TY - RPRT A1 - Kunath, K. A1 - Lüth, Peter A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Simon, K. A1 - Uhlig, S. T1 - Evaluation of the interlaboratory test 2010-2011 on the method DIN EN15188:2007 'Determination of the spontaneous ignition behaviour of dust accumulations' N2 - For the classification and safe handling and use of the chemicals, special standardized testing proce-dures have been developed and are used world-wide. Safety experts must be able to fully rely on the precise execution of the respective laboratory tests and assessments. In this context interlaboratory tests (round robin tests, interlaboratory comparisons / intercomparisons) are a crucial element of a laboratory's quality system. Participation in interlaboratory tests is explicitly recommended by the standard ISO/IEC 17025. The present document reports on the results of the interlaboratory test 2010/2011 on the test method DIN EN 15188:2007 “Determination of the spontaneous ignition behaviour of dust accumulations” [1] which was organized by the Center for Quality Assurance for Testing of Dangerous Goods and Haz-ardous Substances. The test method DIN EN 15188:2007 is applied to characterize the self-ignition behaviour of combus-tible dusts. The experimental basis for describing the self-ignition behaviour of a given dust is the de-termination of the self-ignition temperatures (TSI) of differently-sized volumes of the dust sample by isoperibolic hot storage experiments (storage at constant oven temperatures) in commercially availa-ble ovens. The results thus measured reflect the dependence of self-ignition temperatures upon dust volume [1]. Several internal investigations and interlaboratory comparisons in the past have shown significant differences between the lab-specific results of hot storage tests. Figure 2-1 shows the Pseudo-Arrhenius plot of hot storage tests of eight different laboratories (Round Robin Test 2002, BAM). The dust under this investigation was Lycopodium powder (spores). The par-ticipants of this interlaboratory test used different laboratory ovens (size, ventilation) as well as differ-ent sample baskets (shape, mesh size, single- and double-walled). Figure 2-1 shows clearly that this test failed to produce reasonable reproducibility of the TSI between the different laboratories. As possible reasons for the deviations have been identified lab-specific dif-ferences, e.g.: - oven ventilation (enforced, natural convection), - oven size, - sample baskets, - radiation effects, - measuring precision (temperature difference between tests with ignition and no ignition), - minimum sample size. To reduce the differences between the labs it was necessary to ameliorate the testing method and to improve the execution of the method by the lab. From there, the installation of an inner chamber into the laboratory oven was suggested as experimental set-up in EN 15188:2007 to provide more repro-ducible test conditions. The aappropriateness of this set-up has not been verified yet. The current interlaboratory test 2010-2011 focuses on the use of a special mesh wire screen and spe-cial volumes of the sample baskets (cubes) to normalise/harmonise the test conditions in the different labs. In preparation for the interlaboratory test a joint program between Syngenta and BAM has been initiated in 2009. As a result of these investigations a modified set-up ( chapter 3) has been identi-fied to be probably more appropriate than the suggested set-up in DIN EN-15188:2007. Due to the time-consuming test procedure and to optimize the workflow for the laboratories this in-terlaboratory test should be performed stepwise as a multi-level test ( chapter 5.4) on one typical test sample. KW - Interlaboratory test KW - Self-ignition KW - Spontaneous ignition PY - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-282978 SN - 978-3-9815748-4-5 IS - Final Report SP - 1 EP - 113 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-28297 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Antoni, S. A1 - Kunath, K. A1 - Lüth, Peter A1 - Simon, K. A1 - Uhlig, S. T1 - Evaluation of the interlaboratory test on the method UN O.2 / EC A.21 'Test for oxidizing liquids' 2009 - 2010 N2 - For the classification of chemicals, special standardized test procedures have been developed and are used world-wide. Safe handling and use of these chemicals depend on the correct classification which therefore must be based on the precise and correct execution of the tests and their evaluation. In this context interlaboratory tests (round robin tests, interlaboratory comparisons / intercomparisons) are a crucial element of a laboratory's quality system. Participation in interlaboratory tests is explicitly recommended by the standard ISO/IEC 17025. The present document reports on the results of the interlaboratory test 2009/2010 on the test methods UN O.2 “Test for oxidizing liquids” [1] / EC A.21 “Oxidizing Properties (Liquids)” [2] which was organized by the Center for Quality Assurance for Testing of Dangerous Goods and Hazardous Substances. The test methods UN O.2 and EC A.21 are applied to characterize the oxidizing properties of liquid chemical substances or mixtures. To differentiate between chemicals with hazardous / dangerous oxidizing properties and chemicals which are not classified as hazardous / dangerous, the substance’s oxidizing properties are compared to those of a standard reference substance. Since the methods (UN O.2 / EC A.21) were developed and came into force in the early nineties a systematic review concerning the practical application of the test method has not been carried out. KW - Oxidiser KW - Oxidierend KW - Gefahrgut KW - Dangerous goods KW - UN O.2 KW - Prüfmethode KW - Test method PY - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-250904 SN - 978-3-9814634-0-8 SP - 1 EP - 95 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin ET - Final report AN - OPUS4-25090 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Antoni, S. A1 - Kunath, K. A1 - Lüth, Peter A1 - Schlage, R. A1 - Simon, K. A1 - Uhlig, S. A1 - Wildner, W. A1 - Zimmermann, C. T1 - Evaluation of the interlaboratory test on the method UN test O.1 'Test for oxidizing solids' with sodium perborate monohydrate 2005 / 06 N2 - The classification of solid oxidizers according to the GHS (Globally Harmonized System of Classifica-tion and Labelling of Chemicals) and according to regulations on the transport of dangerous goods (based on the UN Recommendations/Model Regulations and implemented in all carrier domains as transport by road, railway, sea, air) is performed on the basis of the results of the UN test O.1 (―Test for oxidizing solids‖ described in chapter 34.4.1 in the Recommendations on the Transport of Danger-ous Goods, Manual of Tests and Criteria, Fifth revised edition, United Nations, New York and Geneva, 2009). This test was introduced into the UN Test Manual in 1995 as a replacement for a similar test from 1986. Even though the O.1 test is much better than the previous one there are still many prob-lems with this test. For this reason the IGUS-EOS working group (international group of experts on the explosion risks of unstable substances – working group: energetic and oxidizing substances) installed an ad-hoc working group in 2002 assigned with the task of proposing solutions for the existing prob-lems. The adequacy of such proposals has to be proven preferably by interlaboratory comparison (interlaboratory test) before they are presented to the UN Sub Committee for adoption into the UN Test Manual. The present report is the evaluation of an interlaboratory test which was designed by the Ad-hoc working group in order to find out whether the current method of comparing combustion times of test mixtures with those of reference mixtures is suitable in principle and whether some approaches for improvement of the method can be identified. KW - Oxidiser KW - Oxidierend KW - Gefahrgut KW - Dangerous goods KW - UN O.1 KW - Prüfmethode KW - Test method PY - 2010 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-250919 UR - http://www.bam.de/de/service/publikationen/publikationen_medien/un_test_for_oxidizing_solids_final_report_on_interlab_test.pdf SN - 978-3-9814281-2-4 SP - 1 EP - 65 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin ET - Final report AN - OPUS4-25091 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Kunath, K. A1 - Lüth, Peter A1 - Uhlig, S. T1 - Interlaboratory test on the method UN test N.5 / EC A.12 'Substances which, in contact with water, emit flammable gases' 2007 N2 - For the classification of chemicals, special standardized test procedures have been developed and are used world-wide. Safe handling and use of these chemicals depend on the correct classification which therefore must be based on the precise and correct execution of the tests and their evaluation. In this context interlaboratory tests (round robin tests, interlaboratory comparisons / intercomparisons) are a crucial element of a laboratory's quality system. Participation in interlaboratory tests is explicitly recommended by the standard ISO/IEC 17025. The present document reports on the results of the interlaboratory test 2007 on the method UN Test N.5 “Test method for substances which in contact with water emit flammable gases” [1] / EC A.12 “Flammability (contact with water)” [2] which was organized by the Center for Quality Assurance for Testing of Dangerous Goods and Hazardous Substances. In dependence on the chemical structure and/or the physical form and state (e.g. particle size) substances or mixtures may be able to react with water (even water damp / air humidity) under normal ambient temperature conditions. Sometimes this reaction can be violent and/or with significant generation of heat. Especially if gases are evolved this reaction may become dangerous. In addition, it is important to know whether a substance emits flammable gases due to contact with water because special precautions are necessary especially with regard to explosion protection. The methods UN Test N.5 and EC A.12 are applied to characterize chemical substances or mixtures which in contact with water emit flammable gases. To differentiate between chemicals with these properties and chemicals which are not classified as hazardous / dangerous, the substance’s gas evolution rate is determined and compared to the classification criteria(s) in the last step of the test method. In the methods UN Test N.5 / EC A.12 no special laboratory apparatus / measuring technique to determine gas evolving flow is required. However, practical experience shows that the testing procedure for substances and mixtures which in contact with water emit flammable gases is sensitive to a number of influencing factors. Since the methods (UN N.5 / EC A.12) were developed and came into force in the early nineties a systematic review concerning the practical application of the test method has not been carried out. KW - Flammability KW - Entzündbar KW - Gefahrgut KW - Dangerous goods KW - UN N.5 KW - EC A.12 KW - Prüfmethode KW - Test method PY - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-250944 SN - 978-3-9814634-1-5 SP - 1 EP - 35 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-25094 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Antoni, S. A1 - Clemens, J. A1 - Kunath, K. A1 - Rabe, J. A1 - Simon, K. A1 - Uhlig, S. A1 - Wehrstedt, Klaus-Dieter T1 - Evaluation of the 3rd round robin on solid oxidizer test (UN O.1) with calcium peroxide, sodium nitrate, sodium perborate monohydrate N2 - The classification of solid oxidizers according to the regulations on the transport of dangerous goods (based on the UN Recommendations/Model Regulations and accepted by all international organisations for the transport of dangerous goods as ADR, IMO, IATA) and in future also according to the GHS (Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals) is performed on the basis of the results of the UN test O.1 (UN test O.1 ―Test for oxidizing solids‖ described in chapter 34.4.1 in the Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods – Manual of Tests and Criteria, see [1]). This test was introduced into the UN Manual of Tests and Criteria in 1995 as a replacement for a similar test from 1986. Even if the UN O.1 test as described in the current 5th revised edition of UN Manual of Tests and Criteria gives some improvements compared to the old test, which had had many deficiencies, there are still some problems left with this test in terms of e.g. repeatability or reproducibility of test results, how to handle compacted or multilayer formulations like tablets, toxicity and partly significantly varying particle size distribution within defined fractions of 150 μm to 300 μm of the reference oxidizer potassium bromate (KBrO3). For this reason the IGUS EOS working group installed an ad-hoc working group in 2002 assigned with the task to propose solutions for the existing problems. The appropriateness of such proposed solutions has to be proved by the method of interlaboratory (round robin) tests before they are presented for the adoption to the UN Committee of Experts on the TDG and on the GHS with a proposal of a completely revised test procedure. KW - Round robin KW - Solid oxidizer test KW - United Nations KW - IGUS KW - EOS KW - Calcium peroxide KW - Sodium nitrate KW - Sodium perborate monohydrate PY - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-232246 SN - 978-3-9813853-7-3 IS - Final Report, 2009 - 2011 SP - 1 EP - 192 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-23224 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Töpfer, Antje A1 - Uhlig, S. A1 - Baldauf, H. T1 - Characterisation of leaching of biocidal active substances of main group 2 'preservatives' from different materials under weathering conditions (Project No. (FKZ) 3708 65 404, Report No. (UBA-FB) 001641/E) N2 - Anwendungen von Bioziden in Materialien für Außenanwendungen sind mögliche Quellen für Biozide in Umweltkompartimenten infolge von witterungsbedingten Auswaschprozessen. Im Bericht werden Leachingprozesse und -parameter als auch Methoden zu deren Untersuchung unter Labor- und Freilandversuchsbedingungen beschrieben. Vorteile und Grenzen der verschiedenen Herangehensweisen zur Untersuchung von Leachingprozessen werden diskutiert. Standardisierte Auswaschtests sowie in der Fachliteratur publizierte Auswaschexperimente werden zusammenfassend dargestellt. Es wird beschrieben, wie Leachingdaten gemäß Technischem Leitfaden zur Biozidprodukten-Richtlinie 98/8/EG für eine Risikobewertung genutzt werden. Ein alternativer Ansatz zur mathematischen Modellierung von Leachingtest-Daten wurde erprobt und wird im Bericht erläutert. Potentiell lassen sich mit dem vorgeschlagenen Ansatz bestimmte gegenwärtig auftretende Schwierigkeiten bei der Risikobewertung umgehen. Applications of biocides in outdoor materials are potential sources of biocides in environmental compartments due to leaching processes under weathering conditions. Leaching processes and parameters as well as methods to investigate leaching processes under laboratory and semi-field conditons are described in the report. Benefits and limitations of different test approaches are discussed. Standardised leaching tests as well as leaching experiments reported in scientific literature are listed. The application of leaching data for risk assessments according to the Technical Guidance Documents for the Biocidal Products Directive (98/8/EC) is described. An alternative approach for mathematical modelling of leaching data was tested and is Explained in the report. Certain difficulties that currently appear during risk assessments may be circumvented by the proposed approach. KW - Test procedures KW - Biocide KW - EU biocidal products directive 98/8/EC KW - Material preservatives KW - In-can preservatives KW - Film preservatives KW - Fibre KW - Leather KW - Rubber and polymerised materials preservatives KW - Masonry preservatives KW - Weathering KW - Leaching KW - Mathematical modelling KW - Risk assessment KW - Biozid KW - EU Biozidproduktenrichtlinie 98/8/EG KW - Materialschutzmittel KW - Topf-Konservierungsmittel KW - Beschichtungsschutzmittel KW - Schutzmittel für Fasern KW - Leder KW - Gummi und polymerisierte Materialien KW - Schutzmittel für Mauerwerk KW - Bewitterung KW - Auswaschung KW - Testverfahren KW - Laborversuche KW - Freilandversuche KW - Mathematische Modellierung KW - Risikobewertung PY - 2012 UR - http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/characterisation-of-leaching-of-biocidal-active SN - 1862-4804 SN - 0722-186X IS - 62 SP - 1 EP - 118 PB - Umweltbundesamt CY - Dessau-Roßlau AN - OPUS4-26520 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lüth, Peter A1 - Uhlig, S. A1 - Frost, K. A1 - Malow, Marcus A1 - Michael-Schulz, Heike A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Zakel, Sabine T1 - CEQAT-DGHS interlaboratory tests for chemical safety: Validation of laboratory test methods by determining the measurement uncertainty and probability of incorrect classification including so-called “Shark profiles” N2 - Laboratory test results are of vital importance for correctly classifying and labelling chemicals as “hazardous” as defined in the UN Globally Harmonized System (GHS) / EC CLP Regulation or as “dangerous goods” as defined in the UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods. Interlaboratory tests play a decisive role in assessing the reliability of laboratory test results. Interlaboratory tests performed over the last 10 years have examined different laboratory test methods. After analysing the results of these interlaboratory tests, the following conclusions can be drawn: 1. There is a need for improvement and validation for all laboratory test methods examined. 2. To avoid any discrepancy concerning the classification and labelling of chemicals, the use of validated laboratory test methods should be state of the art, with the results accompanied by the measurement uncertainty and (if applicable) the probability of incorrect classification. This paper addresses the probability of correct/incorrect classification (for example, as dangerous goods) on the basis of the measurement deviation obtained from interlaboratory tests performed by the Centre for quality assurance for testing of dangerous goods and hazardous substances (CEQAT-DGHS) to validate laboratory test methods. This paper outlines typical results (e.g. so-called “Shark profiles” – the probability of incorrect classification as a function of the true value estimated from interlaboratory test data) as well as general conclusions and steps to be taken to guarantee that laboratory test results are fit for purpose and of high quality. T2 - 13th International Symposium on Hazards, Prevention and Mitigation of Industrial Explosions (ISHPMIE 2020) CY - Brunswick, Germany DA - 27.07.2020 KW - Dangerous goods KW - Hazardous substances KW - Interlaboratory test KW - Test method KW - Validation KW - Quality assurance KW - Measurement uncertainty KW - Incorrect classification KW - Shark profiles PY - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2021.104532 SN - 0950-4230/ VL - 72 SP - 104532 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-52751 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Mathies, Helena A1 - Wegner, R. A1 - Uhlig, S. A1 - Baldauf, H. A1 - Colson, B. T1 - Leaching of biocides from organic coatings N2 - Biocide leaching was investigated for acrylate and vinyl acetate based coatings containing biocides either as liquid formulations or microcapsules. Laboratory and field tests indicate similar relations of results on carbendazim, diuron, terbutryn and OIT from different coatings in laboratory and field experiments. Emissions were higher in EN 16105 laboratory tests than from vertically installed test specimens exposed to weathering, and slower for microencapsulated biocides. Competing processes that cause losses of active substances can occur in both tests, but to a higher degree in field experiments. Emission curves related to runoff water were similar in repeated field experiments. Relative humidity, temperature and global radiation were identified as meteorological factors that affect leaching by complex interaction besides the amount of driving rain. T2 - 12th International Conference 'Advances in Coatings Technology ACT´16' CY - Sosnowiec, Poland DA - 08.11.2016 KW - Biocide KW - Leaching KW - Coating PY - 2016 SN - 978‒83‒63555‒50‒4 SP - Paper 51, 1 EP - 10 AN - OPUS4-38236 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lüth, Peter A1 - Brandes, E. A1 - Frost, K. A1 - Kurth, Lutz A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Michael-Schulz, Heike A1 - Uhlig, S. T1 - CEQAT-DGHS Ringversuchsprogramm der BAM in Kooperation mit QuoData und PTB N2 - Bei der Bewertung der Verlässlichkeit der im Labor gewonnenen Prüfergebnisse spielen Ringversuche eine entscheidende Rolle. Die Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) unterstützt deshalb den weiteren Ausbau des Ringversuchsprogramms des im Jahr 2007 gegründeten Kompetenzzentrums zur Qualitätssicherung für Prüfungen von Gefahrgütern und Gefahrstoffen auf physikalische Gefahren (Centre for quality assurance for testing of dangerous goods and hazardous substances, CEQAT-DGHS). Bei allen bisher untersuchten Prüfmethoden besteht ein Verbesserungsbedarf. Die RV müssen daher zunächst auf die Methodenentwicklung, -verbesserung und -validierung abzielen und nicht auf Leistungstests. T2 - 14. Kolloquium zur chemischen und physikalischen Sicherheitstechnik (BAM-PTB-Kolloquium) CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 14.06.2016 KW - Gefahrgut KW - Gefahrstoff KW - Ringversuch KW - Prüfmethode KW - Validierung KW - Qualitätssicherung PY - 2016 SN - 978-3-9817853-5-7 SN - 0938-5533 SP - 143 EP - 143 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-38464 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Mathies, Helena A1 - Wegner, R. A1 - Uhlig, S A1 - Baldauf, H. A1 - Colson, B T1 - Leaching of biocides from organic coatings N2 - Biocide leaching was investigated for acrylate and vinyl acetate based coatings containing biocides either as liquid formulations or microcapsules. Laboratory and field tests indicate similar relations of results on carbendazim, diuron, terbutryn and OIT from different coatings in laboratory and field experiments. Emissions were higher in EN 16105 laboratory tests than from vertically installed test specimens exposed to weathering, and slower for microencapsulated biocides. Competing processes that cause losses of active substances can occur in both tests, but to a higher degree in field experiments. Emission curves related to runoff water were similar in repeated field experiments. Relative humidity, temperature and global radiation were identified as meteorological factors that affect leaching by complex interaction besides the amount of driving rain. KW - Leaching KW - Biozid KW - Beschichtung PY - 2016 SN - 1230-3321 IS - 4 SP - 3 EP - 9 AN - OPUS4-38909 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lüth, Peter A1 - Brandes, E. A1 - Frost, K. A1 - Kurth, Lutz A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Michael-Schulz, Heike A1 - Uhlig, S. T1 - CEQAT-DGHS Ringversuchsprogramm für die Chemikaliensicherheit -Methodenvalidierung N2 - Bei der Bewertung der Verlässlichkeit der im Labor gewonnenen Prüfergebnisse spielen Ringversuche eine entscheidende Rolle. Die Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM) unterstützt deshalb den weiteren Ausbau des Ringversuchsprogramms des im Jahr 2007 gegründeten Kompetenzzentrums zur Qualitätssicherung für Prüfungen von Gefahrgütern und Gefahrstoffen auf physikalische Gefahren (Centre for quality assurance for testing of dangerous goods and hazardous substances, CEQAT-DGHS). Bei allen bisher untersuchten Prüfmethoden besteht ein Verbesserungsbedarf. Die RV müssen daher zunächst auf die Methodenentwicklung, -verbesserung und -validierung und auf die Bestimmung der Messunsicherheit der jeweiligen Prüfmethode abzielen und nicht auf Leistungstests. T2 - Behörden-Erfahungsaustausch CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 4. Juni 2018 KW - Prüfmethode KW - Methodenvalidierung KW - Gefahrgut KW - Gefahrstoff KW - Qualitätssicherung PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45297 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Mathies, Helena A1 - Wegner, R. A1 - Uhlig, S. A1 - Baldauf, H. A1 - Colson, B. T1 - Emissions of material preservatives into the environment - realistic extimation of environmental risks through the improved characterisation of the leaching of biocides from treated materials used outdoors N2 - This report supports the implementation of European regulations on biocidal products for the product types 7, 9 and 10. Emission of active substances from material preservatives into environmental compartments can occur due precipitation. Risk characterisations have to be based on estimations of environmental concentrations of target substances leached from material preservatives. Harmonised test procedures are required to predict environmental impact due to leaching. Seventeen treated articles, mainly paints, but also a textile, sealing tapes and sealing masses were investigated by intermittent contact to water to prove suitability of the proposed laboratory test procedure. Parameters that affect leaching of active substances were examined. Further development of a semi-analytical model to describe laboratory leaching data revealed that the model can be improved if changes of the leachability of substances during the test are supposed and integrated. Six paints and a textile were exposed to weathering to compare results from laboratory and field experiments. Similarities between leaching processes in both test approaches were observed. Generally, emissions of active substances are considerably higher in laboratory tests than from vertically installed test specimens exposed to weathering. Competing processes that cause losses of active substances can occur in both tests, but to a higher degree in field experiments. In addition, the influence of meteorological parameters on leaching processes was investigated. Factors besides the amount of driving rain were identified that effect leaching processes by complex interaction. Relations between laboratory and field data were analysed, and the applicability of the semi-analytical model was tested for field data. Guidance documents for leaching tests under laboratory and field conditions were drafted and discussed with experts on EU Level workshop 3./4. July 2014, BAM, Berlin), and are included in this Report. N2 - Dieser Bericht unterstützt die Umsetzung europäischer Regelungen für Biozidprodukte der Produkttypen 7, 9 und 10. Die Freisetzung von Wirkstoffen aus Materialschutzmitteln in Umweltkompartimente kann bei Niederschlagsereignissen auftreten. Risikocharakterisierungen müssen auf Abschätzungen von Umweltkonzentrationen der betrachteten Stoffe basieren. Harmonisierte Testverfahren sind erforderlich, um eine Beeinflussung der Umwelt durch Auswaschung vorherzusagen. Siebzehn behandelte Waren, vor allem Farben, aber auch ein Textil, Dichtungsbänder und Dichtungsmassen wurden bei periodischem Wasserkontakt untersucht, um die Anwendbarkeit des vorgeschlagenen Laborverfahrens nachzuweisen. Faktoren, die Einfluss auf die Auswaschung von Wirkstoffen haben, wurden untersucht. Die Wieterentwicklung eines semianalytischen Modells zur Beschreibung von Auswaschdaten aus Laborversuchen ergab, dass das Modell verbessert werden kann, wenn eine Änderung der Auswaschbarkeit von Substanzen während des Versuchs angenommen und einbezogen wird. Sechs Farben und ein Textil wurden der Witterung ausgesetzt, um Ergebnisse aus Labor- und Freilandversuchen zu vergleichen. Zwischen Auswaschprozessen in beiden Versuchsansätzen wurden Ähnlichkeiten beobachtet. Im Allgemeinen sind die Emissionen von Wirkstoffen im Laborversuch deutlich höher als bei vertikal installierten bewitterten Prüfkörpern. Konkurrierende Prozesse, die Verluste an Wirkstoffen bewirken, können in beiden Testverfahren auftreten, sind aber im Freilandversuch stärker ausgeprägt. Außerdem wurde der Einfluss von meteorologischen Parametern auf Auswaschprozesse untersucht. Es wurden Faktoren identifiziert, die zusätzlich zur Schlagregenmenge durch komplexe Interaktion auf Auswaschprozesse wirken. Beziehungen zwischen Labor- und Frei-landdaten wurden analysiert und die Anwendbarkeit des semianalytischen Modells für Freilanddaten getestet. Leitfäden für Auswaschversuche unter Labor-bzw. Freilandbedingungen wurden entworfen, mit europäischen Experten diskutiert (Workshop 3./4. Juli 2014, BAM, Berlin) und sind Bestandteil dieses Berichts. KW - EU Biocides Regulation KW - Leaching tests KW - Treated articles KW - Modelling KW - EU-Biozidverordnung KW - Auswaschversuche KW - Behandelte Waren KW - Modellierung PY - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-355139 SN - 1862-4804 SP - 1 EP - 136 AN - OPUS4-35513 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lüth, Peter A1 - Uhlig, S. A1 - Frost, K. A1 - Malow, Marcus A1 - Michael-Schulz, Heike A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Zakel, S. T1 - CEQAT-DGHS interlaboratory tests for chemical safety: Validation of laboratory test methods by determining the measurement uncertainty and probability of incorrect classification including so-called “Shark profiles” N2 - Laboratory test results are of vital importance for correctly classifying and labelling chemicals as “hazardous” as defined in the UN Globally Harmonized System (GHS) / EC CLP Regulation or as “dangerous goods” as defined in the UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods. Interlaboratory tests play a decisive role in assessing the reliability of laboratory test results. Interlaboratory tests performed over the last 10 years have examined different laboratory test methods. After analysing the results of these interlaboratory tests, the following conclusions can be drawn: 1. There is a need for improvement and validation for all laboratory test methods examined. 2. To avoid any discrepancy concerning the classification and labelling of chemicals, the use of validated laboratory test methods should be state of the art, with the results accompanied by the measurement uncertainty and (if applicable) the probability of incorrect classification. This paper addresses the probability of correct/incorrect classification (for example, as dangerous goods) on the basis of the measurement deviation obtained from interlaboratory tests performed by the Centre for quality assurance for testing of dangerous goods and hazardous substances (CEQAT-DGHS) to validate laboratory test methods. This paper outlines typical results (e.g. so-called “Shark profiles” – the probability of incorrect classification as a function of the true value estimated from interlaboratory test data) as well as general conclusions and steps to be taken to guarantee that laboratory test results are fit for purpose and of high quality. T2 - 13th International Symposium on Hazards, Prevention and Mitigation of Industrial Explosions (ISHPMIE 2020) CY - Braunschweig, Germany DA - 27.07.2020 KW - Dangerous goods KW - Hazardous substances KW - Interlaboratory test KW - Test method KW - Validation KW - Quality assurance KW - Measurement uncertainty KW - Incorrect classification KW - Shark profile PY - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-515376 UR - https://oar.ptb.de/files/download/5f3e662f4c93901010006dbf VL - 2020 SP - 50 EP - 61 PB - Open Access Repository der Physikalisch-Technischen Bundesanstalt (PTB-OAR) CY - Braunschweig AN - OPUS4-51537 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lüth, Peter A1 - Frost, K. A1 - Kurth, Lutz A1 - Malow, Marcus A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Michael-Schulz, Heike A1 - Uhlig, S. A1 - Zakel, S. T1 - CEQAT-DGHS Ringversuchsprogramm für die Chemikaliensicherheit - Schlussfolgerungen N2 - Die Ursachen für Chemikalienunfälle können vielfältig sein. Prävention beginnt bereits im Prüflabor, wenn Chemikalien auf ihre gefährlichen Eigenschaften getestet werden. Dazu sind Prüfmethoden entwickelt und veröffentlicht worden, die heute weltweit Anwendung finden. Auf die Validität der Prüfmethode und richtige Durchführung der Prüfung im Laboratorium müssen sich Sicherheitsfachkräfte, Transporteure oder Händler verlassen können. Anhand der in den letzten 10 Jahren im Rahmen des CEQAT-DGHS von BAM und PTB durchgeführten Ringversuche (RV) wird gezeigt, dass bei allen bisher untersuchten Prüfmethoden ein Verbesserungsbedarf besteht. Die RV müssen daher zunächst auf die Methodenverbesserung und -validierung abzielen und nicht auf Leistungstests. Das Labormanagement und die praktische Durchführung der Prüfung sind in vielen Laboratorien verbesserungsbedürftig. Der Begriff „Erfahrung der Prüfer“ ist kritisch zu sehen: Eine „lange Erfahrung mit vielen Prüfungen“ ist nicht unbedingt ein Garant für richtige Ergebnisse. T2 - 15. BAM-PTB-Kolloquium zur chemischen und physikalischen Sicherheitstechnik CY - Braunschweig, Germany DA - 21.05.2019 KW - Gefahrgut KW - Gefahrstoff KW - Ringversuch KW - Prüfmethode KW - Validierung KW - Qualitätssicherung PY - 2019 UR - https://www.ptb.de/cms/index.php?id=18763 U6 - https://doi.org/10.7795/210.20190521M SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) CY - Braunschweig AN - OPUS4-49489 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lüth, Peter A1 - Frost, K. A1 - Kurth, Lutz A1 - Malow, Marcus A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Michael-Schulz, Heike A1 - Uhlig, S. A1 - Zakel, S. T1 - CEQAT-DGHS Ringversuchsprogramm für die Chemikaliensicherheit – Entwicklung von Verfahren zur Verifizierung der Prüfapparatur am Beispiel der Prüfmethode UN Test N.5 N2 - Prävention beginnt im Prüflabor, wenn Chemikalien auf ihre gefährlichen Eigenschaften getestet werden. Dazu sind Prüfmethoden entwickelt und veröffentlicht worden, die heute weltweit Anwendung finden. Auf die Validität der Prüfmethode und richtige Durchführung der Prüfung im Laboratorium müssen sich Sicherheitsfachkräfte, Transporteure oder Händler verlassen können. Anhand der in den letzten 10 Jahren im Rahmen des CEQAT-DGHS von BAM und PTB durchgeführten Ringversuche (RV) wird gezeigt, dass bei allen bisher untersuchten Prüfmethoden ein Verbesserungsbedarf besteht. Die RV müssen daher zunächst auf die Methodenverbesserung und -validierung abzielen und nicht auf Leistungstests. Das Labormanagement und die praktische Durchführung der Prüfung sind in vielen Laboratorien verbesserungsbedürftig. Der Begriff „Erfahrung der Prüfer“ ist kritisch zu sehen: Eine „lange Erfahrung mit vielen Prüfungen“ ist nicht unbedingt ein Garant für richtige Ergebnisse. Bei der Prüfung der gefährlichen Eigenschaften von Chemikalien sind Referenzmaterialen auf Grund der Instabilität in der Regel nicht verfügbar. Für Prüflaboratorien sind RV daher eine Alternative bei der Qualitätssicherung. RV sind jedoch aufwendig und können nur in relativ großen Zeitabständen durchgeführt werden. Es sind deshalb Verfahren zur Verifizierung z. B. der in den Laboratorien verwendeten Prüfapparaturen zu entwickeln. Die Entwicklung von Verifizierungsverfahren wird am Bespiel der Prüfmethode UN Test N.5 demonstriert. T2 - 15. BAM-PTB-Kolloquium zur chemischen und physikalischen Sicherheitstechnik CY - Braunschweig, Germany DA - 21.05.2019 KW - Gefahrgut KW - Gefahrstoff KW - Ringversuch KW - Prüfmethode KW - Validierung KW - Qualitätssicherung KW - Verifizierung PY - 2019 UR - https://www.ptb.de/cms/index.php?id=18763 U6 - https://doi.org/10.7795/210.20190521E SP - 1 EP - 10 CY - Braunschweig AN - OPUS4-49495 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lüth, Peter A1 - Frost, K. A1 - Kurth, Lutz A1 - Malow, Marcus A1 - Michael-Schulz, Heike A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Schulte, Petra A1 - Uhlig, S. A1 - Zakel, S. T1 - CEQAT-DGHS Interlaboratory Test Programme for Chemical Safety - Need of Test Methods Validation N2 - Safety experts, manufacturers, suppliers, importers, employers or consumers must be able to rely on the validity of safety-related test methods and on correct test results and assessments in the laboratory. Via the eChemPortal lots of data from the REACH registration dossiers are available. However, the quality and correctness of the information remains in the responsibility of the data submitter. Unfortunately, we found more or less appropriate information on physicochemical properties and concluded that more quality or adequacy of any data submitted will be needed. Interlaboratory tests play a decisive role in assessing the reliability of test results. Interlaboratory tests on different test methods have been performed by Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM) and Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) in collaboration with the QuoData GmbH during the last 10 years. Significant differences between the results of the participating laboratories were observed in all interlaboratory tests. The deviations of the test results were not caused only by laboratory faults but also by deficiencies of the test method. In view of the interlaboratory test results the following conclusions can be drawn: • To avoid any discrepancy on classification and labelling of chemicals it should become state of the art to use validated test methods and the results accompanied by the measurement uncertainty. • A need for improvement is demonstrated for all examined test methods. Thus, interlaboratory tests shall initially aim at the development, improvement and validation of the test methods and not on proficiency tests. • The laboratory management and the practical execution of the tests need to be improved in many laboratories. • The term "experience of the examiner" must be seen critically: A "long experience with many tests" is not necessarily a guarantee for correct results. T2 - 16th International Symposium on Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries and accompanying exhibition. Loss prevention 2019 CY - Delft, The Netherlands DA - 16.06.2019 KW - Dangerous goods KW - Hazardous substances KW - Round robin test KW - Interlaboratory comparison KW - Test method KW - Validation KW - Quality assurance PY - 2019 UR - https://www.aidic.it/cet/19/77/001.pdf SN - 978-88-95608-74-7 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3303/CET1977001 SN - 2283-9216 VL - 77 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - Italian Association of Chemical Engineering AN - OPUS4-49496 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lüth, Peter A1 - Brandes, E. A1 - Frost, K. A1 - Kurth, Lutz A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Michael-Schulz, Heike A1 - Uhlig, S. T1 - CEQAT-DGHS Ringversuchsprogramm für die Chemikaliensicherheit – Methodenvalidierung N2 - Bei der Bewertung der Verlässlichkeit der im Labor gewonnenen Prüfergebnisse spielen Ringversuche eine entscheidende Rolle. Die Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM) unterstützt deshalb den weiteren Ausbau des Ringversuchsprogramms des im Jahr 2007 gegründeten Kompetenzzentrums zur Qualitätssicherung für Prüfungen von Gefahrgütern und Gefahrstoffen auf physikalische Gefahren (Centre for quality assurance for testing of dangerous goods and hazardous substances, CEQAT-DGHS). Bei allen bisher untersuchten Prüfmethoden besteht ein Verbesserungsbedarf. Die RV müssen daher zunächst auf die Methodenentwicklung, -verbesserung und -validierung und auf die Bestimmung der Messunsicherheit der jeweiligen Prüfmethode abzielen und nicht auf Leistungstests. T2 - 13. Fachtagung Anlagen-, Arbeits- und Umweltsicherheit CY - Köthen, Germany DA - 16.11.2017 KW - Gefahrgut KW - Gefahrstoff KW - Ringversuch KW - Prüfmethode KW - Validierung KW - Qualitätssicherung PY - 2017 SN - 978-3-96057-032-5 SP - 1 EP - 13 CY - Köthen AN - OPUS4-43299 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Brandes, E. A1 - Colson, B. A1 - Frost, K. A1 - Lüth, Peter A1 - Simon, K. A1 - Stolz, T. A1 - Uhlig, S. T1 - Evaluation of the interlaboratory test 2015 – 2016 on the method UN Test L.2 “Sustained combustibility test” / EN ISO 9038:2013 “Determination of sustained combustibility of liquids" N2 - The test methods UN Test L.2 / EN ISO 9038:2013 DIN EN 15188:2007 are applied to characterize the sustained combustibility of liquids i.e. the behaviour of a material under specified test conditions, whereby its vapour can be ignited by an ignition source and sufficient flammable vapour is produced to continue burning for at least 15 s after the source of ignition has been removed. The aims of this interlaboratory test (IT) are the verification and/or the improvement (if necessary) of the verification data (reference material) in Annex B of EN ISO 9038:2013, the assessment of influencing (disturbing) factors (laboratory specific factors, which possibly may have an influence on the test result) and the assessment of the performance of the participating laboratories. It could be demonstrated that the reference materials n-Dodecane, n-Decane and n-Undecane as mentioned in the standard are suitable and the verification shall continue to be valid. Sustained combustibility tests are influenced by several factors like the presence of a draught shield, the experience of the laboratory assistant, verification of the apparatus, calibration of the metering device. Based on the interlaboratory test, the gained experience and the actual results, well-founded measures / actions can be recommended to improve execution of the method. The IT was organized by PTB, BAM and QuoData GmbH in the framework of the co-operation project CEQAT-DGHS Centre for Quality Assurance for Testing of Dangerous Goods and Hazardous Substances. KW - Dangerous goods KW - Hazardous substances KW - Test method KW - Quality assurance KW - Interlaboratory comparison KW - Round robin test KW - Validation KW - Sustained combustibility KW - Reference material KW - Gefahrgut KW - Gefahrstoff KW - Prüfmethode KW - Qualitätssicherung KW - Ringversuch KW - Validierung KW - Selbstunterhaltende Verbrennung KW - Referenzmaterial PY - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-410270 SN - 978-3-9818270-3-3 SP - 1 EP - 103 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-41027 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Uhlig, S. A1 - Colson, B. A1 - Schoknecht, Ute T1 - A mathematical approach for the analysis of data obtained from the monitoring of biocides leached from treated materials exposed to outdoor conditions N2 - Leaching processes are responsible for the release of biocides from treated materials into the environment. Adequate modeling of emission processes is required in order to predict emission values in the framework of the risk assessment of biocidal products intended for long-term service life. Regression approaches have been applied to data obtained from the long-term monitoring of biocide emissions in experiments involving semi-field conditions. Due to the complex interaction of different underlying mechanisms such as water and biocide diffusion and desorption, however, these attempts have proven to be of limited usefulness e at least, for the available biocide emission data. It seems that the behavior of the biocide emission curve depends to a considerable extent on whichever underlying mechanism is slowest at a given point in time, thus limiting the amount of biocide available for release. Building on results obtained in the past few years, the authors propose a criterion for determining which mechanism controls the leaching process at a given point in time based on the slope of the log-log emission curve. In addition, a first-order approximation of this slope value is presented which displays advantages both in terms of computability and interpretability. Finally, an algorithm for the determination of breakpoints in the slope of the log-log emission curve is presented for the demarcation of phases within which one mechanism acts as a limiting factor. KW - Biocides KW - Leaching KW - Weathering KW - Mathematical analysis PY - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.102 SN - 0045-6535 SN - 1879-1298 VL - 228 SP - 271 EP - 277 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-47886 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -