TY - GEN A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Trubiroha, Peter ED - Czichos, Horst ED - Saito, T. ED - Smith, L. T1 - Materials and the environment KW - Weathering KW - Total material requirement KW - Polymer PY - 2011 SN - 978-3-642-16640-2 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16641-9 SP - Chapter 15.1, 845 EP - 860 PB - Springer CY - Berlin, Heidelberg AN - OPUS4-24154 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Trubiroha, Peter T1 - Materials and the Environment KW - Ecoefficiency KW - Weathering exposure KW - Photodegradation KW - Polymers PY - 2006 SN - 978-3-540-20785-6 IS - Part D / 15.1 SP - 789 EP - 803 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-13733 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bandow, Nicole A1 - Will, Verena A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Contaminant release from aged microplastic N2 - Recycled plastic granules of high-density polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride and polystyrene the size of microplastics were exposed to artificial aging conditions (2000 h; photooxidative and thermo-oxidative) to simulate their fate outdoors. Their potential to leach into water during the aging process was investigated using column percolation tests. Aging-related changes on the surface of the material were characterised by IR measurements indicating oxidation reactions with the formation of new adsorption bands (C=O, C–O and OH), especially in the case of photooxidative aging. These findings were confirmed by the identification of leachable organic compounds. Leaching of total organic carbon, Cl, Ca, Cu and Zn is clearly affected by changes due to aging, and their release is increased after photooxidative aging. In general, exposure to photooxidative conditions shows a greater influence on aging and thus on leaching and seems to be the more important mechanism for the aging of microplastic in the environment. Comparison with the total content of inorganic species revealed that, for most elements, less than 3% of the total content is released after 2000 h of photooxidative aging. KW - Column percolation tests KW - Heavy metals KW - Photo-oxidation KW - Thermo-oxidation PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1071/EN17064 SN - 1448-2517 SN - 1449-8979 VL - 14 IS - 6 SP - 394 EP - 405 AN - OPUS4-43222 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Stephan, Ina A1 - Schulz, Ulrich A1 - Petzold, I. T1 - Die komplexe Wirkung von Schimmelpilz und Klima auf Polymeroberflächen und ihre Simulation im Labor T2 - 33. Jahrestagung der GUS, "Umwelteinflüsse erfassen, simulieren, bewerten" CY - Pfinztal, Deutschland DA - 2004-03-17 PY - 2004 SN - 3-9808382-4-2 SP - 69 EP - 84 PB - GUS CY - Pfinztal AN - OPUS4-4880 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schulz, Ulrich A1 - Stephan, Ina A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Slomko, R. A1 - Petzold, I. T1 - Mildew-caused Damage on Automotive Coatings T2 - European Coatings Conference "Novel Biocide Technology II" CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2005-02-24 KW - Mildew KW - Fungi KW - Mould KW - Weathering KW - Coating KW - Pinholes KW - Damage PY - 2005 SP - 17 pages PB - Vincentz CY - Hannover AN - OPUS4-11223 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Barthel, Anne-Kathrin A1 - Sturm, Heinz A1 - Meyer-Plath, Asmus T1 - Wirkung simulierter Sonnenstrahlung auf Kohlenstoffnanoröhren gefüllte Polymerkomposite T2 - 43. Jahrestag der GUS 2014 - Umwelteinflüsse erfassen, simulieren, bewerten CY - Stutensee, Germany DA - 2014-03-26 PY - 2014 AN - OPUS4-30647 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rhiem, S. A1 - Barthel, Anne-Kathrin A1 - Meyer-Plath, A. A1 - Hennig, M. P. A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Sturm, Heinz A1 - Schäffer, A. A1 - Maes, H. M. T1 - Release of 14C-labelled carbon nanotubes from polycarbonate composites N2 - Waste disposal of carbon nanotube (CNT) containing products is expected to be the most important pathway for release of CNTs into the environment. In the present work, the use of radiolabelled CNTs (14C-CNT) for polycarbonate polymer nanocomposites with 1 wt% 14C-CNT content allowed for the first time to quantify and differentiate the CNT release according to the type of impact along the materials' ageing history. After an initial exposure of the nanocomposite by solar-like irradiation, further environmental impacts were applied to composite material. They aimed at mimicking disposal site conditions that may induce further ageing effects and CNT release. This study included shaking in water, rapid temperature changes, soaking in humic acid solution as well as waste water effluent, and, finally, gentle mechanical abrasion. All ageing impacts were applied sequentially, both on pristine (control) and on solar-irradiated nanocomposites. All experiments were accompanied by absolute quantification of radioactive release as well as chemical and morphological analyses of the nanocomposite surfaces using infra-red (IR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The morphological analysis showed that spectral irradiation can uncover CNT networks on the outer nanocomposite surface layers by polymer degradation. After having subjected the solar-irradiated nanocomposite to all studied disposal site effect, the total radioactive release was quantified to amount to 64 mg CNT/m2, whereas only 0.8 mg CNT/m2 were found for the un-irradiated control sample. Solar degradation of polymers was thus found to significantly increase the propensity of the studied polymer nanocomposites to release CNTs during ageing effects at the product's end-of-life typical for disposal sites. KW - Weathering KW - Carbon nanotubes KW - Nanocomposites KW - Release KW - Quantification PY - 2016 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749116303748 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.04.098 SN - 0269-7491 VL - 215 IS - August SP - 356 EP - 365 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Paris AN - OPUS4-36899 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Trubiroha, P. A1 - Giehl, A. A1 - Schönlein, A. A1 - Feil, F. T1 - Normenvorschlag zur Bewitterung transparenter oder transluzenter Kunststoffe N2 - Aufgrund des tieferen Eindringens der solaren Strahlung treten bei transparenten und bei transluzenten (durchscheinenden) Kunststoffen veränderte Bedingungen gegenüber opaken Proben auf. Dies kann zu speziellen Effekten und damit zu einem abweichenden Bewitterungsverhalten führen. Auch aus Mangel an geeigneten Normen werden diese Effekte häufig vernachlässigt. Deshalb initiiert der DIN-FNK auf ISO-Ebene ein entsprechendes Dokument. Die Norm ist in der Form eines Technical Reports geplant. In einem ersten Teil sollen die Besonderheiten transparenter oder transluzenter Kunststoffe erläutert werden, um den Nutzer für mögliche Probleme zu sensibilisieren. Im zweiten Teil werden Empfehlungen für Bestrahlung oder Bewitterung herausgearbeitet. In einem dritten Teil geht es dann um Besonderheiten bei der Messung von Eigenschaftsänderungen transparenter bzw. transluzenter Kunststoffe. In informativen Anhängen sollen verschiedene Beispiele die Thematik illustrieren. T2 - 51. Jahrestagung der GUS CY - Stutensee-Blankenloch, Germany DA - 29.03.2023 KW - Bewitterung KW - Polymer 3R KW - Bestrahlung KW - UV PY - 2023 SN - 978-3-9818507-8-9 SP - 39 EP - 46 PB - Gesellschaft für Umweltsimulation e.V. CY - Pfinztal (Berghausen) AN - OPUS4-57271 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Milks, A. A1 - Lehmann, J. A1 - Leder, D. A1 - Sietz, M. A1 - Koddenberg, T. A1 - Böhner, U. A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Terberger, T. T1 - A double-pointed wooden throwing stick from Schöningen, Germany: Results and new insights from a multianalytical study N2 - The site of Schöningen (Germany), dated to ca. 300,000 years ago, yielded the earliest large-scale record of humanly-made wooden tools. These include wooden spears and shorter double-pointed sticks, discovered in association with herbivores that were hunted and butchered along a lakeshore. Wooden tools have not been systematically analysed to the same standard as other Palaeolithic technologies, such as lithic or bone tools. Our multianalytical study includes micro-CT scanning, 3-dimensional microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, supporting a systematic technological and taphonomic analysis, thus setting a new standard for wooden tool analysis. In illustrating the biography of one of Schöningen’s double-pointed sticks, we demonstrate new human behaviours for this time period, including sophisticated woodworking techniques. The hominins selected a spruce branch which they then debarked and shaped into an aerodynamic and ergonomic tool. They likely seasoned the wood to avoid cracking and warping. After a long period of use, it was probably lost while hunting, and was then rapidly buried in mud. Taphonomic alterations include damage from trampling, fungal attack, root damage and compression. Through our detailed analysis we show that Middle Pleistocene humans had a rich awareness of raw material properties, and possessed sophisticated woodworking skills. Alongside new detailed morphometrics of the object, an ethnographic review supports a primary function as a throwing stick for hunting, indicating potential hunting strategies and social contexts including for communal hunts involving children. The Schöningen throwing sticks may have been used to strategically disadvantage larger ungulates, potentially from distances of up to 30 metres. They also demonstrate that the hominins were technologically capable of capturing smaller fast prey and avian fauna, a behaviour evidenced at contemporaneous Middle Pleistocene archaeological sites. KW - FTIR KW - Stone Age KW - Middle Pleistocene KW - Throwing-stick KW - Wood KW - Micro-CT scanning KW - 3-dimensional microscopy PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-580012 DO - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0287719 SN - 1932-6203 VL - 18 IS - 7 SP - 1 EP - 32 PB - PLOS CY - San Francisco, California, US AN - OPUS4-58001 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Barthel, Anne Kathrin A1 - Meyer-Plath, Asmus A1 - Sturm, Heinz A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Bandow, Nicole A1 - Krüger, Oliver T1 - Maßgeschneiderte künstliche Bewitterungstests zur Untersuchung der alterungsbedingten Freisetzung von Produkten in die Umwelt N2 - Genormte künstliche Bewitterungstests sind häufig nicht spezifisch für die Anwendungssituation oder das Material. Das macht die Entwicklung spezifischer Tests erforderlich. Für deren Entwicklung müssen Maximalparameter der Anwendungssituation bekannt sein, womit dann der künstliche Test formuliert wird und dessen Bedingungen werden dann solange optimiert, bis die Korrelation der Effekte von natürlichem und künstlichem Test ausreichend ist. Für Untersuchungen der Freisetzung kann der verbleibende Rest in der Probe und/oder die freigesetzte Menge in Luft, Boden, Wasser bestimmt werden. Im ersten Beispiel der Witterungswirkung wurde die Freisetzung von Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhrchen (CNT) aus Polymer-Kompositen untersucht (unter Verwendung von empfindlich-nachweisbarer radioaktiver 14C-Markierung für einzelne CNT-Partikel), in einem zweiten die Freisetzung von anorganischen und organischen Bestandteilen aus elastomeren Bestandteilen von Sportböden (Bahnen und Kunstrasen) in Wasser. T2 - SKZ-Tagung: Bewitterung van Kunststoffen CY - Würzburg, Germany DA - 06.07.2022 KW - Künstliche Bewitterung KW - UV KW - Degradation KW - Freisetzung KW - CNT KW - Carbo-Nanotubes KW - Composite KW - Nano-Partikel KW - 14C-Markierung KW - Sportböden KW - Kunstrasen KW - Grundwasser PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55219 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -