TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Roesch, Philipp A1 - Wittwer, Philipp A1 - Sommerfeld, Thomas A1 - Riedel, Maren A1 - Leube, Peter A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Ski Waxes and Snow from Cross-Country Skiing in Germany - Comparative study of Sum Parameter and Target Analysis N2 - Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are often environmentally exposed via discharge through human consumer products, such as ski waxes. In our study we analyzed various ski waxes from the 1980s and 2020s, to determine both the sum parameter values total fluorine (TF), extractable organically bound fluorine (EOF), hydrolysable organically bound fluorine (HOF) as well as targeted PFAS analysis. This showed that modern high-performance waxes contain up to 6 % TF, but also PFAS-free labelled ski waxes contain traces of PFAS with EOF/HOF values in the low mg kg-1 range. With the ban of all fluorine-based waxes with the start of the 2023/2024 winter season this will probably change soon. Moreover, we applied our analysis methods to snow samples from a frequently used cross country ski trail (Kammloipe) in the Ore Mountain region in Germany, assessing the potential PFAS entry/discharge through ski waxes. Melted snow samples from different spots were analyzed by the adsorbable organically bound fluorine (AOF) sum parameter and PFAS target analysis and confirmed the abrasion of the ski waxes into the snow. Moreover, on a PFAS hotspot also soil samples were analyzed, which indicate that PFAS from the ski waxes adsorb after snow melting into the soil. KW - Combustion Ion Chromatography KW - Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) KW - Consumer Products PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-612760 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazadv.2024.100484 VL - 16 SP - 1 EP - 5 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-61276 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Roesch, Philipp A1 - Wittwer, Philipp A1 - Piechotta, Christian A1 - Lisec, Jan A1 - Sommerfeld, Thomas A1 - Kluge, Stephanie A1 - Herzel, Hannes A1 - Huthwelker, T. A1 - Borca, C. A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Levels of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in various wastewater-derived fertilizers - Analytical investigations from different perspectives N2 - Solid wastewater-based fertilizers were screened for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) by the extractable organic fluorine (EOF) sum parameter method. The EOF values for ten sewage sludges from Germany and Switzerland range from 154 to 7209 mg kg−1. For thermal treated sewage sludge and struvite the EOF were lower with values up to 121 mg kg−1. Moreover, the application of PFAS targeted and suspect screening analysis of selected sewage sludge samples showed that only a small part of the EOF sum parameter values can be explained by the usually screened legacy PFAS. The hitherto unknown part of EOF sum parameter contains also fluorinated pesticides, pharmaceutical and aromatic compounds. Because these partly fluorinated compounds can degrade to (ultra-)short PFAS in wastewater treatment plants they should be considered as significant sources of organic fluorine in the environment. The combined results of sum parameter analysis and suspect screening reveal the need to update current regulations, such as the German fertilizer ordinance, to focus not solely on a few selected PFAS such as perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) but consider an additional sum parameter approach as a more holistic alternative. Moreover, diffusion gradient in thin-films (DGT) passive samplers were utilized as an alternative simplified extraction method for PFAS in solid wastewater-based fertilizers and subsequently quantified via combustion ion chromatography. However, the DGT method was less sensitive and only comparable to the EOF values of the fertilizers in samples with >150 mg kg−1, because of different diffusion properties for various PFAS, but also kinetic exchange limitations. KW - Combustion ion chromatography KW - Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) KW - Sewage sludge KW - Fertilizer PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-583429 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d3va00178d SN - 2754-7000 VL - 2 IS - 10 SP - 1436 EP - 1445 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) CY - London AN - OPUS4-58342 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sommerfeld, Thomas A1 - Riedel, Juliane A1 - Lisec, Jan A1 - Mauch, Tatjana A1 - Richter, Silke A1 - Koch, Matthias T1 - Development of a certified reference material for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in textiles N2 - Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a large group of emerging organic pollutants that contaminate the environment, food, and consumer products. Textiles and other outdoor products are a major source of PFAS exposure due to their water-repellent impregnations. Determination of PFASs in textiles is increasingly important for enhancing their contribution to the circular economy. While maximum levels and restrictions exist for certain key compounds under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants and the REACH regulation, certified reference materials (CRMs) are not currently available. To address this issue, the first CRM for determining PFASs in outdoor textiles (BAM-B003) was developed. It fully complies with the requirements of ISO 17034 and ISO 33405. This work presents the entire process of CRM development process, including preparation, a homogeneity study, a stability study, and value assignment. Certification was based on an in-house study at BAM using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) with stable isotope dilution analysis (SIDA). The certified mass fractions of 18 PFASs range widely from 0.46 to 69 µg/kg, with a prevalence of PFOA (69 µg/kg), PFOS (41 µg/kg) and PFHxA (35 µg/kg) exceeding legal limits. BAM-B003 is intended for analytical quality control and contributes to improving the chemical safety of textiles and strengthening the circular economy. KW - Reference Material KW - PFAS KW - Textiles PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-641040 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-025-06098-2 SN - 1618-2642 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC AN - OPUS4-64104 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Sommerfeld, Thomas A1 - Koch, Matthias A1 - Mauch, Tatjana A1 - Jung, Christian A1 - Riedel, Juliane A1 - Lisec, Jan T1 - CRM BAM-A001 eCerto data file N2 - Data file (RData) containing measurement data recorded during the production process of the Certified Reference Material BAM-A001 containing Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) in olive oil. The data can be most conveniently openend using the Shiny-App eCerto which is accessible at https://www.bam.de/eCerto. KW - Certified reference material KW - Mass spectrometry KW - Olive oil KW - Aromatic hydrocarbons KW - Reference data PY - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8380870 DO - https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8380869 PB - Zenodo CY - Geneva AN - OPUS4-58488 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sommerfeld, Thomas A1 - Koch, Matthias T1 - CRM candidate for PAH mass fractions in rubber toys N2 - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) can contaminate plastic and rubber parts of consumer products including toys. PAH are present as impurities in some of the raw materials used for production of such articles, particularly in extender oils and in carbon black. Because PAH have negative effects on health (e.g. carcinogenic), standard methods have been developed in several countries to control PAH in consumer/toy products, mainly based on gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry (GC-MS). To protect consumers from hazards of PAH, national regulations and maximum levels are already in force, for example in Germany. Recently, maximum levels for 8 PAH compounds (benz[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[j]fluoranthene, benzo[e]pyrene, benzo[a]pyrene and dibenz[a,h]anthracene) have been established by EC-regulation 1272/2013. This resulted in an urgent need for certified reference materials (CRM) to meet the requirements of the EC-regulation (1 mg/kg for each PAH compound in consumer products and 0.5 mg/kg in toys, respectively). In 2016 BAM started a project to certify the PAH mass fractions in a toy CRM to fill the current gap of available reference materials. Several different toys from retailers were screened to obtain a real-life material representing PAH mass fractions in the range of the EC-maximum level. The finally selected material (rubber balls for children) was prepared and characterized with respect to homogeneity and stability of 18 PAH. The extension to other health-relevant PAH compounds, e.g. indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene and benzo[ghi]perylene, will increase the applicability of the CRM for costumers, e.g. from industry, conformity assessment bodies and private testing laboratories. The poster will present the current status of the ongoing CRM project including preparation of the candidate material and results from homogeneity and stability studies. In addition, first results of a joint German-Chinese interlaboratory comparison study will be shown. T2 - BERM-15, International Symposium on Biological and Environmental Reference Materials CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 23.09.2018 KW - Reference material KW - Organic contaminants KW - Toys KW - REACH PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46114 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sommerfeld, Thomas A1 - Jung, Christian A1 - Riedel, Juliane A1 - Mauch, Tatjana A1 - Sauer, Andreas A1 - Koch, Matthias T1 - Development of a certified reference material for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in rubber toy N2 - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a large group of priority organic pollutants, which contaminate environmental compartments, food, and consumer products as well. Due to their frequent occurrence associated with elevated Levels of PAHs, plastic and rubber parts of consumer products and toys are particular sources of exposure. Although European maximum levels exist for eight carcinogenic PAHs in consumer products and toys according to REACH Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006, certified reference materials (CRM) are still not available. To overcome this lack, the first CRM for the determination of PAHs in rubber toys (BAM-B001) was developed according to the requirements of ISO Guide 35. The whole process of CRM development including preparation, homogeneity and stability studies, and value assignment is presented. The assignment of the certified mass fractions was based upon in-house study at BAM using stable isotope Dilution analysis (SIDA) gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The obtained values were confirmed by the results of two interlaboratory comparison (ILC) studies with more than 50 expert laboratories from Germany and China. The mass fractions of 14 PAHs including all REACH and GS mark regulated compounds were certified ranging between 0.2 and 15.4 mg/ kg accompanied by expanded uncertainties (coverage factor k = 2). In addition, informative values were determined for 4 PAHs, mainly due to higher uncertainties and/or lack of ILC data for confirmation. BAM-B001 is intended for analytical quality control particularly based on the AfPS GS 2019:01 PAK method and contributes to improve the chemical safety of consumer products including toys. KW - PAHs KW - Consumer Products KW - Toys KW - Chemical Safety KW - Certified reference material KW - Quality assurance PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-539920 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-021-03796-5 VL - 414 IS - 15 SP - 4369 EP - 4378 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-53992 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sichler, Theresa Constanze A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Barjenbruch, M. A1 - Montag, D. A1 - Mauch, Tatjana A1 - Sommerfeld, Thomas A1 - Ehm, J.H. T1 - Variation of the element composition of municipal sewage sludges in the context of new regulations on phosphorus recovery in Germany N2 - Phosphorus (P) recovery is obligatory for all sewage sludges with more than 20 g P/kg dry matter (DM) from 2029 in Germany. Nine wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were chosen to investigate variations of phosphorus contents and other parameters in sewage sludge over the year. Monthly sewage sludge samples from each WWTP were analyzed for phosphorus and other matrix elements (C, N, H, Ca, Fe, Al, etc.), for several trace elements (As, Cr, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sn) and loss of ignition. Among the nine WWTPs, there are four which have phosphorus contents both above and below the recovery limit of 20 g/kg DM along the year. Considering the average phosphorus content over the year, only one of them is below the limit. Compared to other matrix elements and parameters, phosphorus fuctuations are low with an average of 7% over all nine WWTPs. In total, only hydrogen and carbon are more constant in the sludge. In several WWTPs with chemical phosphorus elimination, phosphorus fuctuations showed similar courses like iron and/or aluminum. WWTPs with chamber flter presses rather showed dilution efects of calcium dosage. As result of this study, monthly phosphorus measurement is highly recommended to determine whether a WWTP is below the 20 g/kg DM limit. KW - Sewage sludge KW - Phosphorus recovery KW - Wastewater KW - Phosphorus elimination PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-557499 DO - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-022-00658-4 SN - 2190-4707 VL - 34 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - Springer Nature CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-55749 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sebald, M.A. A1 - Gebauer, J. A1 - Sommerfeld, Thomas A1 - Koch, Matthias T1 - First Synthesis of (−)-Altenuene-D3 Suitable as Internal Standard for Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry N2 - Metabolites from Alternaria fungi exhibit a variety of biological properties such as phytotoxic, cytotoxic, or antimicrobial activity. Optimization of a literature procedure culminated in an efficient total synthesis of (−)-altenuene as well as a stable isotope-labeled derivative suitable for implementation in a LC-MS/MS method for mycotoxin analysis. KW - Altenuene KW - Alternaria mycotoxins KW - Food safety KW - Isotope-labeled KW - SIDA-LC-MS/MS KW - Suzuki coupling PY - 2019 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-500696 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24244563 SN - 1420-3049 VL - 24 SP - 4563 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-50069 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Scholl, Juliane A1 - Meiers, Emelie A1 - Mauch, Tatjana A1 - Lisec, Jan A1 - Sommerfeld, Thomas A1 - Weinfurtner, Karlheinz A1 - Haase, Hajo A1 - Koch, Matthias T1 - Approaches towards sensitive and reliable determination of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) from German grass- and farmland soils N2 - In light of the emerging threat of environmental contamination from per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), there is a growing need for analytical techniques that can be applied to a range of environmental matrices, including water, air, plant, and soil samples. Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) is a member of the PFAS class, representing the shortest perfluorinated carboxylic acid and is an emerging pollutant whose environmental levels are expected to increase in the future. Soil matrices represent the interface between plant and ecosystem uptake of TFA, but contamination is poorly understood, largely due to a lack of uniform TFA determination methods. This study compares six ways of determining TFA in soils and highlights their limitations. We present a validated sample preparation method with high recoveries (104 %), low LOD (0.015 ng/g) and LOQ (0.045 ng/g). This approach includes isotope dilution analysis with hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS/MS) detection. The method was applied to quantify the TFA content in 100 soil samples from grassland and farmland across Germany. The results indicate the ubiquity of TFA, accompanied by elevated contamination levels in certain locations. An analysis of variance revealed no correlation with collection site and designation purpose. However, a low correlation was observed with dry bulk density. KW - PFAS KW - Extraction methods KW - HILIC-MS/M KW - Emerging pollutant KW - German soil protection PY - 2025 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144496 SN - 0045-6535 VL - 382 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-63499 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Sommerfeld, Thomas A1 - Borho, N. A1 - Bagda, E. T1 - Interlaboratory comparison for a laboratory leaching test procedure with facade coatings N2 - Façade coatings are exposed to weathering. Driving rain events can cause façade runoff bearing the potential to release substances from the coating. In order to derive reliable and reproducible information about this so-called leaching (emission into water), a laboratory test method has been developed, that has been published as European Standard EN 16105:2011. An interlaboratory comparison has been performed with 8 participants in order to validate the test method. This article describes the test results that reveal statistics on the quality of the test method and allows further insights to the leaching mechanism in coatings. KW - Biocide KW - Leaching test KW - Façade coating KW - Construction Products Regulation KW - Biocidal Products Directive PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2012.10.001 SN - 0300-9440 SN - 1873-331X SN - 0033-0655 VL - 76 IS - 2-3 SP - 351 EP - 359 PB - Elsevier B.V. CY - Lausanne AN - OPUS4-27554 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -