape Town, South Africa DA - 2006-11-21 KW - LIBS KW - Chloridgehalt KW - Schwefelgehalt KW - Bauwerksuntersuchung KW - Zustandsermittlung KW - Betoninstandsetzung KW - Betonschäden PY - 2006 SN - 0-415-39654-9 N1 - Serientitel: Balkema proceedings and monographs in engineering, water and earth sciences – Series title: Balkema proceedings and monographs in engineering, water and earth sciences SP - 519 EP - 524 PB - Taylor & Francis CY - London AN - OPUS4-11682 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weritz, Friederike A1 - Arndt, Ralf A1 - Röllig, Mathias A1 - Maierhofer, Christiane A1 - Wiggenhauser, Herbert T1 - Investigation of concrete structures with pulse phase thermography N2 - The applicability of pulse phase thermography (PPT) for the investigation of structures is studied systematically on concrete test specimens and on a plastered sandstone column. In the test specimens, voids and delaminations are implemented in different depths and with different sizes, modelling real voids, honeycombing and debonding. Delaminations of plaster in concrete and masonry and behind tiles on concrete are investigated. PPT is based on the frequency analysis of the cooling down process of actively heated surfaces. Therefore, it is contactless and thus completely non-destructive (if overheating of the surface is prevented), fast and allows the inspection of large surface areas. The interpretation of amplitude and phase images gives semi-quantitative information about the observed defects. The phase images provide a deeper probing up to 10–15 cm in relation to the interpretation of the thermograms and to the amplitude images. In addition, the influence of surface inhomogeneities and non-uniform heating is reduced. KW - Pulse phase thermography KW - Impulse thermography KW - Concrete KW - Voids KW - Honeycombing PY - 2005 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02481657 SN - 1359-5997 SN - 1871-6873 VL - 38 IS - 9 SP - 843 EP - 849 PB - Springer CY - Dordrecht AN - OPUS4-12300 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Weritz, Friederike A1 - Wilsch, Gerd A1 - Schaurich, Dieter A1 - Taffe, Alexander T1 - Praktische Anwendungen der Laser-Induzierten Plasma Spektroskopie im Bauwesen - Fallstudien an einem Klärbehälter und einem Parkdeck T2 - Bauwerksdiagnose 2006 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2006-02-23 PY - 2006 AN - OPUS4-12235 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Arndt, Ralf A1 - Maierhofer, Christiane A1 - Röllig, Mathias A1 - Weritz, Friederike A1 - Wiggenhauser, Herbert T1 - Ortung von Putzablösungen auf Beton und Mauerwerk mit der Puls-Phasen-Thermografie N2 - Abstract In the recent years the application of infrared thermography and especially its active approaches lock-in thermography, impulse themography and pulse phase thermography (PPT) has gained more importance for non-destructive testing (NDT). In this paper it is demonstrated that PPT is very well suited for NDT in civil engineering. The method is based on pulse heating of the investigated specimen and on the observation of the cooling down process on its surface with an infrared camera. The transient behaviour is afterwards analysed with Fast Fourier Transformation, enabling the creation of phase and amplitude images with enhanced visualisation of the defects. Results of European and National (i.e. DFG) funded projects are presented, for example the detection of voids and inhomogeneities close to the surface and the localisation of delaminations on plastered concrete and masonry specimen. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Im Rahmen eines von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft geförderten Vorhabens zur zerstörungsfreien Prüfung im Bauwesen wird in der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) in Zusammenarbeit mit der Technischen Universität Berlin (TUB) die Puls-Phasen-Thermografie (PPT) weiterentwickelt, bewertet und eingesetzt. Die durch die Impuls-Thermografie (IT) aufgenommenen Daten werden mittels Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) bearbeitet. Die durch die FFT gewonnenen Phasenbilder reduzieren die Störeinflüsse von Oberflächeninhomogenitäten und ungleichmäßiger Erwärmung. Die dargestellten Ergebnisse zeigen deutlich, dass sich die PPT sehr gut zur zerstörungsfreien Prüfung im Bauwesen eignet. Insbesondere Inhomogenitäten im oberflächennahen Bereich, wie Ablösungen und Hohlstellen hinter Beschichtungen (Putz, CFK-Laminate etc.), aber auch Defekte in größeren Tiefen können zuverlässig geortet und bildgebend dargestellt werden. T2 - Jahrestagung Zerstörungsfreie Materialprüfung 2004 CY - Salzburg, Österreich DA - 2004-05-17 KW - Puls-Phasen-Thermografie KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung im Bauwesen KW - Putz auf Beton und Mauerwerk KW - Ortung von Fehlstellen und Ablösungen PY - 2004 UR - http://www.ndt.net/article/dgzfp04/papers/v89/v89.htm SN - 3-931381-55-2 SP - 1(?) EP - 10(?) PB - DGZfP CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-5285 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Weritz, Friederike A1 - Wilsch, Gerd A1 - Schaurich, Dieter A1 - Taffe, Alexander T1 - Chloride determination for condition assessment and quality assurance by LIBS T2 - IABMAS06, 3rd International Conference on Bridge Maintenance, Safety and Management CY - Oporto, Portugal DA - 2006-07-16 PY - 2006 AN - OPUS4-13682 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Weritz, Friederike A1 - Wilsch, Gerd A1 - Schaurich, Dieter T1 - Detector comparison for Sulphur and Chlorine detection in the NIR T2 - LIBS 2006 CY - Montreal, Canada DA - 2006-09-05 PY - 2006 AN - OPUS4-13683 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Taffe, Alexander A1 - Schaurich, Dieter A1 - Weritz, Friederike A1 - Wilsch, Gerd T1 - Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (Libs) in Civil Engineering T2 - 9th European Conference on NDT : ECNDT Berlin 2006 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2006-09-25 KW - NDT-EC KW - LIBS KW - Spectroscopy KW - Concrete damages KW - Chloride KW - Sulphate KW - Corrosion KW - Condition assessment KW - Quality assurance PY - 2006 SN - 3-931381-86-2 SP - 1(?) EP - 6(?) PB - European Federation for Non-Destructive Testing CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-13690 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Weritz, Friederike A1 - Taffe, Alexander A1 - Schaurich, Dieter A1 - Wilsch, Gerd ED - Cruz, P. ED - Frangopol, D. T1 - Chloride determination for condition assessment and quality assurance by LIBS T2 - 3rd International Conference on Bridge Maintenance, Safety and Management - "Bridge Maintenance, Safety, Management, Life-Cycle Performance and Cost" CY - Porto, Portugal DA - 2006-07-16 KW - LIBS KW - Chloride KW - Concrete PY - 2006 SN - 0-415-40315-4 N1 - Serientitel: Balkema proceedings and monographs in engineering, water and earth sciences – Series title: Balkema proceedings and monographs in engineering, water and earth sciences SP - 333 EP - 334 PB - Taylor & Francis CY - London AN - OPUS4-13716 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Taffe, Alexander A1 - Schaurich, Dieter A1 - Weritz, Friederike A1 - Wiggenhauser, Herbert A1 - Wilsch, Gerd T1 - Ermittlung des Chloridgehaltes von Betonproben mit Laser-Induzierter Breakdown Spektroskopie (LIBS) T2 - 1. Kolloquium "Verkehrsbauten - Schwerpunkt Parkhäuser" CY - Esslingen, Deutschland DA - 2004-01-27 PY - 2004 SP - 651 EP - 657 PB - Techn. Akad. Esslingen CY - Esslingen AN - OPUS4-4402 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Taffe, Alexander A1 - Wilsch, Gerd A1 - Schaurich, Dieter A1 - Weritz, Friederike T1 - Einsatz der Laser-Induzierten Breakdown Spektroskopie (LIBS) im Bauwesen - Teil 1: Verfahrensbeschreibung und Durchführung von Zementanalysen PY - 2004 UR - http://www.ernst-und-sohn.de/zeitschriften/artikelrecherche/index.php?zs=bst&t=Beton-+und+Stahlbetonbau+1970-heute+%28erscheint+monatlich%29&sort=hjd&page=1&bp=&bt=&bst=bst&mw=&dibt=&st=&bst_jahr=2004&bst_heft=8&absenden=%5BAuswahl+anzeigen%5D SN - 0005-9900 SN - 1437-1006 VL - 99 IS - 8 SP - 693 EP - 694 PB - Ernst CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-4403 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Taffe, Alexander A1 - Wilsch, Gerd A1 - Schaurich, Dieter A1 - Weritz, Friederike T1 - Einsatz der Laser-Induzierten Breakdown Spektroskopie (LIBS) im Bauwesen - Teil 2: Ermittlung von bauschädlichen Salzen PY - 2004 UR - http://www.ernst-und-sohn.de/zeitschriften/artikelrecherche/index.php?zs=bst&t=Beton-+und+Stahlbetonbau+1970-heute+%28erscheint+monatlich%29&sort=hjd&page=1&bp=&bt=&bst=bst&mw=&dibt=&st=&bst_jahr=2004&bst_heft=8&absenden=%5BAuswahl+anzeigen%5D SN - 0005-9900 SN - 1437-1006 VL - 99 IS - 9 SP - 761 EP - 762 PB - Ernst CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-4404 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Weritz, Friederike A1 - Maierhofer, Christiane ED - Cziesielski, E. T1 - Anwendung der Puls-Phasen-Thermografie zur Untersuchung von Betonbauteilen KW - PPT KW - Impuls-Thermografie KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung im Bauwesen KW - Beton KW - Fehlstellen KW - Kiesnester KW - Spaltklinker PY - 2004 SN - 3-433-01705-0 SP - 329 EP - 333 PB - Ernst CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-5977 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weritz, Friederike A1 - Ryahi, Solh A1 - Schaurich, Dieter A1 - Taffe, Alexander A1 - Wilsch, Gerd T1 - Quantitative determination of sulfur content in concrete with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy N2 - Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy has been employed for the investigation of the sulfur content of concrete. Sulfur compounds are a natural but minor component in building materials. The ingress of sulfates or sulfuric acid constitutes a major risk of chemical aggression for concrete. There is a need for a fast method, which can be used on-site and is able to investigate a wide range of different measuring points, so that damages can be characterized. For quantitative determination the sulfur spectral line at 921.3 nm is used. The optimum ambient atmosphere has been determined by comparison of measurements accomplished under air, argon and helium atmosphere. Reference samples have been produced and calibration curves have been determined, the results of LIBS measurements are compared with results from chemical analysis. Defining a limit for the intensity ratio of a calcium and a oxygen spectral line can reduce the influence of the heterogeneity of the material, so that only spectra with a high amount of cementitious material are evaluated. Depth profiles and spatial resolved sulfur distributions are presented measured on concrete cores originating from a highly sulfate contaminated clarifier. KW - Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy KW - Sulfur content KW - Building materials KW - Heterogeneity KW - Depth profiles PY - 2005 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sab.2005.05.036 SN - 0584-8547 SN - 0038-6987 VL - 60 IS - 7-8 SP - 1121 EP - 1131 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-10997 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hemmleb, Matthias A1 - Weritz, Friederike A1 - Maierhofer, Christiane T1 - Damage detection on building surfaces with multi-spectral techniques T2 - CIPA 2005, XX International Symposium "International Cooperation to save the world´s cultural heritage" CY - Torino, Italy DA - 2005-09-26 KW - Multi-Spectral KW - Classification KW - Remote Sensing KW - Damage Assessment PY - 2005 SN - 1682-1777 SP - 361 EP - 365 PB - Politecnico di Milano CY - Milano AN - OPUS4-11041 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Weritz, Friederike A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst A1 - Wilsch, Gerd A1 - Kruschwitz, Sabine A1 - Hemmleb, M. T1 - Investigation of environmental impacts and condition assessment of constructions with Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), Spectral Induced Polarisation (SIP) and NIR Laser scanning T2 - 6th International Symposium on Advanced Environmental Monitoring CY - Heidelberg, Germany DA - 2006-06-27 PY - 2006 AN - OPUS4-15013 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Weritz, Friederike A1 - Wilsch, Gerd A1 - Schaurich, Dieter A1 - Taffe, Alexander T1 - Influence of heterogeneity on quantitative determination of trace elements in concrete T2 - EMSLIBS 2005 CY - Aachen, Germany DA - 2005-09-06 PY - 2005 AN - OPUS4-10888 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weritz, Friederike A1 - Schaurich, Dieter A1 - Wilsch, Gerd T1 - Detector comparison for sulfur and chlorine detection with laser induced breakdown spectroscopy in the near-infrared-region N2 - Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy has been employed for the investigation of the sulfur and chlorine content of building materials. Both, chloride and sulfate ions are major damaging species affecting the stability and lifetime of a structure. Chlorine and sulfur are mostly detected in the VUV and the NIR. In case of building materials the main elements like calcium or iron have many strong spectral lines over the whole spectral range, so that trace elements can only be detected in spectral windows unaffected from these lines. With regard to a preferably simply, robust against dust and vibrations and portable setup only the NIR spectral features are used for civil engineering applications. Most detectors, mainly CCD cameras have rapidly decreasing quantum efficiency in the NIR. Also the quantum efficiency of the photocathode of CCD-Detectors with image intensifier is decreasing in the NIR. Different CCD-detectors were tested with respect to high quantum efficiency and high dynamic range, which is necessary for simultaneous detection of weak spectral lines from trace elements and intense spectral lines from main elements. The measurements are made on reference samples consisting of cement, hydrated cement, cement mortar and concrete with well-defined amounts of the trace elements. Experimental conditions are chosen for an optimum intensity of the trace element spectral lines. The detector systems are compared by limit of detections and the signal to noise ratio. KW - LIBS KW - Sulfur KW - Chlorine KW - NIR KW - Building materials KW - Concrete KW - Detector comparison PY - 2007 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sab.2007.10.017 SN - 0584-8547 SN - 0038-6987 VL - 62 IS - 12 SP - 1504 EP - 1511 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-16507 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weritz, Friederike A1 - Taffe, Alexander A1 - Schaurich, Dieter A1 - Wilsch, Gerd T1 - Detailed depth profiles of sulfate ingress into concrete measured with laser induced breakdown spectroscopy N2 - Sulfate attack constitutes a major risk of chemical aggression for concrete and other building materials. Mainly structures exposed to sewage waters and sulfate rich soils are affected. The measurement of sulfate ingress is important for damage assessment previous to repair works and for quality assurance of the effectiveness of protecting coatings or during concrete removal. Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy is introduced for the quantitative measurement of sulfur contents in building materials, providing detailed depth profiles and imaging element distributions with 1 mm spatial resolution. Detailed statistical evaluation is possible due to the spatial resolution and the fast measurement of the method. Practical applications of the method for damage assessment are demonstrated for three different sewage plants. KW - Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy KW - Sulfate attack KW - Sulfur content KW - Concrete KW - Sewage plant KW - Depth profiles KW - Element distribution PY - 2009 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.12.016 SN - 0950-0618 VL - 23 IS - 1 SP - 275 EP - 283 PB - Elsevier Science CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-18426 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Weritz, Friederike A1 - Wilsch, Gerd ED - Cziesielski, E. T1 - Einsatz der Laser-Induzierten Breakdown Spektroskopie (LIBS) zur Bestimmung des Chloridgehaltes in Beton KW - LIBS KW - Spektroskopie KW - Chlorid-Bestimmung KW - Beton KW - Tiefenprofil PY - 2004 SN - 3-433-01705-0 SP - 393 EP - 397 PB - Ernst CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-6065 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wilsch, Gerd A1 - Weritz, Friederike ED - Cziesielski, E. T1 - Anwendung der Laser-Induzierten Breakdown Spektroskopie (LIBS) im Bauwesen KW - LIBS KW - Spektroskopie KW - Beton KW - Zementanalyse PY - 2004 SN - 3-433-01705-0 SP - 386 EP - 393 PB - Ernst CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-6066 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Weritz, Friederike A1 - Schaurich, Dieter A1 - Taffe, Alexander A1 - Wilsch, Gerd T1 - Einfluss der Heterogenität auf die Bestimmung von Salzgehalten in Beton mit LIBS T2 - Anakon 2007, Jahrestagung der GDCh-Fachgruppe Analytische Chemie CY - Jena, Germany DA - 2007-03-27 PY - 2007 AN - OPUS4-16592 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hemmleb, Matthias A1 - Weritz, Friederike A1 - Maierhofer, Christiane A1 - Schiemenz, A. T1 - Schadensdiagnose an Bauwerksoberflächen mit multispektralen Methoden T2 - DGZfP-Fachtagung Bauwerksdiagnose "Praktische Anwendungen Zerstörungsfreier Prüfungen" CY - Berlin, Deutschland DA - 2006-02-22 KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung im Bauwesen KW - Multispektraler Laserscanner KW - Multispektralklassifizierung KW - Bauwerksoberflächen PY - 2006 SN - 3-931381-71-4 SP - 1(?) EP - 13(?) PB - DGZfP CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-14119 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hemmleb, Matthias A1 - Weritz, Friederike A1 - Schiemenz, A. A1 - Grote, A. A1 - Maierhofer, Christiane ED - Maas, H. ED - Schneider, D. T1 - Multi-spectral data acquisition and processing techniques for damage detection on building surfaces T2 - ISPRS Commission V Symposium "Image Engineering and Vision Metrology" CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 2006-09-25 KW - Cultural Heritage KW - Multispectral KW - Terrestrial KW - Laser Scanning KW - Classification KW - Acquisition KW - Detection KW - Recording PY - 2006 SN - 1682-1750 SP - 6 pages PB - ISPRS CY - Dresden AN - OPUS4-14240 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weritz, Friederike A1 - Schaurich, Dieter A1 - Taffe, Alexander A1 - Wilsch, Gerd T1 - Effect of heterogeneity on the quantitative determination of trace elements in concrete N2 - Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy has been used for quantitative measurement of trace elements, e.g. sulfur and chlorine, in concrete. Chloride and sulfate ions have a large effect on the durability of concrete structures, and quantitative measurement is important for condition assessment and quality assurance. Concrete is a highly heterogeneous material in composition and grain-size distribution, i.e. the spatial distribution of elements. Calibration plots were determined by use of laboratory-made reference samples consisting of pressings of cement powder, hydrated cement, cement mortar, and concrete, in which the heterogeneity of the material is increasing because of the aggregates. Coarse aggregate and cement paste are distinguishable by the intensity of the Ca spectral lines. More advanced evaluation is necessary to account for the effect of the fine aggregate. The three series of reference samples enable systematic study of the effects of heterogeneity on spectral intensity, signal fluctuation, uncertainty, and limits of detection. Spatially resolved measurements and many spectra enable statistical evaluation of the data. The heterogeneity has an effect on measurement of the sulfur and chlorine content, because both occur mainly in the cement matrix. Critical chloride concentrations are approximately 0.04% (m/m). The chlorine spectral line at 837.6 nm is evaluated. The natural sulfur content of concrete is approximately 0.1% (m/m). The spectral line at 921.3 nm is evaluated. One future application may be simultaneous determination of the amount of damaging trace elements and the cement content of the concrete. KW - LIBS KW - Heterogeneity KW - Concrete KW - Chlorine KW - Sulfur PY - 2006 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-006-0362-0 SN - 1618-2642 SN - 1618-2650 VL - 385 IS - 2 SP - 248 EP - 255 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-12206 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Weritz, Friederike A1 - Taffe, Alexander A1 - Schaurich, Dieter A1 - Wilsch, Gerd T1 - Praktische Anwendungen der Laser-Induzierten Plasma Spektroskopie im Bauwesen - Fallstudien an einem Klärbehälter und einem Parkdeck T2 - DGZfP-Fachtagung Bauwerksdiagnose "Praktische Anwendungen Zerstörungsfreier Prüfungen" CY - Berlin, Deutschland DA - 2006-02-22 KW - LIBS KW - Beton PY - 2006 SN - 3-931381-71-4 SP - 1(?) EP - 9(?) PB - DGZfP CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-12208 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hemmleb, Matthias A1 - Weritz, Friederike A1 - Maierhofer, Christiane T1 - Multispektraltechniken für die Schadensklassifizierung an Bauwerksoberflächen T2 - Feuchtetag 2004 ; Workshop Onsiteformasonry 2004 CY - Berlin, BAM, Deutschland DA - 2004-11-18 KW - Multispektraltechnik KW - Multispektralklassifizierung KW - IR-Aufnahme KW - Schadenserfassung KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung im Bauwesen KW - Mauerwerk KW - Feuchtigkeit PY - 2004 SN - 3-931381-59-5 N1 - Serientitel: DGZfP-Berichtsband – Series title: DGZfP-Berichtsband IS - 91-CD SP - 277 EP - 286 PB - DGZfP CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-4829 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wilsch, Gerd A1 - Molkenthin, André A1 - Schaurich, Dieter A1 - Taffe, Alexander A1 - Weritz, Friederike T1 - Chlorid- und Sulfatanalyse mit LIBS - vom Laborverfahren zum Baustellengerät T2 - Fachtagung Bauwerksdiagnose 2008 - Praktische Anwendungen Zerstörungsfreier Prüfungen und Zukunftsaufgaben CY - Berlin, Deutschland DA - 2008-02-21 KW - LIBS KW - Beton KW - Bewehrungskorrosion KW - Chlorid KW - Sulfat PY - 2008 SN - 978-3-940283-08-5 N1 - Serientitel: Berichtsband der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung – Series title: Berichtsband der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung IS - 112 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-18653 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Höhse, Marek A1 - Mory, D. A1 - Florek, S. A1 - Weritz, Friederike A1 - Gornushkin, Igor B. A1 - Panne, Ulrich T1 - A combined laser-induced breakdown and Raman spectroscopy Echelle system for elemental and molecular microanalysis N2 - Raman and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy is integrated into a single system for molecular and elemental microanalyses. Both analyses are performed on the same ~ 0.002 mm² sample spot allowing the assessment of sample heterogeneity on a micrometric scale through mapping and scanning. The core of the spectrometer system is a novel high resolution dual arm Echelle spectrograph utilized for both techniques. In contrast to scanning Raman spectroscopy systems, the Echelle-Raman spectrograph provides a high resolution spectrum in a broad spectral range of 200-6000 cm- 1 without moving the dispersive element. The system displays comparable or better sensitivity and spectral resolution in comparison to a state-of-the-art scanning Raman microscope and allows short analysis times for both Raman and laser induced breakdown spectroscopy. The laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy performance of the system is characterized by ppm detection limits, high spectral resolving power (15,000), and broad spectral range (290-945 nm). The capability of the system is demonstrated with the mapping of heterogeneous mineral samples and layer by layer analysis of pigments revealing the advantages of combining the techniques in a single unified set-up. KW - LIBS KW - Raman KW - Echelle KW - Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy KW - Hyphenated technique PY - 2009 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sab.2009.09.004 SN - 0584-8547 SN - 0038-6987 VL - 64 IS - 11-12 SP - 1219 EP - 1227 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-20493 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Molkenthin, André A1 - Wilsch, Gerd A1 - Weritz, Friederike A1 - Taffe, Alexander A1 - Schaurich, Dieter T1 - Visualisierung des Anionen- und Kationentransportes sowie die Quantifizierung des Cl- und S-Gehaltes mittels Laserinduzierter Breakdown-Spektroskopie (LIBS) KW - LIBS KW - Beton KW - Alkali-Kieselsäure Reaktion KW - Tausalz KW - Ionen Transport KW - Chlorid KW - Sulfat PY - 2007 SN - 0514-2946 VL - 1 SP - 30 EP - 33 CY - Wien, Österreich AN - OPUS4-18632 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Molkenthin, André A1 - Weritz, Friederike A1 - Schaurich, Dieter A1 - Wilsch, Gerd T1 - Imaging of cation and anion transport in building materials by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy T2 - 5th International Essen Workshop "Transport in Concrete - Nanostructure and Macrostructure" (TRANSCON 07) CY - Essen, Deutschland DA - 2007-06-11 KW - LIBS KW - Beton KW - Alkali-Kieselsäure Reaktion KW - Tausalz KW - Ionen Transport PY - 2007 SN - 978-3-931681-88-3 SP - 117 EP - 126 PB - Aedificatio Verl. CY - Essen AN - OPUS4-18634 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Weritz, Friederike A1 - Taffe, Alexander A1 - Schaurich, Dieter A1 - Wilsch, Gerd T1 - Visualization of chloride and sulfate ingress into concrete by element distributions and depth profiles determined with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) T2 - 5th International Essen Workshop "Transport in Concrete - Nanostructure and Macrostructure" (TRANSCON 07) CY - Essen, Deutschland DA - 2007-06-11 KW - Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy KW - Concrete KW - Chloride KW - Sulphate KW - Depth profile PY - 2007 SN - 978-3-931681-88-3 SP - 149 EP - 158 PB - Aedificatio Verl. CY - Essen AN - OPUS4-18635 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Taffe, Alexander A1 - Schaurich, Dieter A1 - Wilsch, Gerd A1 - Weritz, Friederike ED - M.G. Alexander, ED - H.-D. Beushausen, ED - F. Dehn, ED - P. Moyo, T1 - Development of a portable LIBS-device for quality assurance in concrete repair T2 - 2nd International Conference on Concrete Repair, Rehabilitation and Retrofitting CY - Cape Town, South Africa DA - 2008-11-24 KW - NDT KW - Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy KW - Quality assurance KW - Damage analysis KW - Concrete repair KW - Chloride KW - Sulphate PY - 2009 SN - 978-0-415-46850-3 SP - 547 EP - 549 PB - CRC Press CY - Boca Raton AN - OPUS4-18601 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weritz, Friederike A1 - Kruschwitz, Sabine A1 - Maierhofer, Christiane A1 - Wendrich, Astrid T1 - Assessment of moisture and salt contents in brick masonry with microwave transmission, spectral-induced polarization, and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy N2 - The determination of water and salt distribution in brickwork and stonework is a frequent problem in cultural heritage protection. Conventional but reliable methods are usually based on the investigation of core samples and provide only punctual information. To avoid the destruction of valuable building fabric, a non-destructive approach using a combination of investigation methods is needed. A case study, demonstrating the possibilities of almost non-destructive testing methods and their combination is presented in this article. KW - Spectral-induced polarization (SIP) KW - Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) KW - Microwave transmission (MBV) KW - Historic masonry KW - Water damage KW - Salt efflorescence KW - Cultural heritage PY - 2009 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/15583050802278992 SN - 1558-3058 SN - 1558-3066 VL - 3 IS - 2 SP - 126 EP - 144 PB - Taylor & Francis CY - Philadelphia, Pa., USA AN - OPUS4-19160 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Giese, Lutz A1 - Weritz, Friederike A1 - Weimann, Karin A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst A1 - Ulbricht, J.P. ED - Dincer, I. T1 - Bricks made of sludge from the Izmir bay - an integrative approach for the recycling of sludge - preliminary results T2 - 1st International Exergy, Energy and Environment Symposium ; IEEES-1 CY - Izmir, Turkey DA - 2003-07-13 PY - 2003 SN - 975-288440-7 SP - 995 EP - 1003 CY - Izmir AN - OPUS4-2829 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -