TY - JOUR A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Goedecke, Thomas A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker T1 - Combined impact of ultraviolet and chemical fluids on high-density polyethylene packaging material N2 - To investigate the ageing behaviour of filled plastic containers outdoors, square cuts of the wall of two high-density polyethylene (HDPE) types were exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation at their front side and to specific liquid chemicals (de-ionized water, surfactant or White Spirit) at their back. The UV radiant exposure at the front side was 80 MJ/m². To compare the actions of the different exposures, separate dark backside fluid exposures were performed, in parallel. Besides, UV weathering was carried out until a UV radiant exposure of 325 MJ/m², being roughly comparable to outdoor exposure of one year in Northern Australia. An unpigmented HDPE included in the investigation gave no sufficient protection for the White Spirit. In addition, it showed clear degradation after several of these exposures. In combination with the White Spirit, an increase of carbonyl bonds was measured, presumably assignable to degradation products of the White Spirit. For a pigmented HDPE material, with the implemented combined exposures, no relevant damage was observed, within applied the exposure period. KW - Weathering KW - UV KW - HDPE KW - Packaging PY - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/pts.959 SN - 0894-3214 VL - 25 IS - 1 SP - 53 EP - 61 PB - Wiley CY - Chichester, UK AN - OPUS4-25417 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Goedecke, Thomas A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker ED - Sek, M.A. ED - Rouillard, V. ED - Bigger, S.W. T1 - Outdoor weathering of HDPE containers filled with nitric acid N2 - Jerrycans made from three different types of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) were exposed outdoors, for one Berlin summer season. They were filled with a 55 percent nitric acid solution (HN03), pure water, or air, and half of them were protected from sunlight by an UV absorbing canvas. Thus, the separate effects of UV radiation and nitric acid could be compared to the combined impact. Combined impact was mainly affected by decomposition of nitric acid, resulting in presence of reactive nitrogen oxides, increased oxygen partial pressure, and UV radiation energy, simultaneously in vapour phase. To investigate the degradation effects after the outdoor exposure, jerrycans were exposed to a so called hydraulic internal pressure test, similar to an approval test for dangerous goods packaging. After combined impact of UV radiation and nitric acid, internal pressure tests showed very fast failures, whereas after separate impacts no remarkable deteriorations were observed, compared to unaged jerrycans. T2 - 19th IAPRI World conference on packaging CY - Melbourne, Australia DA - 15.06.2014 KW - High-density polyethylene HDPE KW - Nitric acid HNO3 KW - Outdoor exposure KW - UV radiation KW - Weathering PY - 2014 SN - 978-1-86272-699-4 SP - 556 EP - 560 AN - OPUS4-31222 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Goedecke, Thomas A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker ED - Reichert, T. T1 - A new irradiation device for medium scale plastic products N2 - A new irradiation device for the exposure of plastic products is presented. Developed in the BAM division 3.1 "Dangerous Goods Packaging" it can be used for artificial UV irradiation of plastic Containers filled with hazardous liquids. Present regulations and tests only investigate the exposure effects of UV and of media separately, but as the damaging effect is expected to be synergistic for at least some media, a combined test was looked for. A chamber of 60 cm by 60 cm base area and 1 m height gives space for up to 40 cm wide objects. Two fluorescent UV lamp arrays are arranged on opposite walls, separated from the chamber by quartz glass panes. By continuously rotating the exposure object by means of a rotary disc that the object is placed on, spatial irradiation homogeneity is achieved over the exposure duration. The spectral irradiance of the chosen UVA 340 nm lamps gives the best match of global solar radiation in the short wavelength ränge. The close arrangement of the UVA lamps (15 each side) results in 60 W m'2 UV irradiance. Constant temperature is adjusted to typically 40 °C by the control of the fan speed. This temperature is chosen, as it is the required temperature for three week storage of filled polyethylene Containers, for proving Chemical compatibility in the field of dangerous goods. To ensure homogeneity, an interiorfan provides for air circulation. T2 - 7th European weathering symposium - Natural and artificial ageing of polymers CY - Naples, Italy DA - 16.09.2015 KW - Weathering KW - UV irradiation PY - 2015 SN - 978-3-9816286-6-1 N1 - Serientitel: CEEES Publication – Series title: CEEES Publication IS - 17 SP - 91 EP - 96 AN - OPUS4-34353 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Goedecke, Thomas ED - Ziegahn, K.-F. T1 - Beanspruchung von HDPE-Verpackungsproben durch UV-Strahlung und Salpetersäure N2 - Transport und Lagerung flüssiger Chemikalien erfolgen häufig in HDPE-Behältern. Diese Behälter müssen Bauteilprüfungen bestehen, die mechanische und chemische Beanspruchungen kombinieren. UV-Beanspruchungen sind kein Bestandteil der Zulassungsprüfungen; gefordert wird aber eine ausreichende UV-Stabilisierung. Inwiefern diese UV-Stabilisierung aber abhängig vom jeweiligen Füllgut ist, soll hier untersucht werden. Vorgestellt wird der experimentelle Aufbau zur kombinierten Beanspruchung von Kunststoffproben durch UV-Strahlung und flüssige Chemikalien. Aufgrund des Gefährdungspotenzials sind dabei entsprechende Sicherheitsvorgaben einzuhalten. Ziel ist die Bewertung synergistischer Effekte beider Einzelbeanspruchungen. Die Wirksamkeit verschiedener Stabilisierungskonzepte bei Beanspruchung durch 55 %-ige Salpetersäure wird beleuchtet. Es wird anschaulich gezeigt, dass nur pigmentiertes HDPE ausreichende Stabilität aufweist. T2 - 43. Jahrestagung der GUS 2014 CY - Stutensee-Blankenloch, Germany DA - 26.03.2014 PY - 2014 SN - 978-3-9816286-0-9 SP - Kap. V 5, 45 EP - 51 AN - OPUS4-31136 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Schmidt, Anita A1 - Goedecke, Thomas T1 - Combined impact of UV radiation and nitric acid on HDPE containers during outdoor exposure T1 - Kombinierte Einwirkung von UV-Strahlung und Salpetersäure auf HDPE-Behälter bei der Freibewitterung N2 - Unpigmented HDPE jerrycans filled with nitric acid (55%) and water respectively had been exposed to outdoor conditions for one Berlin summer season. As both liquids underwent equal temperature progression, exposure effects of UV radiation and nitric acid as well as of their combination can be separated and compared. On the basis of various property changes after these exposures, synergistic action is evaluated and compared to a damaged Intermediate Bulk Container (IBC) from a transport accident. It is found that carbonyl formation goes along with lightness increase in color measurement due to microcracking and with a worsening in mechanical behavior, all of them showing synergistic effects of UV and nitric acid exposure. In contrast, embedding nitrogen compounds goes along with yellowing of the material but cannot be correlated to oxidation. The reason for intensified damaging is the decomposition of the 55-percent nitric acid and formation of nitrogen oxides even at ambient temperatures, caused by UV radiation. Thus, damaging effects become similar to those caused by fuming nitric acid exposure at temperatures above 60 °C, with the result of strong oxidative degradation of the polyethylene. In contrast, exclusive exposure to the 55-percent nitric acid at 40 °C does not cause any failure. It can therefore be assumed that also the damaged IBC had been exposed to both UV radiation and nitric acid, probably outdoors. KW - Polyethylene KW - Nitric acid KW - UV radiation KW - Outdoor weathering KW - Resistance PY - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3139/120.111148 SN - 0025-5300 VL - 60 IS - 3 SP - 257 EP - 264 PB - Carl Hanser Verlag CY - München AN - OPUS4-44567 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -