TY - JOUR A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias A1 - Stoppel, Markus A1 - Petrov, Sergej A1 - Hohendorf, Stefan A1 - Goedecke, Thomas T1 - Two application examples of RFID sensor systems-identification and diagnosis of concrete components and monitoring of dangerous goods transports N2 - The combination of RFID tags and energy efficient sensors offers promising potential for identification, diagnosis, and monitoring applications - particularly when it comes to objacts, which require continuous observation and which are difficult to access with conventional tools. This paper presents two examples as an outlook for RFID sensor systems in embedded structures and in mobile applications. KW - RFID sensors systems KW - Diagnosis of concrete components KW - Monitoring of dangerous goods PY - 2015 SN - 2221-870X VL - 4 IS - 2 SP - 85 EP - 89 CY - Braunschweig AN - OPUS4-33608 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias A1 - Stoppel, Markus A1 - Petrov, Sergej A1 - Hohendorf, Stefan A1 - Goedecke, Thomas T1 - Two application examples of RFID sensor systems - Identification and diagnosis of concrete components and monitoring of dangerous goods transports N2 - The combination of radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags with different types of sensors offers excellent potential for applications with regard to identification, diagnosis, and monitoring. This should be demonstrated by means of two examples of actual developments carried out by the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM). The Identification and diagnosis of concrete components is a major task in the maintenance of critical infrastructure, for instance concrete bridges with heavy traffic volume. A feasibility study investigates the application of RFID sensor systems for this task. The second example reviews the transportation of dangerous goods. Using modern technologies enables promising possibilities to reduce accidents and to avoid non-conformity with transportation regulations. Project results demonstrate an innovative technical solution for monitoring of dangerous goods transports with RFID sensor systems. T2 - 13th IMEKO TC10 Workshop on technical diagnostics CY - Warsaw, Poland DA - 26.04.2014 KW - RFID Sensor systems KW - Monitoring KW - Bridge components KW - Dangerous goods PY - 2014 SN - 978-92-990073-3-4 SP - ID 0019, 111 EP - 115 AN - OPUS4-30990 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Stoppel, Markus A1 - Fakhouri, A. ED - Grantham, M. ED - Basheer, P. A. M. ED - Magee, B. ED - Soutsos, M. T1 - Suitability of embedded RFID-sensors for concrete bridge structures T2 - Concrete Solutions 2014 CY - Belfast, UK DA - 2014-09-01 KW - NDT KW - Embedded sensors KW - RFID KW - Moisture measurement KW - Corrosion PY - 2014 SN - 978-1-138-02708-4 SP - 1 EP - 6(?) PB - CRC Press AN - OPUS4-31723 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cotic, Patricia A1 - Jaglicic, Z. A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst A1 - Stoppel, Markus A1 - Bosiljkov, V. T1 - Image fusion for improved detection of near-surface defects in NDT-CE using unsupervised clustering methods N2 - The capabilities of non-destructive testing (NDT) methods for defect detection in civil engineering are characterized by their different penetration depth, resolution and sensitivity to material properties. Therefore, in many cases multi-sensor NDT has to be performed, producing large data sets that require an efficient data evaluation framework. In this work an image fusion methodology is proposed based on unsupervised clustering methods. Their performance is evaluated on ground penetrating radar and infrared thermography data from laboratory concrete specimens with different simulated near-surface defects. It is shown that clustering could effectively partition the data for further feature level-based data fusion by improving the detectability of defects simulating delamination, voids and localized water. A comparison with supervised symbol level fusion shows that clustering-based fusion outperforms this, especially in situations with very limited knowledge about the material properties and depths of the defects. Additionally, clustering is successfully applied in a case study where a multi-sensor NDT data set was automatically collected by a self-navigating mobile robot system. KW - Non-destructive testing KW - Concrete KW - Defect detection KW - Data fusion KW - Cluster analysis KW - Image fusion KW - Thermography KW - Radar KW - Ultrasonics KW - Defects PY - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-014-0232-1 SN - 0195-9298 SN - 1573-4862 VL - 33 IS - 3 SP - 384 EP - 397 PB - Plenum Press CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-33831 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Cotic, P. A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst A1 - Stoppel, Markus T1 - Unsupervised fusion of scattered data collected by a multi-sensor robot on concrete N2 - At BAM a multi-sensor robot system BetoScan is used for the investigation of reinforced concrete floors affected by corrosion in parking garages. Potential maps, as well as the distribution of concrete cover and moisture can be assessed simultaneously and data can be collected contactlessly. In order to evaluate the extent of degradation adequately and to divide the investigated structure into zones with defined damage classes, large data sets have to be collected and interpreted manually. Thus, to promote an efficient data evaluation framework, which could speed up and simplify the evaluation of large data sets, an unsupervised data fusion is of major interest. However, taking into account that collected data do not certainly coincide in space, a scattered data interpolation method should be applied prior data fusion. In the paper, a case study involving a BetoScan data set acquired from a reinforced concrete floor of a parking garage in Germany is presented. The data set includes potential mapping, covermeter based on eddy current, as well as microwave moisture measurements. Among the examined methods for interpolation of scattered data, kriging shows to yield smooth interpolated data plots even in the case of very sparse data. In the post-processing step, the investigated structure is efficiently segmented into zones using clustering based data fusion methods, which prove to be robust enough also for handling noisy data. Based on the minimization of the XB validity index, an unsupervised selection of optimal segmentation into damage classes is derived. T2 - DGZfP-Jahrestagung 2014 CY - Potsdam, Germany DA - 26.05.2014 KW - Robot KW - Data fusion KW - Ultrasonics KW - Radar KW - Potential method PY - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-337943 UR - http://www.ndt.net/article/dgzfp2014/papers/di2c1.pdf SN - 978-3-940283-61-0 IS - DGZfP-BB 148 SP - Di.2.C.1, 1 EP - 8 PB - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (DGZfP) AN - OPUS4-33794 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lai Wai-Lok, Wallace A1 - Kind, Thomas A1 - Stoppel, Markus A1 - Wiggenhauser, Herbert T1 - Measurement of accelerated steel corrosion in concrete using ground-penetrating radar and a modified half-cell potential method N2 - A new approach is presented to evaluate corrosion of steel bars in concrete by 1.5- and 2.6-GHz ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and a modified half-cell potential method. Changes in time-lapsed travel times, amplitudes, and peak frequencies that are associated with short-time Fourier transform spectrograms of the bar reflections were continuously measured. The year-long corrosion process of the reinforcement bar rapidly accelerated within a few days by impressing direct current across a pair of embedded reinforcement bars, which served as the anode and cathode. When corrosion started, the travel times, amplitudes, and frequency spectra of the bar reflection changed. The results were analyzed by dividing the material's response into three phases (NaCl contamination, depassivation, and corrosion). The writers attribute the phenomena of the first two phases to the ionic conduction and interfacial polarization effect, described in the low-frequency regime of complex dielectric permittivity outlined in the Maxwell-Wagner effect. The remaining phase corresponds with the appearance of large and multiple interfaces among steel, concrete, corrosion product, and cracks, in addition to the upward movement of the corrosion product to the concrete surface that intercepts wider radar footprints. The findings, based on time lapse measurements, provide a basis to further apply the GPR technique to spatial measurements in laboratory and field studies. KW - Accelerated steel corrosion in concrete KW - Ground-penetrating radar KW - Short-time Fourier transform KW - Half-cell potential PY - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000083 SN - 1076-0342 SN - 1943-555X IS - June SP - 205 EP - 220 CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-28851 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Stoppel, Markus A1 - Taffe, Alexander A1 - Wiggenhauser, Herbert A1 - Kurz, J.H. A1 - Boller, C. ED - Grantham, M. ED - Mechtcherine, V. ED - Schneck, U. T1 - Automated multi-sensor systems in civil engineering for condition assessment of concrete structures T2 - Concrete solutions 2011 - 4th International conference on concrete repair CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 2011-09-26 KW - Multi sensor KW - Data aquisition KW - Assessment of concrete structures KW - Scanner KW - NDT PY - 2012 SN - 978-0-415-61-622-5 SP - 397 EP - 403 PB - Taylor & Francis CY - London AN - OPUS4-24659 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Stoppel, Markus A1 - Kurz, J.H. A1 - Taffe, Alexander A1 - Boller, C. ED - Chang, F.-K. T1 - Proactive condition assessment in civil engineering using automated multi-sensor systems N2 - Infrastructure is subject to continuous ageing. This has given life cycle management of infrastructure an increasing role. Reliable inspection and monitoring tools are therefore an increasing demand. A combination of different non-destructive test methods is often necessary to receive reliable results for material characterization, flaw detection and the determination of component specific geometry parameters. Regarding concrete structures thickness measurements are combined with flaw detection and additional information about reinforcement and tendon ducts is required. Therefore, a multi-sensor measurement approach is necessary with a high degree of automation. Otherwise a time consuming succession of manual measurements has to be performed which would prevent practical applications. A modular control and data acquisition approach is described and the application of two different automated measurement devices is shown. The BetoScan system consists of a self-navigating mobile robot. The system is especially designed for the investigation of reinforced concrete floors exposed to de-icing salts. The data acquisition of the OSSCAR system a multi-sensor scanner is similar to the robot approach. These different applications are based on a similar kernel allowing the modular use of different contact and noncontact sensors. The described general concept of multi-sensor data acquisition and data analysis presented here is not limited to the field of civil engineering applications. T2 - 8th International workshop on structural health monitoring 2011 CY - Stanford, CA, USA DA - 13.09.2011 KW - Multi sensor KW - Data acquisition KW - Assessment of concrete structures KW - Scanner KW - NDT PY - 2011 SN - 978-1-60595-053-2 VL - 2 SP - 2359 EP - 2366 PB - DEStech Publications, Inc. AN - OPUS4-24692 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kurz, J.H. A1 - Stoppel, Markus A1 - Taffe, Alexander A1 - Dobmann, G. ED - Thompson, D.O. ED - Chimenti, D.E. T1 - Control and data acquisition of automated multi-sensor systems - two examples from civil engineering T2 - 36th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY - Kingston, RI, USA DA - 2009-07-26 KW - Civil engineering KW - Multi-sensor KW - Ultrasound KW - Radar KW - Eddy current KW - Potential methods PY - 2010 SN - 978-0-7354-0748-0 SN - 0743-0760 SN - 0094-243X N1 - Serientitel: AIP conference proceedings – Series title: AIP conference proceedings SP - 1789 EP - 1794 CY - Melville, NY AN - OPUS4-22723 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Reichling, K. A1 - Raupach, M. A1 - Wiggenhauser, Herbert A1 - Stoppel, Markus A1 - Dobmann, G. A1 - Kurz, J. ED - Odile Abraham, ED - Dérobert, Xavier T1 - BETOSCAN - Robot controlled non-destructive diagnosis of reinforced concrete decks T2 - NDTCE `09 - 7th international symposium on non destructive testing in civil engineering CY - Nantes, France DA - 2009-06-30 KW - BetoScan KW - Betonflächendiagnose KW - Scanner KW - ZfP im Bauwesen KW - Automation KW - Corrosion KW - Potential mapping KW - Repair KW - Non destructive testing KW - Diagnosis PY - 2009 SN - 978-2-7208-2542-5 SN - 1628-4704 IS - Paper 77 SP - 425 EP - 432 AN - OPUS4-22487 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -