TY - CONF A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Klingelhöffer, Hellmuth A1 - Matzak, Kathrin A1 - Kühn, Hans-Joachim T1 - Einfluss des Auswerteverfahrens auf die Bestimmung der zyklischen Werkstoffdaten im Hochtemperatur-LCF-Bereich T2 - 28. Vortragsveranstaltung der Forschungsvereinigung Warmfeste Stähle/Hochtemperaturwerkstoffe CY - Düsseldorf, Germany DA - 2005-11-25 PY - 2005 AN - OPUS4-11072 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Bettge, Dirk A1 - Günther, Burkhard A1 - Portella, Pedro Dolabella A1 - Hemptenmacher, J. A1 - Peters, P. W.M. T1 - LCF and TMF behavior of a Ti-6242/SCS-6 metal matrix composite T2 - Light Metals Seminar, Universität Clausthal-Zellerfeld CY - Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany DA - 2006-11-20 PY - 2006 AN - OPUS4-13785 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Yawny, A. A1 - Schürhoff, J. A1 - Kausträter, G. A1 - Eggeler, G. T1 - Kriechen von kurzfaserverstärkten Aluminium-Legierungen unter einachsiger und zweiachsiger Belastung T2 - Institutsseminar des Instituts für Werkstofftechnik der TU Bergakademie Freiberg CY - Freiberg, Germany DA - 2005-01-18 PY - 2005 AN - OPUS4-5607 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Kühn, Hans-Joachim A1 - Olbricht, Jürgen T1 - Thermomechanical Fatigue: History, Recent Developments and Future Trends T2 - XXIX Encurentro del Grupo Espanol de Fractura CY - Bilbao, Spain DA - 2012-03-21 PY - 2012 AN - OPUS4-25614 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Kühn, Hans-Joachim A1 - Olbricht, Jürgen T1 - Standards and Procedures for Isothermal and Thermomechanical Fatigue Characterization T2 - Jornada sobre el analisis de la fatiga de componentes metalicos a cargas mecanicas y termicas CY - Bilbao, Spain DA - 2012-03-19 PY - 2012 AN - OPUS4-25615 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Fedelich, Bernard A1 - Epishin, A. A1 - Link, T. A1 - Klingelhöffer, Hellmuth A1 - Portella, Pedro Dolabella T1 - Implementation of Creep Induced Rafting into Mechanical Modelling of Superalloys T2 - 12th International Conference on Creep and Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures CY - Kyoto, Japan DA - 2012-05-27 PY - 2012 AN - OPUS4-26139 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Brookes, S. A1 - Kühn, Hans-Joachim A1 - Sievert, Rainer A1 - Klingelhöffer, Hellmuth A1 - Pfetzing, J. A1 - Peter, D. A1 - Eggeler, G. T1 - Axial-Torsional Thermo-Mechanical Fatigue of a Near-Gamma TiAl-Alloy T2 - Plasticity 2012 CY - San Juan, Puerto Rico DA - 2012-01-03 PY - 2012 AN - OPUS4-25294 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Brookes, S. A1 - Kühn, Hans-Joachim A1 - Sievert, Rainer A1 - Klingelhöffer, Hellmuth T1 - Axial-Torsional Thermo-Mechanical Fatigue of a near-Gamma TiAl-Alloy T2 - 4th International Workshop on Titanium Aluminides CY - Nuremberg, Germany DA - 2011-09-13 PY - 2011 AN - OPUS4-24902 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Kühn, Hans-Joachim T1 - Kennwertermittlung aus statischen und zyklischen Versuchen bei erhöhter Temperatur unter isothermer und nichtisothermer Beanspruchung T2 - Werkstoffprüfung 2011 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2011-12-01 PY - 2011 AN - OPUS4-24904 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Brookes, Stephen-Peter A1 - Kühn, Hans-Joachim A1 - Sievert, Rainer A1 - Klingelhöffer, Hellmuth A1 - Pfetzing, J. A1 - Peter, D. A1 - Eggeler, G. ED - Khan, A.S. ED - Kabirian, F. ED - Liu, J. T1 - Axial-torsional thermo-mechanical fatigue of a near-gamma tial-alloy T2 - Plasticity '12 - 18th International symposium on plasticity and its current applications CY - San Juan, PR, USA DA - 2012-01-03 KW - TMF KW - Multiaxial fatigue KW - Titanium aluminides PY - 2012 SN - 0-9659463-0-4 SP - 187 EP - 189 PB - NEAT Press CY - Fulton, Maryland, USA AN - OPUS4-25325 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Kühn, Hans-Joachim ED - Grellmann, W. T1 - Kennwertermittlung aus statischen und zyklischen Versuchen bei erhöhter Temperatur unter isothermer und nicht isothermer Beanspruchung T2 - DVM-Tagung Werkstoffprüfung 2011 - Neue Entwicklungen in der Werkstoffprüfung - Herausforderungen an die Kennwertermittlung CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2011-12-01 KW - Kennwert KW - Temperatur KW - E-Modul KW - Warmzugversuch KW - Ermüdung KW - Mechanical properties KW - Temperature KW - Young´s modulus KW - Elevated temperature tensile test KW - Fatigue PY - 2011 SN - 978-3-9814516-1-0 SN - 1861-8154 N1 - Serientitel: DVM-Bericht – Series title: DVM-Bericht IS - 643 SP - 37 EP - 44 AN - OPUS4-24969 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Fedelich, Bernard A1 - Epishin, A. A1 - Link, T. A1 - Klingelhöffer, Hellmuth A1 - Portella, Pedro Dolabella A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit ED - Maruyama, K. ED - Abe, F. ED - Igarashi, M. ED - Kishida, K. ED - Suzuki, M. ED - Yoshimi, K. T1 - Implementation of creep induced rafting into mechanical modelling of superalloys T2 - 12th International conference on creep and fracture of engineering materials and structures CY - Kyoto, Japan DA - 2012-05-27 KW - Single-crystal nickel-base superalloys KW - Microstructural degradation KW - Creep KW - Modelling KW - Rafting PY - 2012 SP - 1 EP - 4(?) AN - OPUS4-27564 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Klingelhöffer, Hellmuth A1 - Matzak, Kathrin A1 - Kühn, Hans-Joachim A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Einfluss des Auswerteverfahrens auf die Bestimmung von zyklischen Werkstoffdaten im Hochtemperatur-LCF-Bereich T2 - 28. VDEh Vortragsveranstaltung der Arbeitsgemeinschaft für warmfeste Stähle und der Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Hochtemperaturwerkstoffe "Langzeitverhalten warmfester Stähle und Hochtemperaturwerkstoffe" CY - Düsseldorf, Deutschland DA - 2005-11-25 KW - Normung KW - Low Cycle Fatigue PY - 2005 SP - 137 EP - 146 PB - Stahlinstitut VDEh CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-11560 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Brookes, Stephen-Peter A1 - Kühn, Hans-Joachim A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Klingelhöffer, Hellmuth A1 - Sievert, Rainer ED - Pohl, M. T1 - Axial-torsionale thermo-mechanische Ermüdung einer near-Gamma TiAl-Legierung T2 - Tagung "Werkstoffprüfung 2007" CY - Neu-Ulm, Deutschland DA - 2007-11-29 KW - Titanaluminide KW - Thermomechanische Ermüdung (TMF) KW - Mehrachsige Belastung KW - Axial-torsional Belastung KW - von Mises Vergleichsspannung KW - Spröd-Duktil-Übergangstemperatur PY - 2007 SN - 978-3-514-00753-6 SP - 249 EP - 254 PB - Verl. Stahleisen CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-16318 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Koch, Bernd A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Schauerte, O. ED - K. Maruyama, ED - M. Niinomi, ED - S. Akiyama, ED - M. Ikeda, ED - M. Hagiwara, T1 - Low-cycle fatigue behaviour of metastable beta-titanium alloy TIMETAL LCB - mechanical and microstructural aspects T2 - 11th World Conference on Titianium (JIMIC 5) CY - Kyoto, Japan DA - 2007-06-03 KW - Beta titanium KW - Low-cost-beta (LCB) KW - Low-cycle-fatigue (LCF) KW - Strain controlled testing KW - Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) PY - 2007 SN - 978-4-88903-406-6 VL - 1 SP - 515 EP - 518 PB - Japan Institute of Metals CY - Kyoto AN - OPUS4-16668 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Brookes, Stephen-Peter A1 - Kühn, Hans-Joachim A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Klingelhöffer, Hellmuth A1 - Sievert, Rainer A1 - Pfetzing, J. A1 - Eggeler, G. ED - K. Maruyama, ED - M. Niinomi, ED - S. Akiyama, ED - M. Ikeda, ED - M. Hagiwara, T1 - Axial-torsional thermo-mechanical fatigue of Ti-45 Al-5Nb-0.2B-0.2C T2 - 11th World Conference on Titianium (JIMIC 5) CY - Kyoto, Japan DA - 2007-06-03 KW - Gamma titanium aluminide KW - Thermo-mechanical fatigue KW - TMF KW - Axial-torsional loadings KW - Microstructure PY - 2007 SN - 978-4-88903-406-6 VL - 1 SP - 679 EP - 682 PB - Japan Institute of Metals CY - Kyoto AN - OPUS4-16669 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Brookes, Stephen-Peter A1 - Kühn, Hans-Joachim A1 - Klingelhöffer, Hellmuth A1 - Sievert, Rainer A1 - Pfetzing, J. A1 - Peter, D. A1 - Eggeler, G. T1 - Axial-torsional thermo-mechanical fatigue of Ti-45Al-5Nb-0.2B-0.2C T2 - TMS Annual Meeting 2008 Structural Aluminides for Elevated Temperature Applications CY - New Orleans, LA, USA DA - 2008-03-10 PY - 2008 AN - OPUS4-16689 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bettge, Dirk A1 - Günther, Burkhard A1 - Portella, Pedro Dolabella A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Hemptenmacher, J. A1 - Peters, P.W.M. T1 - Fatigue behavior and fatigue damage of a Ti-6242/SCS-6 metal matrix composite PY - 2008 SN - 978-3-18-092028-3 SN - 0083-5560 IS - 2028 SP - 435 EP - 436 PB - VDI-Verl. CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-17527 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Brookes, Stephen-Peter A1 - Kühn, Hans-Joachim A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Klingelhöffer, Hellmuth A1 - Sievert, Rainer A1 - Pfetzing, J. A1 - Peter, D. A1 - Eggeler, G. ED - Kim, Young-Won ED - David Morris, ED - Rui Yang, ED - Christoph Leyens, T1 - Axial-torsional thermo-mechanical fatigue of Ti-45 Al-5Nb-0.2B-0.2C T2 - TMS 2008 Annual Meeting & Exhibition, "Structural Aluminides for Elevated Temperatures - Gamma Titanium and Other Metallic Aluminides" CY - New Orleans, Louisiana, USA DA - 2008-03-09 KW - Titanium Aluminide KW - Thermo-mechanical Fatigue KW - Axial-torsional Loading PY - 2008 SN - 978-0-87339-7209 SP - 103 EP - 109 PB - TMS CY - Warrendale, Pa AN - OPUS4-17904 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Brookes, Stephen-Peter A1 - Kühn, Hans-Joachim A1 - Klingelhöffer, Hellmuth A1 - Sievert, Rainer T1 - Axial-torsional thermo-mechanical fatigue of a near-gamma TiAl-Alloy T2 - EUROMAT 2007 CY - Nuremberg, Germany DA - 2007-09-10 PY - 2007 AN - OPUS4-15957 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Microstructure evolution of a near-gamma titanium aluminide alloy during creep loading T2 - Japan-South Africa-German Workshop and Summer School 2006 High Temperature Alloys CY - Bad Berneck, Germany DA - 2006-09-19 PY - 2006 AN - OPUS4-13038 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Peter, D. A1 - Pfetzing, J. A1 - Wagner, M.F.-X. A1 - Somsen, C. A1 - Pesicka, J. A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Eggeler, G. T1 - Quantitative Charakterisierung der Gefüge-Anisotropie einer stranggepressten TiAl-Legierung / Quantitative Characterisation and Microstructural Anisotropy of a Hot-Extruded TiAl Alloy KW - Titanaluminide KW - Mikrostruktur KW - Quantitative Analyse KW - Kriechen KW - Anisotropie PY - 2008 SN - 0032-678X N1 - Sprachen: Deutsch/Englisch - Languages: German/English VL - 45 IS - 5 SP - 210 EP - 224 PB - Hanser CY - München AN - OPUS4-17562 LA - mul AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Günther, Burkhard A1 - Bettge, Dirk A1 - Portella, Pedro Dolabella A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Hemptenmacher, J. A1 - Peters, P.W.M. ED - Pandey, A. ED - Kendig, K. L. ED - Lewandowski, J. T1 - Fatigue behavior and fatigue damage of a Ti-6242/SCS-6 metal matrix composite T2 - TMS 2007 annual meeting & exhibition CY - Orlando, FL, USA DA - 2007-02-25 KW - Metal matrix composites KW - Isothermal fatigue KW - Thermo-mechnical fatigue KW - Damage analysis KW - Viscoplastic model KW - Simulation PY - 2007 SN - 9780873396660 SP - 127 EP - 136 PB - TMS CY - Warrendale, Pa AN - OPUS4-14615 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bettge, Dirk A1 - Günther, Burkhard A1 - Wedell, Wolfgang A1 - Portella, Pedro Dolabella A1 - Hemptenmacher, J. A1 - Peters, P.W.M. A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Mechanical behavior and fatigue damage of a titanium matrix composite reinforced with continuous SiC fibers N2 - A titanium (Ti-6242) matrix composite reinforced with continuous SiC fibers was studied. The mechanical behavior of the matrix and the composite was characterized by tensile, creep and isothermal fatigue tests at room temperature and up to 550°C. The thermo-mechanical fatigue behavior under in-phase and out-of-phase conditions was investigated for the composite between 100 and 550°C. Fracture surfaces were characterized by confocal light microscopy and by scanning electron microscopy to identify the damage mechanisms. KW - Metal matrix composites KW - Tensile strength KW - Creep strength KW - Isothermal fatigue KW - Thermo-mechanical fatigue KW - Damage analysis PY - 2007 SN - 0921-5093 SN - 1873-4936 VL - 452-453 SP - 536 EP - 544 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-14616 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Portella, Pedro Dolabella A1 - Fedelich, Bernard A1 - Klingelhöffer, Hellmuth A1 - Sievert, Rainer A1 - Boubidi, P. A1 - Levkovitch, Vladislav T1 - Mechanical behaviour of single crystal superalloys under cyclic loading T2 - Seminar am Forschungslabor der Siemens Power Generation CY - Orlando, FL, USA DA - 2007-03-02 PY - 2007 AN - OPUS4-14587 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Günther, Burkhard A1 - Bettge, Dirk A1 - Portella, Pedro Dolabella A1 - Hemptenmacher, J. A1 - Peters, P.W.M. T1 - Fatigue behavior and fatigue damage of a Ti-6242/SCS-6 metal matrix composite T2 - TMS Annual Meeting CY - Orlando, FL, USA DA - 2007-02-25 PY - 2007 AN - OPUS4-14588 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Günther, Burkhard A1 - Bettge, Dirk A1 - Portella, Pedro Dolabella A1 - Hemptenmacher, J. A1 - Peters, P.W.M. T1 - Fatigue behavior and fatigue damage of a Ti-6242/SCS-6 metal matrix composite T2 - Seminar am Oak Ridge National Laboratory CY - Oak Ridge, TN, USA DA - 2007-03-07 PY - 2007 AN - OPUS4-14589 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sturm, D. A1 - Heilmaier, M. A1 - Schneibel, J.H. A1 - Jéhanno, P. A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Saage, H. T1 - The influence of silicon on the strength and fracture toughness of molybdenum N2 - Mo–Si alloys containing up to 1 wt.% Si were fabricated by powder-metallurgical processing and their lattice parameters, elastic constants, densities, grain sizes, strengths, ductilities, and fracture toughness values were measured. The yield strength was insensitive to the grain size, i.e., a Hall–Petch relationship was not observed. Generally, Si additions caused pronounced solid solution strengthening. However, for small Si concentrations (≤0.1 wt.%) solid solution softening was observed at room temperature and below. With increasing Si concentration, the room temperature ductility and fracture toughness dropped precipitously. This is attributed to the increase in strength and a transition from transgranular to intergranular fracture. KW - Molybdenum KW - Solid solution strengthening KW - Solid solution softening KW - Hall-Petch relationship PY - 2007 SN - 0921-5093 SN - 1873-4936 VL - 463 IS - 1-2 SP - 107 EP - 114 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-14820 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Czichos, Horst A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg ED - Czichos, Horst ED - Hennecke, Manfred T1 - Werkstoffe PY - 2008 SN - 978-3-540-71851-2 SP - D1 EP - D31 PB - Springer CY - Berlin ET - 33. aktualisierte Auflage AN - OPUS4-16180 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Schicker, Johannes A1 - Sievert, Rainer A1 - Fedelich, Bernard A1 - Noack, Hans-Dieter A1 - Kazak, Fedor A1 - Matzak, Kathrin A1 - Kühn, Hans-Joachim A1 - Klingelhöffer, Hellmuth T1 - Entwicklung von Rechenmodellen zur Lebensdauervorhersage von Werkstoffen für Abgasturbolader-Heißteile unter thermomechanischer Ermüdungsbeanspruchung und Übertragung für Anwendung auf Bauteile T2 - FVV Frühjahrstagung 2008 CY - Frankfurt am Main, Germany DA - 2008-04-03 PY - 2008 AN - OPUS4-17360 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Olbricht, Jürgen A1 - Bismarck, Marc A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Characterization of the creep properties of heat resistant 9-12% chromium steels by miniature specimen testing N2 - A miniature specimen geometry is presented that allows to extract small samples for tensile creep tests directly from critical components of steam generators in power plants like e.g. superheater tubes. In this way, material can be tested which has been subjected to the full processing chain of the component. The specimens then exhibit all microstructural modifications that are present in the component after the shaping process and heat treatment, and representative mechanical properties are determined. Similarly, specimens can be extracted from pre-corroded test pieces or used components after service to determine the impact of complex aging/loading/oxidation conditions during service on the mechanical properties of the material. The applicability of the miniature specimen test method is demonstrated in a comparative creep study involving standard and miniature specimens of P91 tempered martensite ferritic steel. Test results indicate satisfactory accuracy/repeatability of the method. Comparison with large scale specimen data reveals an influence of specimen size on the obtained creep behavior. These size effects need to be considered for a correct interpretation of results from miniature specimen creep tests. KW - Fossil fuel power plants KW - Creep testing KW - Miniature specimen KW - Size effects KW - Tempered martensite ferritic steels KW - P91 PY - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2013.07.067 SN - 0921-5093 SN - 1873-4936 VL - 585 SP - 335 EP - 342 PB - Elsevier B.V. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-29080 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Czichos, Horst A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Das Ingenieurwissen: Werkstoffe KW - Werkstoffe KW - Materialprüfung KW - Werkstoffkennwerte PY - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41126-7 SP - 1 EP - 110 PB - Springer-Vieweg CY - Berlin Heidelberg AN - OPUS4-29654 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Klingelhöffer, Hellmuth A1 - Kühn, Hans-Joachim A1 - Matzak, Kathrin A1 - Kazak, Fedor A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit ED - Holger Frenz, ED - Grellmann, Wolfgang T1 - Hochtemperatur-Ermüdungsverhalten von warmfestem Gusseisen T2 - Tagung Werkstoffprüfung 2008 "Herausforderungen neuer Werkstoffe an die Forschung und Werkstoffprüfung" CY - Berlin, Deutschland DA - 2008-12-04 KW - Hochtemperatur-LCF KW - Grauguss mit globularem Graphit KW - EN GJS X SiMo 4.05 KW - EN GJS X SiMo 5.1 KW - High temperature LCF KW - Ductile grey cast iron PY - 2008 SN - 978-3-00-026399-6 SN - 1861-8154 N1 - Serientitel: DVM-Bericht – Series title: DVM-Bericht IS - 642 SP - 97 EP - 104 PB - DVM CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-18689 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Günther, B. A1 - Hemptenmacher, J. A1 - Peters, P. W. P. T1 - Ermüdungs- und Schädigungsverhalten eines Ti-6242/SCS-6 Metall Matrix Verbundwerkstoffs T2 - 15. Nationales Symposium SAMPE Deutschland e. V. CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2009-09-18 PY - 2009 AN - OPUS4-18733 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schicker, Johannes A1 - Sievert, Rainer A1 - Fedelich, Bernard A1 - Noack, Hans-Dieter A1 - Kazak, Fedor A1 - Matzak, Kathrin A1 - Kühn, Hans-Joachim A1 - Klingelhöffer, Hellmuth A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Entwicklung von Rechenmodellen zur Lebensdauervorhersage von Werkstoffen für Abgasturbolader-Heißteile unter thermo-mechanischer Ermüdungsbeanspruchung und Übertragung für Anwendung auf Bauteile T2 - Informationstagung Turbomaschinen 2010 CY - Bad Neuenahr, Deutschland DA - 2010-04-15 PY - 2010 IS - R550 SP - 111 EP - 134 AN - OPUS4-21268 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brookes, Stephen-Peter A1 - Kühn, Hans-Joachim A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Klingelhöffer, Hellmuth A1 - Sievert, Rainer A1 - Pfetzing, J. A1 - Peter, D. A1 - Eggeler, G. T1 - Axial-torsional thermomechanical fatigue of a near-gamma TiAl-alloy N2 - The uniaxial, torsional and axial-torsional thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) behavior of the near-γ TiAl-alloy TNB-V5 was investigated. TMF tests were performed at 400-800 °C with mechanical strain amplitudes ranging from 0.15% to 0.7%. The tests were conducted thermomechanically in-phase (IP) and out-of-phase (OP). For the same lifetimes, uniaxial IP tests required the highest strain amplitudes, while OP test conditions were most damaging and needed the lowest strain amplitudes. The Mises equivalent mechanical strain amplitudes of pure torsional tests were found in between uniaxial in-phase and out-of-phase tests for the same lifetimes. The non-proportional multiaxial out-of-phase test showed a lower lifetime at the same equivalent mechanical strain amplitude compared to the other types of tests. The microstructure has been characterized applying electron microscopy and microstructural parameters such as fraction of twinned grains, grain size, lamellar distance and dislocation density have been quantified. KW - Gamma titanium aluminide KW - TNB-V5 KW - Thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) KW - Axial-torsional loading KW - Microstructure PY - 2010 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2010.03.073 SN - 0921-5093 SN - 1873-4936 VL - 527 IS - 16-17 SP - 3829 EP - 3839 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-21289 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schicker, Johannes A1 - Sievert, Rainer A1 - Fedelich, Bernard A1 - Klingelhöffer, Hellmuth A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Versagensabschätzung thermomechanisch belasteter Heissteile in Turboladern KW - Computersimulation KW - Materialmodell KW - Chaboche KW - Schädigung KW - Lebensdauerabschätzung PY - 2010 SN - 0024-8525 VL - 71 IS - 6 SP - 444 EP - 450 PB - Springer Automotive Media, GWV-Fachverl. CY - Wiesbaden AN - OPUS4-21290 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Schicker, Johannes A1 - Sievert, Rainer A1 - Fedelich, Bernard A1 - Noack, Hans-Dieter A1 - Kazak, Fedor A1 - Matzak, Kathrin A1 - Kühn, Hans-Joachim A1 - Klingelhöffer, Hellmuth A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - TMF Lebensdauerberechnung ATL-Heißteile - Entwicklung von Rechenmodellen zur Lebensdauervorhersage von Werkstoffen für Abgasturbolader-Heißteile unter thermomechanischer Ermüdungsbeanspruchung und Übertragung für Anwendung auf Bauteile PY - 2010 IS - 902 SP - 1 EP - 156 CY - Frankfurt am Main AN - OPUS4-20931 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Schicker, Johannes A1 - Sievert, Rainer A1 - Fedelich, Bernard A1 - Noack, Hans-Dieter A1 - Kazak, A1 - Matzak, Kathrin A1 - Kühn, Hans-Joachim A1 - Klingelhöffer, Hellmuth T1 - TMF-Lebensdauerberechnung ATL-Heißteile T2 - FVV Frühjahrstagung 2010 CY - Bad Neuenahr, Germany DA - 2010-04-15 PY - 2010 AN - OPUS4-21232 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nies, Daniel A1 - Rehmer, Birgit A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Vaßen, R. T1 - Damage characterization of thermal barrier coatings by acoustic emission and thermography N2 - Thermal barrier coatings allow increasing the operating temperature and efficiency of land-, sea-, or air-based turbines. As failure of the coating may result in serious damage of the turbine, reliable estimation of its lifetime is essential. To assess the lifetime, cyclic tests are conceived to combine thermal loading by heating the surface of the coating with laser irradiation and nondestructive methods for damage determination. Using laser irradiation allows a high reproducibility of the thermal load. The temperature of the sample surface during thermal loading is determined by an infrared-camera which also enables the possibility to detect damage in the coating via thermography. Additionally, four acoustic sensors, attached to the experimental setup, are used to detect damage in the sample and determine the source of acoustic events. Results of acoustic emission correlate well with thermographic images that visualize the formation and evolution of damage through delaminations in the samples. PY - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201200107 SN - 1438-1656 VL - 14 IS - 9 SP - 790 EP - 794 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-26536 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Olbricht, Jürgen T1 - Charakterisierung des Kriechverhaltens warmfester 9 - 12 % Chromstähle durch Prüfung von Miniaturproben T2 - DGM-AK-Sitzung "Mechanisches Werkstoffverhalten bei hoher Temperatur" CY - Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany DA - 2013-10-08 PY - 2013 AN - OPUS4-29675 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Verknüpfung von Datenrepositorien: Die Plattform MaterialDigital (PMD) N2 - Vorstellung der Plattform MaterialDigital. Darstellung der Bedürfnisse und Herausforderungen in der Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik. T2 - Vision Keramik CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 07.06.2022 KW - Digitalisierung KW - Ontologie KW - Standardisierung PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-54979 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schilling, Markus A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Full dataset of several mechanical tests on an S355 steel sheet as reference data for digital representations N2 - The dataset provided in this repository comprises data obtained from a series of characterization tests performed to a sheet of typical S355 (material number: 1.0577) structural steel (designation of steel according to DIN EN 10025-2:2019). The tests include methods for the determination of mechanical properties such as, e.g., tensile test, Charpy test and sonic resonance test. This dataset is intended to be extended by the inclusion of data obtained from further test methods. Therefore, the entire dataset (concept DOI) comprises several parts (versions), each of which is addressed by a unique version DOI. The data were generated in the frame of the digitization project Innovationplatform MaterialDigital (PMD) which, amongst other activities, aims to store data in a semantically and machine understandable way. Therefore, data structuring and data formats are focused in addition to aspects in the field of material science and engineering (MSE). Hence, this data is supposed to provide reference data as basis for experimental data inclusion, conversion and structuring (data management and processing) that leads to semantical expressivity as well as for MSE experts being generally interested in the material properties and knowledge. KW - S355 steel sheet KW - Mechanical testing KW - Tensile test KW - Charpy test KW - Microstructure analysis KW - Digital representation KW - Data management KW - Data format PY - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6778336 PB - Zenodo CY - Geneva AN - OPUS4-55141 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Brinell-Hardness (HBW 2.5/62.5) of Al-alloy EN AW-2618A after different aging times and temperatures N2 - The dataset contains data from Brinell hardness measurements of Al-alloy EN AW-2618A after aging for different times and temperatures. Aging was either load free or with applied tensile load (creep). KW - Aluminium alloy KW - EN AW-2618A KW - Brinell hardness KW - Aging KW - Creep PY - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6787085 UR - https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10396823 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6787084 PB - Zenodo CY - Geneva AN - OPUS4-55158 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - von Hartrott, P. T1 - Interlinking Structured Data about Aging and Fattigue of an Aluminum Alloy N2 - In typical material oriented research projects numerous types and sources of data need to get connected to form the final outcome. The data-structures have to be described in a manner semantically concise enough so that all participants share the meaning and at the same time flexible enough to allow connecting findings and facts that have not been connected before. The present contribution describes the approach that is being taken in a public funded research project with two cooperating research institutes. The aim of the data-management solution is to describe and interlink three main entity types: material entities like a test specimen that is under observation, immaterial entities like a fatigue life model and processes that generate and transform the immaterial and material entities. The shared understanding of what is described by the data is achieved by referring to existing linked data resources. In addition a common thesaurus that is subject to ongoing discussion is used for concepts and terms that need precision beyond publicly available concept descriptions. The data associated with the entities and processes and entities is rather small and well structured. The entities and processes covered by the vocabularies are typical to laboratories performing fatigue testing and microstructure analysis. Through the interlinking of the entities and processes it becomes possible to intuitively understand the knowledge that is accumulating in the database. For example it is easy to trace the history of a creep test specimen starting from the chemical composition that has been analyzed for the heat, continuing with the heat treatment of the material, going into the creep test itself with the associated creep data and finally finding the transmission electron microscopy images that have been taken from the crept sample. The presented approach is prototypical way to tackle the sustainable management of structured open research data. Open questions remain for example with the management of attributions, the acceptance of an increased effort in data creation and the access control to specific regions of the data. On the other hand the approach sketches what added value can be created, if the community adopts and contributes to the linked data principles. T2 - LCF9 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 21.6.2022 KW - Data management KW - Data linking KW - Thesaurus PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55159 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Radii of S-phase Al2CuMg in Al-alloy EN AW 2618A after different aging times at 190°C N2 - The dataset contains data from quantitative microstructural analysis of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies of the S-phase (Al2CuMg) radii in Al-alloy EN AW 2618A. The investigated material and the applied methods were described in detail in two publications. KW - Aluminium alloy KW - EN AW 2618A a KW - S-phase KW - Al2CuMg KW - Aging KW - Creep KW - Radii distribution KW - TEM PY - 2022 UR - https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6659461 UR - https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7625259 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6659460 PB - Zenodo CY - Geneva AN - OPUS4-55067 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Chen, Yue A1 - Schilling, Markus A1 - von Hartrott, P. A1 - Beygi Nasrabadi, Hossein A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Olbricht, Jürgen T1 - Ontopanel: A Tool for Domain Experts Facilitating Visual Ontology Development and Mapping for FAIR Data Sharing in Materials Testing N2 - In recent years, the design and development of materials are strongly interconnected with the development of digital technologies. In this respect, efficient data management is the building block of material digitization and, in the field of materials science and engineering (MSE), effective solutions for data standardization and sharing of different digital resources are needed. Therefore, ontologies are applied that represent a map of MSE concepts and relationships between them. Among different ontology development approaches, graphical editing based on standard conceptual modeling languages is increasingly used due to its intuitiveness and simplicity. This approach is also adopted by the Materials-open-Laboratory project (Mat-o-Lab), which aims to develop domain ontologies and method graphs in accordance with testing standards in the field of MSE. To suit the actual demands of domain experts in the project, Ontopanel was created as a plugin for the popular open-source graphical editor diagrams.net to enable graphical ontology editing. It includes a set of pipeline tools to foster ontology development in diagrams.net, comprising imports and reusage of ontologies, converting diagrams to Web Ontology Language (OWL), verifying diagrams using OWL rules, and mapping data. It reduces learning costs by eliminating the need for domain experts to switch between various tools. Brinell hardness testing is chosen in this study as a use case to demonstrate the utilization of Ontopanel. KW - Materials Testing KW - Ontology KW - Visual ontology development KW - Data mapping KW - FAIR PY - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-560339 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-56033 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ávila Calderón, Luis Alexander A1 - Graf, B. A1 - Rehmer, Birgit A1 - Petrat, T. A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - Characterization of Ti-6Al-4V fabricated by multilayer laser powder-based directed energy deposition N2 - Laser powder-based directed energy deposition (DED-L) is increasingly being used in additive manufacturing (AM). As AM technology, DED-L must consider specific challenges. It must achieve uniform volume growth over hundreds of layers and avoid heat buildup of the deposited material. Herein, Ti–6Al–4V is fabricated using an approach that addresses these challenges and is relevant in terms of transferability to DED–L applications in AM. The assessment of the obtained properties and the discussion of their relationship to the process conditions and resulting microstructure are presented. The quality of the manufacturing process is proven in terms of the reproducibility of properties between individual blanks and with respect to the building height. The characterization demonstrates that excellent mechanical properties are achieved at room temperature and at 400 °C. KW - AGIL KW - Laser powder-based directed energy deposition KW - Tensile properties KW - Ti-6Al-4V KW - Microstructure PY - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-542262 SN - 1438-1656 SN - 1527-2648 SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-54226 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sonntag, Nadja A1 - Jürgens, Maria A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Olbricht, Jürgen T1 - Creep-fatigue of P92 in service-like tests with combined stress- and strain-controlled dwell times N2 - Complex service-like relaxation- and creep-fatigue tests with strain- and stress-controlled dwells and fatigue cycle durations of approx. 2200 s were performed exemplarily on a grade P92 steel at 620 ◦C in this study. The results indicate deviations in the prevailing creep mechanisms of long-term relaxation and creep dwells, affecting subsequent dwells, load shifts, and the macroscopic softening behavior quite differently. In addition, fracture surfaces and longitudinal metallographic sections reveal intergranular crack growth for complex loading with stress-controlled dwells, whereas complex strain-controlled tests enhance oxidation and transgranular crack propagation. These findings substantiate the limited transferability of relaxation-fatigue to creep-fatigue conditions. KW - Tempered martensite-ferritic steel KW - P92 KW - Dwell periods KW - Creep-fatigue interaction KW - Stress relaxation PY - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-564239 SN - 0142-1123 VL - 168 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-56423 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Han, Ying A1 - Radners, J. A1 - von Hartrott, P. A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Aluminium high temperature fatigue N2 - The studied aluminium alloy is EN AW-2618A (2618A). It is very widely used for exhaust gas turbo-charger compressor wheels. Due to long operating times, high cycle fatigue (HCF) and material aging under the influence of temperatures up to 230 °C is particularly relevant for the wheels. The wheels are typically milled from round wrought blanks. From such round blanks, different testpieces are extracted and a comprehensive series of HCF tests is conducted at room temperature. The tests investigate the materials fatigue performance in the T61 state for two load-ratios, namely R = -1 and R = 0.1. Additionally, two overaged material states are tested, accounting for the aging process the material undergoes during long operating times at high temperatures. The experimental results are evaluated and compared to each other. Furthermore, the design process of notched specimens is presented. With the notched specimens, it is aimed to quantify the notch sensitivity of the material. Relating thereto, two potential model parameters for the fatigue lifetime model are introduced. Finally, the extended research data management in this project is highlighted and its advantages for sustainable use in material science and engineering applications are shown. N2 - In diesem Projekt wird die Aluminiumlegierung EN AW-2618A (2618A) untersucht, welche sehr verbreitet in Verdichterrädern von Abgasturboladern zum Einsatz kommt. Hochzyklische Ermüdung und Werkstoffalterung bei Temperaturen von bis zu 230 °C ist bei Abgasturboladern aufgrund der langen Einsatzzeiten besonders relevant. Die Verdichterräder werden typischerweise aus geschmiedeten Rohlingen gefräst. Aus entsprechenden Rohlingen werden im Rahmen des Projekts eine Vielzahl von Proben mit unterschiedlichen Geometrien entnommen. Die Proben werden unter verschiedenen Prüfbedingungen in hochzyklischen Ermüdungsversuchen bei Raumtemperatur getestet. Zum einen wird das Ermüdungsverhalten des Werkstoffs im T61-Zustand für die zwei Belastungsverhältnisse R = -1 und R = 0,1 untersucht. Zum anderen werden zwei überalterte Materialzustände getestet. Damit soll dem Alterungsprozess Rechnung getragen werden, den das Material während langer Betriebszeiten bei hohen Temperaturen durchläuft. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse werden evaluiert und miteinander verglichen. Darüber hinaus wird der Entwurfsprozess von gekerbten Probengeometrien dokumentiert. Die gekerbten Proben sollen Aufschluss über die Kerbempfindlichkeit des Werkstoffs geben. In diesem Zusammenhang werden zwei mögliche Modellparameter für das zu entwickelnde Lebensdauermodell vorgestellt. Abschließend wird das erweiterte Forschungsdatenmanagement des Projekts beleuchtet und seine Vorteile für die nachhaltige Nutzung in materialwissenschaftlichen und ingenieurtechnischen Anwendungen aufgezeigt. T2 - FVV Frühjahrstagung 2022 CY - Würzburg, Germany DA - 31.03.2022 KW - EN AW-2618A KW - High cycle fatigue KW - Aluminium alloy PY - 2022 IS - FVV Publikationen Heft R602 SP - 617 EP - 634 PB - Forschungsvereinigung Verbrennungskraftmaschinen (FVV) CY - Frankfurt am Main AN - OPUS4-54622 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Olbricht, Jürgen A1 - Schilling, Markus A1 - Chen, Yue A1 - Füting, M. A1 - Todor, A. A1 - von Hartrott, P. A1 - Hanke, T. T1 - Wie digitalisieren wir die Werkstoffprüfung? Entwicklung standardisierter Versuchsbeschreibungen und Daten-Infrastrukturen in aktuellen Digitalisierungs-Initiativen N2 - Die Entwicklung digitaler Prozesse für die Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik muss naturgemäß auch die Charakterisierungsmethoden der Werkstoffprüfung abbilden, die oft durch eine hohe Komplexität gekennzeichnet sind. Als vorteilhaft erweist sich dabei der hohe Standardisierungsgrad, der sich z.B. in klaren Anforderungen an die eingesetzten Prüfmittel und festgelegten Vorgehensweisen ausdrückt. Diese können (und müssen) in entsprechenden digitalen Versuchsbeschreibungen abgebildet werden, wobei sich die klaren Datenstrukturen und Terminologien als vorteilhaft erweisen. T2 - Tagung Werkstoffprüfung 2021: Werkstoffe und Bauteile auf dem Prüfstand Prüftechnik – Kennwertermittlung – Schadensvermeidung CY - Online meeting DA - 02.12.2021 KW - Digitalisierung KW - Standardisierung KW - Normung KW - Ontologien KW - Wissensrepräsentation PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53943 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Schriever, Sina T1 - BAM reference data - Results of ASTM E139-11 creep tests on a reference material of Nimonic 75 nickel-base alloy N2 - Results of creep tests on a certified reference material at T = 600°C and a tensile creep load of 160 MPa are provided. The evaluated results include the times to reach 2% and 4% creep strain, respectively, and the creep rate after 400 h. The data were audited and are BAM reference data. KW - Reference data KW - Creep KW - Nickel-base alloy KW - Nimonic 75 KW - Reference material BCR-425 PY - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5106606 PB - Zenodo CY - Geneva AN - OPUS4-52970 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Darvishi Kamachali, Reza A1 - Wang, Lei A1 - Lin, L. L. A1 - Manzoni, Anna Maria A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Thompson, G. B. T1 - CALPHAD-informed density-based grain boundary thermodynamics N2 - The Gibbs free energy of a grain boundary is a complex thermodynamic function of temperature, pressure, and composition. These complexities add to the intrinsic crystallographic and chemical constraints imposed by the adjacent bulk phase. Recently we have proposed a density-based model for assessing grain boundary thermodynamics that enables a CALPHAD-informed description of the grain boundary. As such, the Gibbs free energy of the grain boundary is directly linked with available CALPHAD thermodynamic data. In this talk, new aspects of interfacial segregation and phase transformation are revealed by benchmarking the current model for various experimental cases, including several steels, high-entropy alloys and aluminum alloys. The effects of elastic interactions on the grain boundary segregation and the application of the model to a nanocrystalline Pt-Au alloy, with numerous grain boundaries of various characters, will be discussed. T2 - DPG (Deutsche Physiker Gesellschaft) CY - Online meeting DA - 27.09.2021 KW - Density-based model KW - Defects thermodynamics KW - Defects phase diagram KW - CALPHAD KW - Crystal Defects PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53556 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ta, N. A1 - Bilal, M. U. A1 - Häusler, I. A1 - Saxena, A. A1 - Lin, Y.-Y. A1 - Schleifer, F. A1 - Fleck, M. A1 - Glatzel, U. A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Darvishi Kamachali, Reza T1 - Simulation of the θ′ Precipitation Process with Interfacial Anisotropy Effects in Al-Cu Alloys N2 - The effects of anisotropic interfacial properties and heterogeneous elasticity on the growth and ripening of plate-like θ′-phase (Al2Cu) in Al-1.69 at.% Cu alloy are studied. Multi-phase-field simulations are conducted and discussed in comparison with aging experiments. The precipitate/matrix interface is considered to be anisotropic in terms of its energy and mobility. We find that the additional incorporation of an anisotropic interfacial mobility in conjunction with the elastic anisotropy result in substantially larger aspect ratios of the precipitates closer to the experimental observations. The anisotropy of the interfacial energy shows comparably small effect on the precipitate’s aspect ratio but changes the interface’s shape at the rim. The effect of the chemo-mechanical coupling, i.e., the composition dependence of the elastic constants, is studied as well. We show that the inverse ripening phenomenon, recently evidenced for δ’ precipitates in Al-Li alloys (Park et al. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9, 3981), does not establish for the θ′ precipitates. This is because of the anisotropic stress fields built around the θ′ precipitates, stemming from the precipitate’s shape and the interaction among different variants of the θ′ precipitate, that disturb the chemo-mechanical effects. These results show that the chemo-mechanical effects on the precipitation ripening strongly depend on the degree of sphericity and elastic isotropy of the precipitate and matrix phases. KW - Aging KW - Phase-field simulation KW - Interfacial anisotropy KW - Chemo-mechanical coupling KW - Precipitation KW - Elasticity KW - θ′-(Al2Cu) precipitate phase PY - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-522672 VL - 14 IS - 5 SP - 1280 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-52267 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lin, Y.-Y. A1 - Schleifer, F. A1 - Holzinger, M. A1 - Ta, N. A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Darvishi Kamachali, Reza A1 - Glatzel, U. A1 - Fleck, M. T1 - Quantitative Shape-Classification of Misfitting Precipitates during Cubic to Tetragonal Transformations: Phase-Field Simulations and Experiments N2 - The effectiveness of the mechanism of precipitation strengthening in metallic alloys depends on the shapes of the precipitates. Two different material systems are considered: tetragonal γ′′ precipitates in Ni-based alloys and tetragonal θ′ precipitates in Al-Cu-alloys. The shape formation and evolution of the tetragonally misfitting precipitates was investigated by means of experiments and phase-field simulations. We employed the method of invariant moments for the consistent shape quantification of precipitates obtained from the simulation as well as those obtained from the experiment. Two well-defined shape-quantities are proposed: (i) a generalized measure for the particles aspect ratio and (ii) the normalized λ2, as a measure for shape deviations from an ideal ellipse of the given aspect ratio. Considering the size dependence of the aspect ratio of γ′′ precipitates, we find good agreement between the simulation results and the experiment. Further, the precipitates’ in-plane shape is defined as the central 2D cut through the 3D particle in a plane normal to the tetragonal c-axes of the precipitate. The experimentally observed in-plane shapes of γ′′-precipitates can be quantitatively reproduced by the phase-field model. KW - γ″ phase KW - Phase-field simulation KW - Misfitting precipitate KW - Nickel-base alloy KW - Al-Cu alloy KW - θ′ phase KW - Precipitate shape PY - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-522743 VL - 14 IS - 6 SP - 1373 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-52274 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Portella, Pedro Dolabella A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Muth, Thilo T1 - Die Digitalisierung der Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik - ein Überblick N2 - Die Bereitstellung von zuverlässigen Werkstoffdaten stand für die Werkstoffprüfung seit dem 19. Jahrhundert in zentraler Stelle. Mit der zunehmender Digitalisierung unserer Gesellschaft gewinnt das Datenmanagement insbesondere im Hinblick auf die Modellierungs- und Simulationsaktivitäten an Bedeutung. In unserem Beitrag beschreiben wir die gegenwärtigen Aktivitäten in Deutschland – insbesondere die NFDI-MatWerk und die BMBF-Initiative MaterialDigital – sowie in Europa und Übersee. Abschließend heben wir die Auswirkungen auf die technische und akademische Aus- und Weiterbildung. T2 - DVM - Tagung Werkstoffprüfung CY - Online meeting DA - 03.12.2020 KW - Werkstoffdaten KW - Digitalisierung KW - Materialwissenschaft PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-52044 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Muth, Thilo A1 - Portella, Pedro Dolabella T1 - Interconnecting data repositories: The Platform MaterialDigital (BMBF) N2 - Presentation of the Platform MaterialDigital. Presentation of the needs and challenges in materials science and engineering. T2 - 3rd EMMC International Workshop - EMMC CY - Online meeting DA - 02.03.2021 KW - Digitization KW - Standardization KW - Ontology PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52247 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Aging processes in precipitation hardened aluminum alloys N2 - The mechanical strength of wrought high-strength aluminum alloys is essentially based on precipitation hardening, possibly in combination with prior forming, e. g. by stretching. Important parameters for achieving an optimum combination of hardness, strength, ductility, toughness, and further properties such as corrosion resistance are age-hardening temperature and time. During thermal (mechanical) treatment, nucleation and growth of precipitates takes place, leading to the desired degree of hardening. In aluminum alloys, precipitation sequences are usually passed through, i. e. a sequence of metastable precipitates is formed before the stable phase can precipitate. The optimum combination of properties is therefore based on a certain (optimum) microstructure, which can, however, change during the use of a component, since the microstructure is not stable. This happens in particular when the operating temperatures are close to the aging temperature and/or the operating times are sufficiently long. An external mechanical load may accelerate the processes. The presentation gives some examples for this. T2 - Materials Science and Engineering Congress MSE 2022 CY - Darmstadt, Germany DA - 27.9.2022 KW - Aluminium alloy KW - Precipitation hardening KW - Aging KW - Degradation PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55877 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Sonntag, Nadja A1 - Jürgens, M. A1 - Uhlemann, Patrick A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Olbricht, Jürgen T1 - Datasets for Service-Like Creep-Fatigue Experiments on Grade P92 Steel N2 - The dataset contains experimental mechanical data from complex service-like creep-fatigue experiments performed isothermally at 620 °C and a low strain amplitude of 0.2 % on tempered martensite-ferritic grade P92 steel. The data sets in text file format provide cyclic deformation (min. and max. stresses) and the total (hysteresis) data of all recorded fatigue cycles for three different creep-fatigue experiments: 1) a standard relaxation fatigue (RF) test with symmetrical dwell times of three minutes introduced at minimum and maximum strain, 2) a fully strain-controlled service-like relaxation (SLR) test combining these three-minute peak strain dwells with a 30-minute dwell in between at zero strain, and 3) a partly stress-controlled service-like creep (SLC) test combining the three-minute peak strain dwells with 30-minute dwells at constant stress. Further information on data and data acquisition, analysis, and experimental details are given in “Experimental Data from Service-Like Creep-Fatigue Experiments on Grade P92 Steel”, submitted to Data in Brief. Additional analyses of these datasets, as well as experimental findings and discussions are presented in “Creep-Fatigue of P92 in Service-Like Tests with Combined Stress- and Strain-Controlled Dwell Times”, submitted to International Journal of Fatigue. KW - Creep-fatigue KW - Stress relaxation KW - Dwell-Fatigue KW - Tempered martensite-ferritic steel PY - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7198218 PB - Zenodo CY - Geneva AN - OPUS4-55995 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rockenhäuser, Christian A1 - von Hartrott, P. A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Brinell-Hardness data (HBW 2.5/62.5) of aluminum alloy EN AW-2618A after different aging times and temperatures N2 - The article covers data on the Brinell hardness of the forged precipitation-hardened aluminum alloy EN AW-2618A in the initial T61 condition (i. e. slightly underaged) and after isothermal aging for up to 25,0 0 0 h at aging temperatures between 160 °C and 350 °C. In addition, the hardness was determined on specimens after creep testing at 190 °C and various stresses. The hardness decreases with increasing ag- ing time due to the microstructural evolution of the harden- ing precipitates. The drop occurs faster the higher the aging temperature. Aging under creep load additionally accelerates the hardness decrease. KW - Aluminum alloy KW - EN AW-2618A KW - Brinell hardness KW - Aging KW - Creep KW - Ostwald ripening KW - Reheating PY - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-567611 SN - 2352-3409 VL - 46 PB - Elsevier Inc. AN - OPUS4-56761 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bhadeliya, Ashok A1 - Rehmer, Birgit A1 - Fedelich, Bernard A1 - Olbricht, Jürgen A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Jokisch, T. ED - Zimmermann, M. T1 - Rissfortschrittsuntersuchungen an gefügten Nickelbasiswerkstoffen bei hoher Temperatur N2 - In nickelbasierten Superlegierungen, die für Gasturbinenschaufeln verwendet werden, sind bei hohen Betriebstemperaturen und -belastungen Kriechschäden, Ermüdung, Korrosion und Oxi-dation zu beobachten. Die betroffenen Turbinenschaufeln müssen ersetzt oder repariert werden, um Effizienzverluste und ein eventuelles Bauteilversagen zu vermeiden. In letzter Zeit wurden additive Fertigungs- und Lötverfahren für die Reparatur und das Fügen von Nickelbasiswerk-stoffen entwickelt, um die Einschränkungen der traditionellen Reparaturverfahren zu überwinden. Für eine auslegungsrelevante Bewertung des Risswachstumsverhaltens in den Fügezonen, die durch diese neuen Technologien erzeugt werden, sind Rissfortschrittsuntersuchungen erfor-derlich. Entsprechende Untersuchungen an gefügten Proben werden in diesem Beitrag vorge-stellt. Die Rissfortschrittsversuche werden an gefügten SEN-Proben (Single Edge Notch) bei einem Spannungsverhältnis von 0,1 und einer Temperatur von 950 °C durchgeführt. Das Riss-wachstum wird mit der DCPD-Methode (Direct Current Potential Drop) überwacht, und die ge-messenen Potenzialsignale werden anhand der optisch vermessenen Risslänge und einer Finite-Elemente-Analyse kalibriert. Der Spannungsintensitätsfaktor (SIF) für die gefügte SEN-Geometrie wird mit Hilfe von Finite-Elemente-Analysen berechnet. Auf diese Weise können Rissfortschrittskurven aus den experimentellen Daten abgeleitet werden. T2 - Tagung „Werkstoffprüfung 2022“ CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 27.10.2022 KW - Lötverbindung KW - Rissfortschritt KW - SEN-Probe KW - Gefügte Nickelbasislegierungen PY - 2022 SN - 978-3-88355-430-3 VL - 2022 SP - 67 EP - 72 AN - OPUS4-57090 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Fedelich, Bernard A1 - Kühn, Hans-Joachim A1 - Rehmer, Birgit A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit ED - Iacoviello, Francesco T1 - Modeling the lifetime reduction due to the superposition of TMF and HCF loadings in cast iron alloys N2 - The superposition of small amplitude, high frequency loading cycles (HCF) to slow, large amplitude loading cycles (TMF) can significantly reduce the fatigue life. In this work, the combined TMF+HCF loading has been experimentally investigated for a cast iron alloy. In particular, the influence of the HCF frequency of the HCF amplitude and of the location of the superposed HCF cycles has been assessed. It was observed that the HCF frequency has a limited impact on the TMF fatigue life. On the other side, the HCF-strain amplitude has a highly non-linear influence on the TMF fatigue life. A simple estimate for the fatigue life reduction due to the superposed HCF cycles has been derived from fracture mechanics considerations. It is assumed that the number of propagation cycles up to failure can be neglected after a threshold for the HCF loading has been reached. The model contains only two adjustable parameters and can be combined with any TMF life prediction model. The model predictions are compared with the test results for a large range of TMF+HCF loading conditions. T2 - 21st European Conference on Fracture, ECF21 CY - Catania, Italy DA - 20.06.2016 KW - Thermomechanical Fatigue (TMF); High Cycle Fatigue (HCF); Cast iron; Fatigue assessment PY - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-369550 VL - 2 SP - 2190 EP - 2197 PB - Elsevier CY - Radarweg 29, 1043 NX Amsterdam, The Netherlands, AN - OPUS4-36955 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Olbricht, Jürgen A1 - Bismarck, Marc A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Size effects in miniature specimen creep testing of P91 N2 - The use of miniaturized specimen geometries in mechanical testing allows extracting the sample material directly from critical components of power plants like e.g. headers and pipes. In this way, both the impacts of the manufacture of the component (including all shaping and tempering influences) and of the complex aging/loading/oxidation conditions during Service can be analyzed and representative mechanical properties are obtained. In the present study, example results of a comparative creep and creep rupture study on P91 tempered martensite ferritic Steel, involving Standard and miniature specimens that were all taken from one batch of material, are presented. Cylindrical creep specimens with a minimum gauge length diameter of 3 mm were used, representing the smallest recommended test geometry of ISO 204. The test results of miniature specimens exhibit all characteristic creep features of tempered martensite ferritic steels, and analysis of the stress and temperature dependence of creep results in values that correspond well to literature data for P91. However, direct comparison with large scale specimen data reveals small but systematic variations in minimum creep rates, elongations at fracture and times to rupture. In our contribution, these differences are discussed in the light of literature findings on specimen size influences in other heat resistant alloys. Size effects need to be considered for a correct interpretation of results from miniature specimen creep tests. T2 - 3rd International ECCC Creep & Fracture Conference 2014 CY - Rome, Italy DA - 05.05.2014 PY - 2014 SN - 978-88-7484-380-0 SP - Paper 43, 1 EP - 9 AN - OPUS4-30726 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Uckert, Danilo A1 - Matzak, Kathrin A1 - Kühn, Hans-Joachim A1 - Rehmer, Birgit A1 - Peter, Frauke A1 - Fedelich, Bernard T1 - Erweiterung bestehender Werkstoff- und Rechenmodelle zur Lebensdauervorhersage für Abgasturbolader-Heißteile unter thermomechanischer Ermüdungsbeanspruchung T2 - FVV Frühjahrstagung 2014 CY - Magdeburg, Germany DA - 2014-03-27 PY - 2014 AN - OPUS4-30455 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Brookes, S. A1 - Kühn, Hans-Joachim A1 - Sievert, Rainer A1 - Klingelhöffer, Hellmuth A1 - Fedelich, Bernard T1 - Axial-torsionale TMF an einer Titanaluminid-Legierung T2 - DVM-AK "Thermomechanische Ermüdung" CY - Karlsruhe, Germany DA - 2014-04-08 PY - 2014 AN - OPUS4-30536 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Uckert, Danilo A1 - Matzak, Kathrin A1 - Kühn, Hans-Joachim A1 - Rehmer, Birgit A1 - Peter, Frauke A1 - Fedelich, Bernard A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Erweiterung bestehender Werkstoff- und Rechenmodelle zur Lebensdauervorhersage für Abgasturbolader-Heißteile unter thermomechanischer Ermüdungsbeanspruchung T2 - Informationstagung Turbomaschinen - Frühjahrstagung 2014 CY - Magdeburg, Germany DA - 2014-03-27 KW - TMF-Lebensdauerberechnung KW - ATL-Heißteile PY - 2014 IS - R567 SP - 147 EP - 175 AN - OPUS4-30489 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brookes, Stephen-Peter A1 - Kühn, Hans-Joachim A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Klingelhöffer, Hellmuth A1 - Sievert, Rainer A1 - Pfetzing, J. A1 - Peter, D. A1 - Eggeler, G. T1 - Multi-Axial Thermo-Mechanical Fatigue Of A Near-Gamma TiAl-Alloy N2 - A material family to replace the current superalloys in aeronautical gas turbine engines is considered to be that of gamma Titanium Aluminide (γ-TiAl) alloys. Structural components in aeronautical gas turbine engines typically experience large variations in temperatures and multiaxial states of stress under non-isothermal conditions. The uniaxial, torsional and bi-axial thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) behaviour of this γ-TiAl alloy have been examined at 400 – 800°C with strain amplitudes from 0.15% to 0.7%. The tests were conducted at both in-phase (IP) and out-ofphase (OP). The effects of TMF on the microstructure were also investigated. For the same equivalent mechanical strain amplitude uniaxial IP tests showed significantly longer lifetimes than pure torsional TMF tests. The non-proportional multiaxial OP test showed the lowest lifetimes at the same equivalent mechanical strain amplitude compared to the other types of tests. KW - Gamma-Titanium Aluminide KW - Thermo-mechanical Fatigue KW - Axial-torsional Loading PY - 2005 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4028/3-908454-01-8.283 SN - 1022-6680 SN - 1662-8985 VL - 59 SP - 283 EP - 287 PB - Trans Tech Publ. CY - Zurich AN - OPUS4-18720 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nies, Daniel A1 - Pulz, Robert A1 - Glaubitz, Steffen A1 - Finn, Monika A1 - Rehmer, Birgit A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Testing of thermal barrier coatings by laser excitation N2 - Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are used to increase the operating temperature of land-, sea-, or air-based turbines. As failure of the coating may result in serious damage of the turbine, reliable estimation of the lifetime is essential. Most experiments to assess the lifetime or to determine parameters for simulations of the behavior of TBCs are done by burner-rig-tests, where the operating conditions are simulated by cyclic heating of the surface and cooling of the backside of a coated sample. In this work a possibility is presented to do comparable experiments by heating the surface with laser irradiation instead of a burner. For this purpose a Nd:YAG-laser with a maximum output power of 1?kW and a wavelength of 1064?nm is used. The laser spot can be moved by integrated optics across the sample surface to achieve homogeneous heating of the coating. Cooling of the backside is done by air. The temperature of the sample surface is determined by an infrared-camera which also enables the possibility to detect failures in the coating via thermography. Additionally, acoustic sensors attached to the sample holder are used to detect failures in the sample. The investigated ceramic material (yttria stabilized zirconia) has a very low absorption coefficient at the used laser wavelength. Therefore, a pre-treatment of the samples was needed to increase the absorption coefficient to be able to heat up the samples. In this paper, the experimental setup and first experimental results are presented. KW - Thermal barrier coating (TBC) KW - Yttria stabilized zirconia KW - Laser irradiation KW - Acoustic emission KW - Thermography PY - 2010 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201000212 SN - 1438-1656 VL - 12 IS - 12 SP - 1224 EP - 1229 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-22896 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schicker, Johannes A1 - Sievert, Rainer A1 - Fedelich, Bernard A1 - Noack, Hans-Dieter A1 - Matzak, Kathrin A1 - Kazak, Fedor A1 - Kühn, Hans-Joachim A1 - Klingelhöffer, Hellmuth A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Entwicklung von Rechenmodellen zur Lebensdauervorhersage von Werkstoffen für Abgasturbolader-Heißteile unter thermo-mechanischer Ermüdungsbeanspruchung und Übertragung für Anwendung auf Bauteile PY - 2008 IS - R 542 SP - 5 EP - 29 CY - Frankfurt am Main AN - OPUS4-18954 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pulz, Robert A1 - Rehmer, Birgit A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Thermoschock - Interpretation von makroskopischen Bruchmerkmalen / Thermal shock - an interpretation of the macroscopic characteristics of fracture N2 - Der vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt typische Bruchmuster, die an SSiC Proben nach Thermoschockexperimenten beobachtet wurden und korreliert diese qualitativ mit der aufgebrachten Belastung. Der Thermoschock wird durch eine schnelle, in der Probenmitte beginnende spiralförmige Aufheizung dünner Scheiben mit Laserstrahlung realisiert. Durch diese Versuchsführung wandert ein zunehmender Temperaturgradient von der Mitte beginnend in radialer Richtung durch die Probe. Dieser Temperaturgradient ist für die Ausbildung von Druckspannungen im Probeninneren und Zugspannungen im kalten Randbereich der Probe verantwortlich. Beim Erreichen einer kritischen, versagensrelevanten Spannung tritt Probenbruch auf. Dabei wird die bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt in der Probe gespeicherte elastische Energie teilweise in die Schaffung von Rissoberflächen umgewandelt. Der Zusammenhang zwischen gespeicherter elastischer Energie und Bruchmuster wird dargestellt. KW - Thermoschock KW - Fraktographie KW - Elastische Energie KW - SSiC PY - 2010 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3139/147.110081 SN - 0032-678X N1 - Sprachen: Deutsch/Englisch - Languages: German/English VL - 47 IS - 6 SP - 302 EP - 312 PB - Hanser CY - München AN - OPUS4-21515 LA - mul AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pulz, Robert A1 - Rehmer, Birgit A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Pyrometric temperature measurement of ceramic thermal shock samples N2 - The determination of critical failure parameters during thermal shock requires a time and space resolved temperature measurement of the sample. High frequency pyrometry is a suitable technique for such a measurement task, which usually requires the knowledge of the optical properties of the investigated material. Another challenge is the infrared transparency of materials to be checked in the wavelength range of the pyrometer. The thermal shock disks are very thin, due to the need of homogeneous temperature distribution and to maintain a two-dimensional problem. To allow a pyrometric temperature measurement a universal calibration method for high frequency infrared cameras has been developed. Pyrometry in various media was demanded, as well as the estimation of optical properties (reflection, transmittance and emission) for the selected ceramics to be tested. KW - Temperature measurement KW - Ceramics KW - Emission coefficient KW - Radiation thermometry KW - Thermal shock PY - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2010.09.050 SN - 0263-2241 SN - 1873-412X VL - 44 IS - 1 SP - 259 EP - 266 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - London AN - OPUS4-22474 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Koch, B. T1 - Microstructural characterization of the metastable Beta-titanium alloy TIMETAL LCB after fatigue loading N2 - In the present work, the titanium alloy Ti-6.8Mo-4.5Fe-1.5Al (Timetal LCB) was investigated with respect to the microstructural evolution during strain controlled fatigue loading. The alloy was developed to reduce the generally high material costs of β-alloys by substituting expensive beta stabilizers by using a standard Fe-Mo master alloy. One possible application seen in the automotive industry is the substitution os suspension structural parts currently made of steel, suc as suspension springs. These components require a high strength and fatigue resistance. T2 - International conference on electron nanoscopy & XXXII Annual meeting of EMSI CY - Hyderabad, India DA - 2011-07-06 KW - Titanium KW - Fatigue KW - Microstructure KW - Deformation mechanism PY - 2011 SP - 255 EP - 256 AN - OPUS4-24167 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Koch, B. T1 - Microstructural Characterization of the Metastable beta-titanium Alloy TIMETAL LCB after Fatigue Loading T2 - International Conference on Electron Nanoscopy and XXXII Annual Meeting of EMSI CY - Hyderabad, India DA - 2011-07-06 PY - 2011 AN - OPUS4-24181 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Hornbogen, E. A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Mikro- und Nanoskopie der Werkstoffe PY - 2009 SN - 978-3-540-89945-7 IS - 3. Aufl. SP - 1 EP - 250 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-20283 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Olbricht, Jürgen A1 - Neddemeyer, Torsten A1 - Hünert, Daniela A1 - Klingelhöffer, Hellmuth A1 - Kranzmann, Axel A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Mechanical properties of superheater materials after ageing and corrosion in CO2 rich flue gases T2 - First international conference on materials for energy CY - Karlsruhe, Germany DA - 2010-07-04 KW - Power generation KW - Superheater materials KW - Hot corrosion KW - Carburisation PY - 2010 SN - 978-3-89746-117-8 IS - Extended abstracts - Book A SP - 251 EP - 253 AN - OPUS4-21727 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Koch, Bernd A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Strain controlled fatigue testing of the metastable Beta-titanium alloy Ti-6.8Mo-4.5Fe-1.5Al (Timetal LCB) N2 - The present work covers the mechanical behaviour of Timetal LCB under fatigue loading and utilizes transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to study the associated microstructural evolution. Fatigue specimens were taken out of LCB wire made for automotive suspension spring manufacturing in a solution treated as well as an additionally aged state. Uniaxial fatigue tests were carried out in total strain control with R = 0.1. Solution treated specimens tested at 3% and 4% maximum total strain showed a saturating force response, which differed from all other total strain controlled tests, and a distinct fracture behaviour. In addition, an increase of the dynamic Young's modulus is observed under these test conditions and in this material state. These findings are interpreted as a deformation induced precipitation of nanosize α- or ω-phase. In the aged state, the α-phase carries the major part of deformation work, noticeable by distinct α-substructures in fatigued specimen states. KW - Titanium alloys KW - Fatigue KW - Transmission electron microscopy KW - Fracture PY - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2011.04.031 SN - 0921-5093 SN - 1873-4936 VL - 528 IS - 18 SP - 5999 EP - 6005 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-23731 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rockenhäuser, Christian A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Quantitative dark-field transmission electron microscopy of the microstructure evolution in a 2618A aluminum alloy during ageing N2 - Quantitative Dark-Field Transmission Electron Microscopy of the Microstructure Evolution in a 2618A Aluminum Alloy During Ageing was presented and discussed. T2 - Microscopy & Microanalysis 2016 CY - Columbus, OH, USA DA - 24.07.2016 KW - Aluminium alloys KW - Coarsening KW - Transmission electron microscopy KW - Dark-field transmission electron miscoscopy KW - Material degradation PY - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927616007145 VL - 2016 SP - Paper 1260 AN - OPUS4-38279 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Einfluss der Verformung bei hoher Temperatur auf Alterungsvorgänge in technischen Legierungen N2 - Es wird der Einfluss der Verformung bei hoher Temperatur (z.B. Kriechen) auf die Alterungsvorgänge ausscheidungsgehärteter Aluminium- und Nickelbasis-Superlegierungen vorgestellt. T2 - DGM-Tag 2016 CY - Darmstadt, Germany DA - 26.09.2016 KW - Alterung KW - Kriechen KW - Ausscheidungen KW - Vergröberung PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37624 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rockenhäuser, Christian A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Karlin, J. A1 - Von Hartrott, P. T1 - Lebensdauerberechnung von Aluminium-Radialverdichterrädern unter Berücksichtigung der Werkstoffalterung [Zwischenbericht über das Vorhaben Nr. 1172 (IGF-Nr. 17734)] N2 - Aluminiumlegierungen mit besonders hoher Festigkeit werden vor allem in der Luft- und Raumfahrt sowie der Automobilindustrie eingesetzt. Ein Anwendungsbeispiel im Fahrzeugbereich sind Radialverdichterräder von Abgasturboladern. Der hierfür untersuchte Werkstoff ist die Legierung 2618A. Die hohe Festigkeit wird durch Ausscheidungshärtung erreicht. Es scheiden sich hierbei durch eine entsprechende Wärmebehandlung Al-Cu-Mg-Teilchen in die Aluminium-Matrix aus. Diese Teilchen stellen Hindernisse für die Bewegung von Versetzungen dar und haben im Fall der Legierung 2618A stabförmige Geometrie. Durch Einsatz bei Betriebstemperatur von etwa 160 °C bis 190 °C vergröbern die Teilchen im Verlauf der Einsatzzeit (Ostwaldreifung) und die Festigkeit nimmt ab. Der Zwischenbericht soll einen Überblick über die bisherigen experimentellen und theoretischen Ergebnisse geben. Es konnten Brinell-Härteverläufe nach Auslagerung bei 160 °C, 180 °C und 190 °C bis 8.760 h Auslagerungszeit gemessen werden. Erste TEM (Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie )-Untersuchungen der Mikrostruktur liegen vor. Anhand dieser Untersuchungen wurden erste Simulationen und Berechnungen der AI-Cu-Mg-Teilchengrößenentwicklung (Vergröberung) durchgeführt. Auswirkungen dieser Vergröberung der AlCu-Mg-Teilchen auf die Fließgrenze bei Raumtemperatur wurden berechnet. Weitere Ergebnisse sind Kriechversuche an Proben im Ausgangszustand T61 der Legierung 2618A bei den Temperaturen 160 °C, 180 °C und 190 °C. Um das zyklische visko-plastische Verhalten des Werkstoffes und den Einfluss der Alterung zu untersuchen, wurden LCF-Ermüdungsversuche an verschiedenen Auslagerungszuständen durchgeführt. T2 - Herbsttagung 2015 Turbomaschinen CY - Würzburg, Germany DA - 29.09.2015 KW - Aluminium alloys KW - Transmission electron microscopy KW - Microstructure KW - Coarsening PY - 2015 IS - R573 SP - 37 EP - 69 AN - OPUS4-34480 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sonntag, Nadja A1 - Stegemann, Robert A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Kreutzbruck, Marc ED - Grellmann, W. ED - Frenz, H. T1 - Verformungsinduzierte Magnetisierung ferromagnetischer Stähle am Beispiel eines unlegierten Baustahls T2 - Tagung Werkstoffprüfung 2014 - Fortschritte in der Werkstoffprüfung für Forschung und Praxis - Werkstoffeinsatz, Qualitätssicherung und Schadensanalyse CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2014-12-04 KW - MMM KW - 3D-GMR-Magnetometer KW - Topografie KW - Verformungsinduzierte Magnetisierung KW - Baustahl KW - 3D-GMR magnetometer KW - Topography KW - Deformation-induced magnetization KW - Construction steel PY - 2014 SN - 978-3-9814516-8-9 SN - 1861-8154 SP - 355 EP - 360 AN - OPUS4-32222 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Uckert, Danilo A1 - Kühn, Hans-Joachim A1 - Matzak, Kathrin A1 - Rehmer, Birgit ED - Grellmann, W. ED - Frenz, H. T1 - Ermüdungsverhalten des warmfesten austenitischen Gusseisens EN-GJSA-XNiSiCr35-5-2 bei hoher Temperatur T2 - Tagung Werkstoffprüfung 2014 - Fortschritte in der Werkstoffprüfung für Forschung und Praxis - Werkstoffeinsatz, Qualitätssicherung und Schadensanalyse CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2014-12-04 KW - EN-GJSA-XNiSiCr35-5-2 KW - LCF KW - TMF KW - Ermüdung bei hoher Temperatur KW - Fatigue at high temperature PY - 2014 SN - 978-3-9814516-8-9 SN - 1861-8154 SP - 61 EP - 66 AN - OPUS4-32223 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Fischer, Lena A1 - Uckert, Danilo A1 - Wedell, Wolfgang A1 - Kühn, Hans-Joachim A1 - Rehmer, Birgit A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit ED - Grellmann, W. ED - Frenz, H. T1 - Änderung der Steifigkeit als Maß für mechanische und oxidative Schädigung von Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit N2 - Bei der isothermen und nichtisothermen Ermüdung (LCF und TMF) von warmfesten Gusseisenwerkstoffen wird mit zunehmender Dauer der Ermüdungsbelastung eine Schädigung des Werkstoffes infolge der mechanischen und thermischen Belastung in Form von plastischer Verformung, Rissbildung und -Wachstum, Porenbildung und Oxidation beobachtet. Diese Schädigungen führen vor dem eigentlichen Versagen (Probenbruch) zu einer signifikanten Verringerung der Steifigkeit. Am Beispiel des warmfesten austenitischen Gusseisens mit Kugelgraphit EN-GJSA-XNiSiCr35-5-2 werden Untersuchungen zum Einfluss der verschiedenen Schädigungsarten auf die Änderung der Steifigkeit vorgestellt. T2 - Tagung Werkstoffprüfung 2014 - Fortschritte in der Werkstoffprüfung für Forschung und Praxis - Werkstoffeinsatz, Qualitätssicherung und Schadensanalyse CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 04.12.2014 KW - Gusseisen KW - E-Modul KW - Steifigkeit KW - Oxidation KW - LCF KW - TMF KW - Ermüdung bei hoher Temperatur KW - Cast iron KW - Young´s modulus KW - Stiffness KW - Fatigue at high temperature PY - 2014 SN - 978-3-9814516-8-9 SN - 1861-8154 SP - 97 EP - 102 AN - OPUS4-32225 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pulz, Robert A1 - Rehmer, Birgit A1 - Schneider, G.A. A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Thermal shock study on different advanced ceramics by laser irradiation in different media N2 - The thermal shock behavior of three commercial-advanced ceramics (SSiC, MgO–PSZ, Al2O3) is characterized in air and vacuum applying a laser thermal shock. The available testing system permits the reproducible setting of defined temperature profiles in thin disks and allows a heating-up thermal shock in various media. Due to the accurate determination of the time- and space-resolved temperature distribution, the local stress state can be calculated as a function of time. It is shown that the thermal shock strength is highest for SSiC and lowest in Al2O3 with MgO–PSZ in between. The approach presented in this work allows quantifying the stress state at failure in terms of tangential tensile stress. The investigated environment does not affect the thermal shock resistance under the studied experimental conditions. KW - Laser-thermal shock KW - Advanced ceramic KW - Stress distribution KW - Thermal shock stress KW - Weibull statistics PY - 2016 UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adem.201500162/full U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201500162 SN - 1438-1656 VL - 18 IS - 1 SP - 132 EP - 140 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-33456 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Uckert, Danilo A1 - Kühn, Hans-Joachim A1 - Matzak, Kathrin A1 - Rehmer, Birgit T1 - High temperature fatigue of a heat resistant austenitic cast iron T2 - Symposium on Recent Progress in Plasticity and Phase Transformations CY - Bochum DA - 2015-08-19 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-34097 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rockenhäuser, Christian A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Microstructure evolution in a 2618A aluminium alloy during ageing N2 - The aluminium alloy 2618A is an Al-Cu-Mg alloy which is part of the 2xxx series of age-hardenable alloys. These materials are designed for long-term Operation in transportation and aerospace industries. The desired properties, e.g. creep behavior, hardness, and damage tolerance, are controlled by the distribution of fine precipitates formed within the matrix. However, the strength of the material declines du ring exposition to elevated temperatures due to the overageing of the S-phase precipitates (AI2CuMg) and the conversion of the S-phase into the stable equilibrium S-phase. A quantitative model of the overageing process at application relevant temperatures would be desirable for accurate predictions of component lifetime made from the 2618A alloy. T2 - MC 2015 - Microscopy conference CY - Göttingen, Germany DA - 06.09.2015 KW - Aluminium alloys KW - Transmission electron microscopy KW - Microstructure KW - Coarsening PY - 2015 SP - MS4.P078, 150 EP - 151 AN - OPUS4-34304 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Uckert, Danilo A1 - Kühn, Hans-Joachim A1 - Matzak, Kathrin A1 - Rehmer, Birgit T1 - Ermüdungsverhalten des warmfesten austenitischen Gusseisens EN-GJSA-XNiSiCr35-5-2 bei hoher Temperatur T2 - Karlsruher Werkstoffkolloquium CY - Karlsruhe DA - 2015-11-10 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-34784 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Stegemann, Robert A1 - Sonntag, Nadja A1 - Sharatchandra Singh, W. A1 - Kreutzbruck, Marc A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Ein Blick auf die Metal Magnetic Memory Methode nach ISO 24497 durch die Lupe hochauflösender GMR-Sensorik N2 - Die Messung spontaner magnetischer Streufelder ferromagnetischer Materialien wird als neue, Metal Magnetic Memory (MMM) genannte, Methode der zerstörungsfreien Prüfung (ZfP) angesehen, Schädigungen frühzeitig vorherzusagen. Die MMM Methode versucht, die sich gleichzeitig mit der Schadensentwicklung ausbildende lokale magnetische Struktur für die ZfP zu nutzen und zwar schon vor der eigentlichen Rissinitiierung. Das zugehörige Regelwerk ISO 24497 verspricht neben der Detektion von Mikrorissen und Inhomogenitäten des Werkstoffgefüges auch die Bestimmung des (Eigen-) Spannungszustandes. Neue, an der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung für die ZfP angepasste GMR (Giant Magneto Resistance)-Sensorik erlaubt Magnetfeldmessungen mit einer Ortsauflösung im Mikrometerbereich. Mit höherer Ortsauflösung zeigen sich Unterschiede, jedoch keine Widersprüche zu bisher publizierten Daten. Ihnen wesentlich ist, dass es einige verwertbare Hinweise auf einen Zusammenhang von Restfeldmagnetisierung und Materialeigenschaften gibt. T2 - DACH-Jahrestagung 2015 CY - Salzburg, Austria DA - 11.05.2015 KW - GMR KW - Metal Magnetic Memory KW - ZfP KW - Materialwissenschaft PY - 2015 SN - 978-3-940283-68-9 IS - DGZfP BB 152 SP - Poster 1, 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-33728 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Uckert, Danilo A1 - Kühn, Hans-Joachim A1 - Matzak, Kathrin A1 - Rehmer, Birgit T1 - Ermüdungsverhalten des warmfesten austenitischen Gusseisens EN-GJSA-XNiSiCr35-5-2 bei hoher Temperatur T2 - Kolloquium des Instituts für Materialphysik CY - Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster DA - 2015-07-21 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-33739 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Olbricht, Jürgen A1 - Bismarck, Marc A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Charakterisierung des Kriechverhaltens hochwarmfester Stähle durch Versuche an Miniaturproben N2 - Die Einsatzbedingungen der Bauteile von fossil befeuerten Kraftwerken unterliegen derzeit durch aktuelle Entwicklungen des Energiesektors (Stichwort „Energiewende“) erheblichen Veränderungen. Während das Interesse an einer weiteren Steigerung der Wirkungsgrade und den damit verbundenen Erhöhung der Prozessdrücke und -temperaturen prinzipiell anhält, werden parallel neue Verbrennungsprozesse wie z. B. die Oxyfuelverbrennung diskutiert und die Einsatzmöglichkeiten von Ersatzbrennstoffen wie Biomasse und hochkalorischen Müllfraktionen werden untersucht. Während diese Maßnahmen über veränderte Rauchgaszusammensetzungen ggf. zu einem generell verstärkten Hochtemperaturkorrosions-Angriff der Bauteile führen, zwingt der Ausbau der Stromerzeugung auf Basis von Wind- und Sonnenenergie die Anlagenbetreiber gleichzeitig zu einer lastflexiblen Anlagenfahrweise mit häufigen Warm- und Kaltstarts bei möglichst hohen Lastgradienten. Diese veränderten Betriebsbedingungen stellen eine Herausforderung für die Überwachung und Instandhaltung bestehender Kraftwerke sowie für die Konstruktion neuer Anlagen und Komponenten dar. N2 - Miniaturized specimen geometries in mechanicai testing allow extracting the sample material directly from critical components of power plants. In this way, both the Impacts of manufacturing and of the complex aging/loading/oxidation conditions during Service on life consumption are captured and representative mechanicai properties are obtained. In the present contribution, example results of a comparative creep/creep rupture study on P91 tempered martensite ferritic Steel, involving cylindrical Standard and miniature specimens (diameter 3 mm), are presented. The test results of miniature specimens exhibit all characteristic creep features of tempered martensite ferritic steels, and realistic stress and temperature dependences are obtained which correspond well to literature data. However, direct comparison with large scale specimen data reveals small but systematic variations in minimum creep rates, elongations at fracture and times to rupture. These differences are discussed in the light of literature findings on specimen size influences in other heat resistant alloys. Size effects need to be considered for a correct interpretation of results from miniature specimen creep tests. T2 - Langzeitverhalten warmfester Stähle und Hochtemperaturwerkstoffe - Beiträge zur 37. Vortragsveranstaltung der Arbeitsgemeinschaft für warmfeste Stähle und Hochtemperaturwerkstoffe CY - Düsseldorf, Germany DA - 28.11.2014 PY - 2014 SP - 106 EP - 116 AN - OPUS4-32402 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Stegemann, Robert A1 - Sonntag, Nadja A1 - Kreutzbruck, Marc A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit ED - Brune, M. ED - Buffière, J.Y. ED - Morel, F. ED - Nadot, Y. T1 - Self-magnetic-leakage field detection using magneto-optical sensor technique N2 - Measurement of spontaneous magnetic stray field signals has been reported to be a promising tool for capturing macro-scale information of deformation states, defects and stress concentration zones in a material structure. This paper offers a new method for self-magnetic leakage field detection using a magneto-optical (MO) hand-held microscope. Its sensor has a dynamic field range between ±0.05 and ±2 kA/m and a lateral optical resolution of approx. 10 µm. We examined flat tensile test specimens of metastable austenitic steel AISI 304. Static tensile tests were repeatedly interrupted at various predetermined states of strain and the magnetic information was measured by the MO system. Comparative measurements using a high-precision magnetic field GMR-sensor, verify the outstanding capability of the MO microscope regarding spatial resolution of magnetic fields. T2 - FDMDII-JIP 2014 - 14th International spring meeting CY - Paris, France DA - 06.11.2014 KW - Magneto-optical sensor KW - Metal magnetic memory KW - GMR KW - NDT PY - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-326911 SN - 978-2-7598-1274-5 N1 - Serientitel: Materials science, Engineering and Chemistry – Series title: Materials science, Engineering and Chemistry VL - 12 SP - 04010-1 EP - 04010-3 PB - EDP Sciences AN - OPUS4-32691 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Häusler, Ines A1 - Schwarze, C. A1 - Umer Bilal, M. A1 - Valencia Ramirez, D. A1 - Hetaba, W. A1 - Darvishi Kamachali, Reza A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Precipitation of T1 and theta′ Phase in Al‐4Cu‐1Li‐0.25Mn During Age Hardening: Microstructural Investigation and Phase‐Field Simulation N2 - Experimental and phase field studies of age hardening response of a high purity Al‐4Cu‐1Li‐0.25Mn‐alloy (mass %) during isothermal aging are conducted. In the experiments, two hardening phases are identified: the tetragonal θ′ (Al₂Cu) phase and the hexagonal T1 (Al₂CuLi) phase. Both are plate shaped and of nm size. They are analyzed with respect to the development of their size, number density and volume fraction during aging by applying different analysis techniques in TEM in combination with quantitative microstructural analysis. 3D phase‐field simulations of formation and growth of θ′ phase are performed in which the full interfacial, chemical and elastic energy contributions are taken into account. 2D simulations of T1 phase are also investigated using multi‐component diffusion without elasticity. This is a first step toward a complex phase‐field study of T1 phase in the ternary alloy. The comparison between experimental and simulated data shows similar trends. The still unsaturated volume fraction indicates that the precipitates are in the growth stage and that the coarsening/ripening stage has not yet been reached. KW - Al‐Cu‐Li‐alloy KW - Precipitates KW - Age hardening KW - Volume fraction KW - Number density KW - Microstructure KW - Phase‐field modeling KW - Elasticity KW - Multi‐component diffusion KW - Growth kinetics PY - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-390473 SN - 1996-1944 VL - 10 IS - 2 SP - Article 117, 1 EP - 21 PB - MDPI CY - Basel, Schweiz AN - OPUS4-39047 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rehmer, Birgit A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Glaubitz, Steffen T1 - Influence of casting skin on fatigue lifetime of ferritic ductile cast iron N2 - The fatigue behaviour of cast iron is usually investigated on machined specimens. Components of cast iron, however, have a casting skin; therefore the investigation of the influence of the casting skin on the lifetime is of interest. To study this influence isothermal fatigue tests were carried out on heat-resisting spheroidal graphite cast iron EN GJS SiMo 4.05 in 4–point-bending set-up at 400 °C. Specimens with and without casting skin were investigated comparatively. The number of cycles to failure was significantly lower for specimens with casting skin. Metallographic investigations underline the reduction of lifetime caused by casting skin. KW - Cast iron KW - Casting skin KW - Fatigue KW - Lifetime PY - 2017 SN - 0025-5300 VL - 59 IS - 1 SP - 5 EP - 10 PB - Carl Hanser Verlag CY - München AN - OPUS4-38929 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Olbricht, Jürgen A1 - Kühn, Hans-Joachim ED - Schmauder, S. ED - Chawla, K. K. ED - Chawla, N. ED - Chen, W. ED - Kagawa, Y. T1 - High temperature mechanical testing of metals N2 - Performing mechanical tests at high temperatures is a nontrivial issue: Compared to room temperature testing, additional phenomena like time-dependent Deformation processes and oxidation effects raise the complexity of the material’s response, while more sophisticated test setups and additional control parameters increase the number of potential sources of error. To a large extent, these complications can be overcome by carefully following all recommendations given in the respective high temperature testing standards, but more comprehensive background information helps to identify points of specific importance in particular test campaigns. In this chapter, an overview is given on general high temperature testing issues like the appropriate choice of experimental equipment and key aspects of temperature measurement. In subsequent sections, the major static and dynamic high temperature test methods are reviewed and their Special features, as compared to testing at room temperature, are highlighted based on example data sets. Influences of specimen size and environmental effects are shortly outlined in a concluding section. In the whole chapter, a focus is set on testing of “classical” metallic high temperature materials, but many considerations are equally valid for testing of intermetallics, composites, and high temperature ceramics. KW - Creep, Creep Rupture, and Stress Rupture KW - Relaxation tests KW - Low Cycle Fatigue (LCF) KW - Thermomechanical Fatigue (TMF) KW - Fatigue crack propagation PY - 2018 SN - 978-981-10-6855-3 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6855-3_44-1 SP - 1 EP - 38 PB - Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. CY - Singapore AN - OPUS4-44349 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rockenhäuser, Christian A1 - von Hartrott, P. A1 - Metzger, M. A1 - Schriever, Sina A1 - Augenstein, E. A1 - Karlin, J. A1 - Piesker, Benjamin A1 - Schweizer, Ch. A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Lebensdauerberechnung von Aluminium-Radialverdichterrädern unter Berücksichtigung der Werkstoffalterung N2 - In this project, a procedure was developed to improve the lifetime assessment precision of exhaust turbo charger radial compressor wheels made from the age hardenable aluminum alloy EN AW-2618A. This comprises particularly the consideration of material aging, which has to be anticipated during operation of such components under relevant service conditions (temperature, time, stress). First of all, a solid experimental database was established for the investigated material. This includes a mechanical as well as a microstructural characterization of the as-received state (T61) and after aging up to 25,000 h at relevant service temperatures (160 °C, 180 °C, 190 °C). The microstructural investigations focused on the development of the radii of the cylindrical hardening phase, which coarsens during aging. The relation between aging temperature, time and mechanical load (if applicable) was established for the first time to this extent. An interrelationship to describe the coarsening was established. The effect of aging on hardness, strength, creep behavior and fatigue lifetime (LCF, TMF) was studied and a correlation to the microstructure was established. The results of the creep tests were used to calibrate a modified hyperbolic sine creep model. A time and temperature dependent deformation model according to Chaboche, which describes the relevant phenomena of high temperature deformation and cyclic plasticity, was extended. It now considers material aging by describing the strength not only as a function of temperature but also as a function of aging, i.e. of the mean radius of the precipitates. A similar procedure was applied to extend the model in order to assess the fatigue lifetime. The calculated lifetimes of LCF and TMF tests completed during this project match well with the experimental results. Only one LCF test with a hold time of 900 s in tension deviates clearly from the mean value and shows the limits of the time independent damage model. Tests with shorter hold times of 60 s are within the scatter band, likewise the different aging conditions. A damage accumulation model additionally describing the progressive aging during lifetime was developed and implemented. Besides considering aging in the deformation and lifetime assessment, it is also possible to judge complex loading cycles in a postprocessing by rain flow classification of typical complex loading cycles. The methodology and the models were implemented into the Finite-Element software Abaqus and Ansys and are available for numerical assessment of components. N2 - In diesem Forschungsvorhaben wurde ein Verfahren entwickelt, um die Genauigkeit der Lebensdauerbewertung für Abgasturbolader (ATL)-Verdichterräder aus der ausscheidungs-härtbaren Aluminiumlegierung EN AW-2618A zu verbessern. Dies umfasst insbesondere die Berücksichtigung der Werkstoffalterung, mit der beim Einsatz dieser Bauteile unter entsprechender Betriebsbeanspruchung (Temperatur, Zeit, Spannung) gerechnet werden muss. Zunächst wurde eine solide experimentelle Datenbasis für den untersuchten Werkstoff geschaffen. Dies umfasste sowohl eine mechanische als auch eine mikrostrukturelle Charakterisierung des Ausgangszustands (T61) sowie von ausgelagerten Zuständen bis zu 25.000 h bei betriebsrelevanten Temperaturen (160 °C, 180 °C, 190 °C). Bei den Untersuchungen zur Mikrostruktur wurde der Fokus auf die Entwicklung der Radien der stäbchen-förmigen aushärtenden Phase gelegt, die während der Alterung vergröbern. Der Zusammenhang zwischen Auslagerungstemperatur, -zeit und ggfs. mechanischer Belastung wurde erstmals in diesem Umfang quantifiziert und entsprechende Gesetzmäßigkeiten zur Beschreibung der Vergröberung ermittelt. Vergleichend dazu wurde der Einfluss der Alterung auf die Härte, die Festigkeit, das Kriechverhalten und die Ermüdungslebensdauer (LCF, TMF) bestimmt, so dass eine Korrelation zur Mikrostruktur vorliegt. Die Ergebnisse der Kriechversuche wurden zur Kalibrierung eines modifizierten Sinus-hyperbolicus-Kriechmodells verwendet. Ein zeit- und temperaturabhängiges Verformungsmodell nach Chaboche, welches die wesentlichen Phänomene der Hochtemperaturverformung und der Wechselplastizität beschreibt, wurde erweitert und berücksichtigt nun die Werkstoffalterung, indem die Festigkeit nicht nur als Funktion der Temperatur, sondern auch des Alterungszustands (d. h. des mittleren Radius der Ausscheidungen) dargestellt wird. Für die Erweiterung des Modells zur Bewertung der Ermüdungslebensdauer wurde analog verfahren. Die berechnete Lebensdauer der im Verlauf des Vorhabens durchgeführten LCF- und TMF-Versuche stimmt gut mit den experimentellen Ergebnissen überein. Lediglich ein LCF-Versuch mit einer Haltezeit von 900 s im Zug weicht deutlich vom Mittelwert ab und zeigt die Grenzen des zeitunabhängigen Schädigungsmodells auf. Versuche mit kürzeren Haltezeiten bis zu 60 s liegen im Streuband, ebenso die verschiedenen Alterungszustände. Eine Schädigungsakkumulation unter Berücksichtigung der fortschreitenden Alterung über der Lebensdauer wurde entwickelt und implementiert. Neben der Berücksichtigung der Alterung in der Verformungs- und Lebensdaueranalyse besteht auch die Möglichkeit, komplexe Belastungszyklen in einem Postprozessing zu bewerten, indem Rainflow-Klassierungen typischer komplexer Belastungszyklen vorgenommen werden. Die Methodik und die Modelle wurden in die Finite-Elemente-Programme Abaqus und Ansys implementiert und stehen für die rechnerische Bewertung von Bauteilen zur Verfügung. T2 - FVV Frühjahrstagung 2018 CY - Bad Neuenahr, Germany DA - 22.03.2018 KW - Aluminium KW - Centrifugal compressor wheel KW - Dark-field transmission electron microscopy (DFTEM) KW - Degradation KW - S-phase PY - 2018 SP - 97 EP - 130 AN - OPUS4-44604 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - von Hartrott, P. A1 - Rockenhäuser, Christian A1 - Schriever, Sina A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Correlation of the precipitate size evolution and the creep rate of the aluminium alloy EN AW 2618A at 190 °C N2 - A short description of the work done on the topic "Correlation of the precipitate size evolution and the creep rate of the aluminium alloy EN AW 2618A at 190 °C" is given. T2 - International Conference on Aluminium Alloys 16 CY - Montreal, Canada DA - 17.06.2018 KW - Alloy 2618A KW - Degradation KW - Aluminium KW - Creep KW - Coarsening PY - 2018 SN - 978-1-926872-41-4 SP - 99 AN - OPUS4-45284 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Häusler, I. A1 - Schwarze, C. A1 - Umer Bilal, M. A1 - Hetaba, W. A1 - Darvishi Kamachali, Reza T1 - Age hardening of a high purity Al‐4Cu‐1Li‐0.25Mn alloy: Microstructural investigation and phase‐field simulation N2 - Research results considering the "Age Hardening of a High Purity Al‐4Cu‐1Li‐0.25Mn Alloy: Microstructural Investigation and Phase‐Field Simulation" were presented. T2 - ICAA16 CY - Montreal, Canada DA - 17.06.2018 KW - Age hardening KW - Aluminium KW - Phase-field simulation KW - Precipitates KW - Transmission electron microscopy PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45286 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rockenhäuser, Christian A1 - Augenstein, E. A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Long term ageing of alloy 2618A N2 - The result of an Investigation of the "Long term ageing of alloy 2618A" are discussed. T2 - International Conference on Aluminium Alloys 16 CY - Montreal, Canada DA - 17.06.2018 KW - Alloy 2818A KW - Aluminium KW - Coarsening KW - Transmission electron microscopy KW - S-phase PY - 2018 SP - Paper 400101 AN - OPUS4-45287 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rockenhäuser, Christian A1 - Schriever, Sina A1 - von Hartrott, P. A1 - Piesker, Benjamin A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Comparison of long-term radii evolution of the S-phase in aluminum alloy 2618A during ageing and creep N2 - A study was made on the effect of creep loading on the precipitate radii evolution of the aluminum alloy 2618A. The overageing process of the alloy was investigated under load at a temperature of 190 °C with stresses between 79 and 181 MPa and compared to stress free isothermal ageing. The precipitates responsible for strength were characterized using dark-field transmission electron microscopy (DFTEM). This allows the experimental Determination of radii distributions of the rod-shaped Al2CuMg precipitates and the evaluation regarding their mean precipitate radius. It was found that the mean precipitate radius enables the comparison of the different microstructural conditions of crept and uncrept samples. The mean precipitate radii of the samples experiencing creep are significantly higher than those of undeformed samples. It was shown that the acquired radii distributions are viable to determine averaged particle radii for comparison of the aged samples. A ripening process including pipe diffusion along dislocations describes the data on coarsening very well for the creep samples. KW - Aluminum alloys KW - Electron microscopy KW - Aging KW - Creep KW - Microstructure KW - S-Phase PY - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.01.033 SN - 0921-5093 VL - 716 SP - 78 EP - 86 PB - Elsevier B. V. AN - OPUS4-44090 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Rockenhäuser, Christian A1 - von Hartrott, P. A1 - Metzger, M. A1 - Karlin, J. A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Schweizer, C. T1 - Lebensdauerberechnung von Aluminium-Radialverdichterrädern unter Berücksichtigung der Werkstoffalterung N2 - Die Mikrostruktur von ausscheidungsgehärteten Aluminiumlegierungen ist von herausragender Bedeutung für ihre Festigkeit, da nur Werkstoffe mit gezielt eingestellter Mikrostruktur für Radialverdichterräder ausreichende Festigkeiten erreichen. Diese optimierte Mikrostruktur ändert sich jedoch während des Betriebs, denn die Bauteile werden bei Temperaturen eingesetzt, die nahe der Aushärtetemperatur liegen oder sogar darüber hinausgehen und folglich ist mit Alterung der Mikrostruktur und damit einhergehender Degradation der Eigenschaften zu rechnen. Diese Effekte konnten bisher in der Lebensdauervorhersage nicht berücksichtigt werden, da ihre diesbezüglichen Auswirkungen lediglich qualitativ bekannt waren. In diesem Forschungsvorhaben wurde daher für die Legierung EN AW-2618A einerseits eine sorgfältige und umfassende Charakterisierung der Gefügeentwicklung für anwendungsrelevante Temperaturen und Zeiten bis zu 25.000 h vorgenommen und andererseits eine solide Datenbasis bezüglich der mechanischen Eigenschaften (Zugfestigkeit, Kriechwiderstand, LCF-, TMF-Verhalten) und ihren Änderungen geschaffen. Darauf aufbauend wurde ein Verfahren entwickelt, um die Genauigkeit der Lebensdauerbewertung für Abgasturbolader (ATL)-Verdichterräder aus EN AW-2618A zu verbessern. Ein zeit- und temperaturabhängiges Verformungsmodell nach Chaboche, welches die wesentlichen Phänomene der Hochtemperaturverformung und der Wechselplastizität beschreibt, wurde erweitert und berücksichtigt nun die Werkstoffalterung, indem die Festigkeit nicht nur als Funktion der Temperatur, sondern auch des Alterungszustands (d. h. des mittleren Radius der Ausscheidungen) dargestellt wird. Für die Erweiterung des Modells zur Bewertung der Ermüdungslebensdauer unter Rainflow-klassierten Betriebslastkollektiven wurde analog verfahren. Die berechnete Lebensdauer der im Verlauf des Vorhabens durchgeführten LCF- und TMF-Versuche stimmt gut mit den experimentellen Ergebnissen überein. KW - Alloy 2618A KW - Degradation KW - Dark-field transmission electron microscopy (DFTEM) KW - S-Phase KW - Aluminum PY - 2018 SP - 1 EP - 123 AN - OPUS4-44618 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Czichos, Horst A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit ED - Hennecke, Manfred ED - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Anforderungen, Eigenschaften und Verhalten von Werkstoffen N2 - Die Eigenschaften verschiedener Werkstoffe werden behandelt und typische Werkstoffkennwerte angegeben. Es werden Arten der Beanspruchung von Bauteilen und Werkstoffen vorgestellt, die diese in technischen Anwendungen unterworfen sind. Im Betrieb von Bauteilen kann Materialschädigung und unter Umständen auch Versagen eintreten. Mögliche Mechanismen und Ursachen werden erläutert und Einblicke in die Methodik der Schadensanalyse gegeben. KW - Beanspruchung KW - Werkstoffkennwerte KW - Mechanische Eigenschaften KW - Thermophysikalische Eigenschaften KW - Schadenskunde KW - Alterung KW - Bruch KW - Korrosion KW - Tribologie KW - Werkstoffauswahl PY - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-57492-8_29-1 SP - 1 EP - 45 PB - Springer-Verlag GmbH Deutschland AN - OPUS4-51286 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Avila, Luis A1 - Charmi, Amir A1 - Falkenberg, Rainer A1 - Rehmer, Birgit T1 - Mechanical Testing and Simulations on AM Ti6Al4V and 316L N2 - First experimental results are shown on mechanical properties of additively manufactured alloy Ti6Al4V. A modelling and simulation approach is presented to describe the anisotropic behavior of 316L at the macro-scale. T2 - Workshop on Additive Manufacturing: Process, materials, testing, simulation & implants CY - BAM, Berlin, Germany DA - 13.05.2019 KW - AM KW - Mechanical behavior KW - Microstructure KW - Anisotropy KW - Modeling KW - Simulation PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48072 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jürgens, Maria A1 - Olbricht, Jürgen A1 - Fedelich, Bernard A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - FLEXIKON - Teil 2: Ermüdungsverhalten, Schädigungsentwicklung und Lebensdauer von 9-12% Cr-Stählen im zyklischen Kraftwerksbetrieb N2 - Schnelle Lastwechsel führen v.a. in dickwandigen Kraftwerksbauteilen zu starken thermischen und mechanischen Beanspruchungen, da sich hohe Temperaturgradienten über der Wand des Bauteils einstellen. Es ergeben sich komplexe Lastkollektive aus zeitlich veränderlichen Spannungen/Dehnungen und Temperaturen, die formal einer Kombination aus Kriechbeanspruchung, Kriechermüdung und thermomechanischer Ermüdung (TMF) entsprechen. T2 - 47. Kraftwerkstechnisches Kolloquium CY - Dresden DA - 13.10.2015 KW - TMF KW - LCF KW - P91 KW - P92 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-35613 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Uckert, Danilo A1 - Matzak, Kathrin A1 - Kühn, Hans-Joachim A1 - Rehmer, Birgit A1 - Peter, Frauke A1 - Fedelich, Bernard A1 - Falkenberg, Rainer A1 - Haftaoglu, Cetin A1 - Kindrachuk, Vitaliy T1 - Erweiterung bestehender Werkstoff- und Rechenmodelle zur Lebensdauervorhersage für Abgasturbolader-Heißteile unter thermomechanischer Ermüdungsbeanspruchung N2 - In diesem Forschungsvorhaben erfolgte eine Überprüfung der Übertragbarkeit der Werkstoff- und Rechenmodelle für die Lebensdauervorhersage von ATL-Heißteilen unter TMF-Beanspruchung auf eine andere Werkstoffklasse, d. h. auf eine austenitische Gusseisenlegierung mit Kugelgraphit. Dafür wurde die Legierung EN-GJSA-XNiSiCr35-5-2 (Ni-Resist D-5S) ausgewählt. Zunächst wurde für diesen Werkstoff eine experimentelle Datenbasis geschaffen, da diese vor Beginn des Vorhabens nicht ausreichend war. Dazu wurden Zug-, Kriech-, LCF- und TMF-Versuche durchgeführt, die der Kalibrierung der Modelle dienten. Unter TMF-Belastung zeigte der untersuchte Werkstoff ein stark abweichendes Verhalten von den im vorangegangenen Vorhaben untersuchten ferritischen SiMo-Legierungen: Der Werkstoff Ni-Resist zeigte insgesamt eine vergleichbare Festigkeit unter OP- und IP-Bedingungen, während die ferritischen Legierungen unter IP-Beanspruchung eine deutlich höhere Festigkeit aufweisen. Mit zunehmenden Temperaturen und Haltezeiten unter Zugspannungen wurden dagegen beim Werkstoff Ni-Resist Hinweise auf Kriechschädigung gefunden, die schädigungsrelevant sind. Auch dies ist ein deutlicher Unterschied zu den SiMo-Legierungen. Das Spannungs-Verformungs-Verhalten in den LCF- und TMF-Versuchen wird durch das Modell auch für den neuen Werkstoff überwiegend gut beschrieben. Das Gleiche gilt für die Lebensdauervorhersage, die mit Ausnahme der Prüftemperatur 900 °C innerhalb eines Fak-tors zwei liegt. Eine Verifikation des Modells erfolgte mit Hilfe eines Bauteilversuchs an einem Abgassammler, der abwechselnd mit heißem und kaltem Gas durchströmt wurde. Ziel der Bauteilsimulation war insbesondere die Vorhersage der Rissbildungsorte. Eine Vorhersage der exakten Lebensdauer wurde nicht erwartet, da das Bauteil mit einer Gusshaut behaftet war, während die für die Kalibrierung des Lebensdauermodells verwendeten Versuche an bearbeiteten, glatten Proben ohne Gusshaut durchgeführt wurden. Die überwiegende Anzahl der experimentell ermittelten Rissorte wurden vorhergesagt. Schließlich war ein wesentliches Ziel des Vorhabens, den Einfluss von HCF-Schwingungen auf die TMF-Lebensdauer vertieft experimentell zu untersuchen und das bereits bestehende Lebensdauermodell auf HCF-Überlagerung zu erweitern. Dazu wurde zunächst die Daten-basis aus dem Vorgängervorhaben am Bespiel von SiMo 4.05 deutlich ausgebaut, um die verschiedenen Einflussparameter zu erfassen. Es wurde ein Ansatz entwickelt, in dem die Lebensdauerminderung durch die überlagerten HCF-Schwingungen abgebildet wird. Dabei wird davon ausgegangen, dass ab einer bestimmten Risstiefe die Überlagerung der HCF-Schwingungen die Rissausbreitung stark beschleunigt. Der Zeitpunkt, wann diese Beschleunigung eintritt, wird als maßgeblich für die Lebensdauerminderung angesehen. Mit diesem Ansatz lassen sich die Lebensdauern für beide Werkstoffe in guter Übereinstimmung mit dem Experiment vorhersagen. T2 - Informationstagung Turbomaschinen, Frühjahr 2016 CY - Bad Neuenahr, Germany DA - 13.04.2016 KW - Ermüdung KW - LCF KW - Modellierung KW - Schädigung KW - Simulation KW - TMF PY - 2016 VL - Heft R575 SP - 1 EP - 35 AN - OPUS4-35823 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Olbricht, Jürgen A1 - Bismarck, Marc A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Size effects in miniature specimen creep testing of heat resistant ferritic-martensitic steels N2 - The use of miniaturized specimen geometries in mechanical testing allows extracting the sample material directly from the sidewall of critical components of power plants, like e.g. headers and steam pipes. In this way, both the impacts of the processing of the component (including all shaping and tempering influences) and of the exposure to the complex aging/loading/oxidation conditions in the plant (in case of post-Service tests) can be analyzed and representative mechanical properties are obtained. T2 - CREEP 2015 - 13th International conference on creep and fracture of engineering materials and structures CY - Toulouse, France DA - 31.05.2015 PY - 2015 SP - 163 EP - 164 AN - OPUS4-33528 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Uckert, Danilo A1 - Matzak, Kathrin A1 - Kühn, Hans-Joachim A1 - Rehmer, Birgit A1 - Peter, Frauke A1 - Fedelich, Bernard A1 - Falkenberg, Rainer A1 - Haftaoglu, Cetin A1 - Kindrachuk, Vitaliy A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - TMF-Lebensdauerberechnung ATL-Heißteile II - Erweiterung bestehender Werkstoff- und Rechenmodelle zur Lebensdauervorhersage für Abgasturbolader-Heißteile unter thermomechanischer Ermüdungsbeanspruchung (Abschlussbericht) N2 - In diesem Forschungsvorhaben erfolgte eine Überprüfung der Übertragbarkeit der Werkstoff- und Rechenmodelle für die Lebensdauervorhersage von ATL-Heißteilen unter TMF-Beanspruchung auf eine andere Werkstoffklasse als im Vorgängervorhaben, d.h. auf das austenitische Gusseisen EN-GJSA-XNiSiCr35-5-2 (Ni-Resist D-5S). Zunächst wurde dafür eine experimentelle Datenbasis geschaffen, da diese vor Beginn des Vorhabens nicht ausreichend war. Dazu wurden Zug-, Kriech-, LCF- und TMF-Versuche durchgeführt, die der Kalibrierung der Modelle dienten. Das Spannungs-Verformungs-Verhalten und die Lebensdauer in den LCF- und TMF-Versuchen werden durch das Modell auch für den neuen Werkstoff überwiegend gut beschrieben. LCF-Versuche mit Haltezeit bei 900 °C sowie IP-TMFVersuche mit einer Obertemperatur von 900 °C werden weniger gut vorhergesagt, da sich der Schädigungsmechanismus ändert. Eine Verifikation des Modells erfolgte mit Hilfe eines Bauteilversuchs an einem Abgassammler. Die überwiegende Anzahl der experimentell ermittelten Rissorte wurden von dem Modell vorhergesagt. Ein wesentliches Ziel des Vorhabens war, den Einfluss von HCF-Schwingungen auf die TMF-Lebensdauer vertieft experimentell zu untersuchen und das bereits bestehende Lebensdauermodell auf HCF-Überlagerung zu erweitern. Es wurde ein bruchmechanisch motivierter Ansatz entwickelt, in dem die Lebensdauerminderung durch die im TMF-Zyklus überlagerten HCF-Schwingungen abgebildet wird. Mit diesem Ansatz lassen sich die Lebensdauern sowohl für den Werkstoff SiMo 4.05 als auch für den Ni-Resist in guter Übereinstimmung mit dem Experiment Vorhersagen. Das Ziel des Forschungsvorhabens ist erreicht worden. PY - 2015 IS - 1082 SP - 1 EP - 168 CY - Frankfurt/Main AN - OPUS4-35112 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Olbricht, Jürgen A1 - Lippmann, Tim A1 - Klingelhöffer, Hellmuth A1 - Rehmer, Birgit A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Mechanical characterisation of heat resistant power plant materials by creep and fatigue testing in controlled gas atmospheres N2 - The continuing increase of steam parameters of fossil fuelled high efficiency power plants and new combustion concepts for the capture and storage of carbon dioxide lead to harsher service conditions for the components and structural materials of such facilities. The present work introduces a test concept that allows testing of candidate materials under simultaneous mechanical and corrosive loading. The material's reaction can be directly investigated under simulated temperature, load and corrosion conditions of modern installations. First results obtained for different heat resistant steels suggest a strong influence of the environmental medium on the fatigue and creep behaviour. Such findings complement the data that is available from the classical qualification process of the materials and may support the material selection for new power plant installations. N2 - Die weitere Erhöhung der Dampfparameter von hocheffizienten fossil befeuerten Kraftwerken sowie neue Verbrennungskonzepte zur Realisierung der Kohlendioxidabscheidung und -speicherung führen zu erschwerten Einsatzbedingungen für die Bauteile und Strukturwerkstoffe solcher Anlagen. Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt ein Prüfkonzept vor, das die Prüfung von Kandidatenwerkstoffen unter überlagerter mechanischer und korrosiver Beanspruchung ermöglicht. Die Werkstoffreaktion kann direkt unter den simulierten Temperatur-, Last- und Korrosionsbedingungen moderner Anlagen untersucht werden. Erste Ergebnisse für verschiedene warmfeste Stähle deuten auf einen erheblichen Einfluss des Umgebungsmediums auf das Ermüdungs- und Kriechverhalten hin. Solche Erkenntnisse ergänzen die aus den Qualifizierungsuntersuchungen der Werkstoffe verfügbaren Daten und können so die Werkstoffauswahl für neue Anlagen unterstützen. KW - Hocheffiziente Kraftwerke KW - Kohlendioxidabscheidung und -speicherung (CCS) KW - Warmfeste Stähle KW - Mechanische Eigenschaften KW - Korrosionsverhalten KW - High efficiency power plants KW - Carbon capture and storage (CCS) KW - Heat resistant steels KW - Mechanical properties KW - Corrosion behaviour PY - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/mawe.201400185 SN - 0933-5137 SN - 1521-4052 VL - 45 IS - 1 SP - 5 EP - 14 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-30309 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Grun, Benthe Birger A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Olbricht, Jürgen ED - Christ, Hans-Jürgen T1 - Charakterisierung von Hochtemperaturwerkstoffen durch Zug- und Ermüdungsversuche an Kleinproben T1 - Characterization of high-temperature materials by tensile and fatigue tests on small specimens N2 - Die Verwendung von miniaturisierten Probengeometrien in der mechanischen Prüfung ermöglicht die Entnahme des Probenmaterials direkt aus kritischen Bereichen wie Fügeverbindungen und ermöglicht die Prüfung von kleinen Bauteilen wie additiv gefertigten Strukturen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden exemplarisch die Ergebnisse von vergleichenden Zug- und niederzyklischen Schwing-versuchen (LCF) an dem austenitischen Stahl AISI 316L und der Nickelbasislegierung IN718 vorgestellt. Die Prüfergebnisse der Kleinproben aus AISI 316L weisen die charakteristischen Eigenschaften des Werkstoffs auf, und die Analyse der Zug- und Ermüdungsdaten führt zu Werten, die den Literaturdaten weitgehend entsprechen. Der direkte Vergleich mit Standardprobendaten zeigt jedoch systematische Abweichungen bei Zugfestigkeit, Dehngrenze und Gleichmaßdehnung, die in diesem Beitrag diskutiert werden. N2 - The use of miniaturized specimen geometries in mechanical testing allows to extract speci-men material directly from critical areas such as weldments and to test small structures such as additively manufactured components. In the present paper, example results of comparative tensile and low-cyclic fatigue tests (LCF) on the austenitic steel AISI 316L and the nickel-based alloy IN718 are presented. The test results of the small specimens on AISI 316L show the characteristic properties of the material, and the analysis of the tensile and fatigue tests leads to values which largely correspond to literature data. However, the direct comparison with standard sample data shows systematic deviations in tensile strength, yield strength and uniform elongation, which are discussed in this paper. T2 - Werkstoffprüfung 2019 CY - Neu-Ulm, Germany DA - 03.12.2019 KW - Kleinprobenprüfung KW - Probengrößeneffekt KW - Low Cycle Fatigue KW - Zugversuch KW - AISI 316L KW - IN 718 PY - 2019 SP - 329 EP - 334 AN - OPUS4-50220 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jürgens, Maria A1 - Sonntag, Nadja A1 - Olbricht, Jürgen A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Cyclic operation performance of 9-12% Cr ferritic-martensitic steels part 1: Cyclic mechanical behavior under fatigue and creep-fatigue loading N2 - The current competitive situation on electricity markets forces power plants into cyclic operation regimes with frequent load shifts and starts/shutdowns. In the present work, the cyclic mechanical behavior of ferritic-martensitic 9-12 % Cr steels under isothermal and thermomechanical loading was investigated for the example of grade P92 material. A continuous softening was observed under all loading conditions. The introduction of hold periods to the applied cycles reduced material lifetime, with most prominent effects at technologically relevant small strain levels. The microstructural characterization reveals a coarsening of the original “martensitic” lath-type microstructure to a structure with polygonal subgrains and reduced dislocation density. The microstructural data forms the input for a physically-based modelling approach, both of which are presented in “Part 2: Microstructural Evolution during Cyclic Loading and its Representation in a Physically-based Micromechanical Model“. T2 - 45. MPA-Seminar CY - Leinfelden-Echterdingen, Germany DA - 01.10.2019 KW - Tempered Martensite Ferritic Steels KW - P92 KW - Low Cycle Fatigue KW - Thermo-Mechanical Fatigue KW - Creep-Fatigue PY - 2019 SP - 75 EP - 79 PB - MPA (Materialprüfungsanstalt Universität Stuttgart) CY - Stuttgart AN - OPUS4-50051 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Czichos, Horst ED - Hennecke, Manfred ED - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Materialprüfung N2 - Die Materialprüfung dient der Analyse der Eigenschaften, der Qualität und der Sicherheit vonMaterialien undWerkstoffen. Die häufigsten Verfahren umfassen die Analyse der chemischen Zusammensetzung und der Mikrostruktur sowie die Ermittlung von Werkstoffkennwerten. Dazu zählt auch die Bestimmung des Materialverhaltens unter verschiedenen Beanspruchungen bis hin zu komplexen Beanspruchungen. Die Verwendung von Referenzmaterialien, Referenzorganismen und Referenzverfahren dient der Zuverlässigkeit und Richtigkeit von Messungen, Prüfungen und Analysen. KW - Materialprüfung KW - Werkstoffprüfung KW - Chemische Analyse KW - Mikrostrukturuntersuchung KW - Gefügeuntersuchung KW - Werkstoffmechanische Prüfung KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung KW - Referenzmaterial KW - Referenzorganismus KW - Referenzverfahren PY - 2019 SN - 978-3-662-57492-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-57492-8_30-1 SP - 1 EP - 27 PB - Springer-Verlag GmbH CY - Berlin, Heidelberg ET - 35 AN - OPUS4-50516 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Czichos, Horst ED - Hennecke, Manfred ED - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Die Werkstoffklassen N2 - Es werden die vier Werkstoffklassen Metalle, Keramiken, Polymere und Verbundwerkstoffe sowie ihre Untergruppen vorgestellt. Die metallischen Werkstoffe umfassen die Eisen- wie die Nichteisenwerkstoffe und ihre Legierungen. Neben den Ingenieurkeramiken werden auch Glas und Glaskeramik, Naturstoffe und Erdstoffe sowie Baustoffe behandelt. KW - Metall KW - Keramik KW - Glas KW - Polymer KW - Verbundwerkstoff PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-662-57492-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-57492-8_28-1 SP - 1 EP - 35 PB - Springer-Verlag GmbH Deutschland CY - Berlin, Heidelberg ET - 35. AN - OPUS4-50297 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Czichos, Horst ED - Hennecke, Manfred ED - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Grundlagen der Werkstoffkunde N2 - Der Aufbau der Werkstoffe wird durch Merkmale wie Bindungsart, atomare Strukturen, Kristallstrukturen einschließlich ihrer Gitterbaufehler, Körner und Phasen bestimmt. Die Mikrostruktur (Gefüge) stellt den Verbund der Kristalle, Phasen und Gitterbaufehler auf mikroskopischer und nanoskopischer Skala dar. Die Grundlagen der Phasenumwandlungen werden behandelt und die Bedeutung von Diffusionsprozessen erläutert. Werkstoffe sind bedeutend für Kultur, Wirtschaft, Technik und Umwelt. Ihre Herstellung benötigt Ressourcen und Energie. Recycling ist eine Möglichkeit zur Erhöhung der Ressourcenproduktivität. KW - Materialkreislauf KW - Aufbau von Festkörpern KW - Kristallsystem KW - Gleichgewicht KW - Ungleichgewicht KW - Kreislaufwirtschaft PY - 2019 SN - 978-3-662-57492-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-57492-8_27-1 SP - 1 EP - 31 PB - Springer-Verlag GmbH Deutschland CY - Berlin, Heidelberg ET - 35. AN - OPUS4-48476 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rockenhäuser, Christian A1 - Piesker, Benjamin A1 - Heidl, Daniel A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Influence of prestraining on the aging response of an Al-Cu-Li alloy N2 - The influence of prestraining on the aging response of an Al-Cu-Li alloy is investigated by preparation of different strain states (3 %, 4 %, 6 %) of the initial aging state. The Brinell hardness of the subsequently aged samples (up to 60 h aging time) was measured and it was found that the increasing dislocation concentration in the 3 different initial states leads to faster hardness increases and slightly higher maximum hardness. T2 - Microscopy Conference 2019 (MC2019) CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 01.09.2019 KW - Al-Cu-Li alloys KW - hardness KW - coarsening PY - 2019 SP - 186 EP - 187 PB - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Elektronenmikroskopie (DGE) CY - Dresden AN - OPUS4-48918 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kling e Silva, Lucas A1 - Sonntag, Nadja A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - CARACTERIZAÇÃO MAGNÉTICA PRÉ E PÓS DEFORMAÇÃO DE AÇOS DE CONSTRUÇÃO NÃO LIGADOS ATRAVÉS DA TÉCNICA BITTER (FERROFLUIDO) T1 - Magnetic characterization before and after deformation of non-alloyed contruction steels using bitter technic N2 - The plastic deformation results in irreversible microstructure changes in the steel, which can be considered as the initial stage of the fracture process. However, detecting, monitoring and evaluating, damage states and small defects non-destructively in advance still proves challenging. Dubov reported the phenomenon of the spontaneous emergence of weak magnetic fields in ferritic structural steel and pipelines, which originate due to heterogeneous mechanical and / or thermal stresses. This observation is not associated with induced phase transformations by deformation and appears to be a promising tool for the prior characterization of damage in ferromagnetic steels. To provide a better understanding of the physical bases of the process, the magnetic microstructure of such materials and a change of magnetic domains after undergoing plastic deformation were studied. A colloidal solution with paramagnetic particles in the nanometer range (ferrofluid), which allowed, through the Bitter technique, not only to observe a change in size of the magnetic domains of the material, but also changes in their morphology. Ferritic steels with their concentrations of carbon in its composition (0.12%; 0.17% and 0.45%) were studied in this work. T2 - 15° ENEMET - ABM Week 2015 CY - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil DA - 17.08.2015 KW - Magnetic Domains KW - Bitter Technique KW - Steels KW - Ferrofluid PY - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5151/1516-392X-26931 SN - 2594-4711 VL - 15 IS - 15 SP - 2942 EP - 2950 PB - Blucher Preceedings CY - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil AN - OPUS4-48875 LA - mul AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kling e Silva, Lucas A1 - Pereira, Gabriela Ribeiro A1 - Jardim, Paula Mendes A1 - Sonntag, Nadja A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - CARACTERIZAÇÃO MAGNÉTICA DOS EFEITOS DE DEFORMAÇÃO EM AÇOS ESTRUTURAIS ATRAVÉS DA TÉCNICA BITTER MODIFICADA N2 - The plastic deformation results in irreversible microstructure changes in the steel, which can be considered as the initial stage of the fracture process. However, detecting, monitoring and evaluating, damage states and small defects non-destructively in advance still proves challenging. It was reported in literature the phenomenon of the spontaneous emergence of weak magnetic fields in structural steels and pipelines, which originates due to heterogeneous mechanical and / or thermal stresses. This observation is not associated with induced phase transformations by deformation and appears to be a promising tool for the prior characterization of damage in ferromagnetic steels. To provide a better understanding of the physical bases of the process, the magnetic microstructure of such materials and the change of magnetic domains after undergoing plastic deformation were studied. For this purpose, a colloidal solution with paramagnetic particles in the nanometer scale (ferrofluid) was used, through the Bitter technique, in order to, not only observe a change in size of the magnetic domains of the material, but also changes in their morphology. Ferritic steels with different carbon contents (0.08%; 0.22% and 0.45%) were studied in this work. T2 - ABM Week 2017 CY - Sao Paulo, Brazil DA - 02.10.2017 KW - Magnetic domains KW - Steels KW - Ferrofluid KW - Plastic deformation PY - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5151/1516-392X-30810 SN - 2594-5327 VL - 72 IS - 1 SP - 3003 EP - 3013 PB - Blucher Preceeding CY - Brasilien AN - OPUS4-48876 LA - por AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rockenhäuser, Christian A1 - von Hartrott, P. A1 - Metzger, M. A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Digital material representation of precipitation coarsening in alloy 2618A for the lifetime assessment of radial compressor wheels N2 - The concept of digital material representation is introduced and the aluminium alloy 2618A is discussed as an example of this concept regarding the simulation of material ageing based on nanoscaled precipitates. T2 - Microscopy Conference 2019 (MC2019) CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 01.09.2019 KW - Alloy 2618A KW - Aluminium KW - Digital material representation KW - Transmission electron microscopy KW - Material degradation PY - 2019 SP - 183 EP - 184 AN - OPUS4-48885 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rockenhäuser, Christian A1 - Rowolt, C. A1 - Milkereit, B. A1 - Darvishi Kamachali, Reza A1 - Kessler, O. A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - On the long-term aging of S-phase in aluminum alloy 2618A N2 - The aluminum alloy 2618A is applied for engine components such as radial compressor wheels which operate for long time at elevated temperatures. This results in coarsening of the hardening precipitates and degradation in mechanical properties during the long-term operation, which is not taken into account in the current lifetime prediction models due to the lack of quantitative microstructural and mechanical data. To address this issue, a quantitative investigation on the evolution of precipitates during long-term aging at 190 °C for up to 25,000 h was conducted. Detailed transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was combined with Brinell hardness measurements and thorough differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) experiments. The results showthat GPB zones and S-phase Al2CuMg grow up to < 1,000 h during which the GPB zones dissolve and S-phase precipitates form. For longer aging times, only S-phase precipitates coarsen, which can be well described using the Lifshitz–Slyozov Wagner theory of ripening. A thorough understanding of the underlying microstructural processes is a prerequisite to enable the integration of aging behavior into the established lifetime models for components manufactured from alloy 2618A. KW - Long-term aging KW - Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) KW - Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) KW - Microstructure KW - S-phase KW - Ostwald ripening PY - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-519899 SN - 0022-2461 VL - 56 IS - 14 SP - 8704 EP - 8716 PB - Springer Nature AN - OPUS4-51989 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jürgens, Maria A1 - Sonntag, Nadja A1 - Olbricht, Jürgen A1 - Fedelich, Bernard A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - The effect of dwell times on the thermomechanical fatigue life performance of grade P92 steel at intermediate and low strain amplitudes N2 - Results of an extended TMF test program on grade P92 steel in the temperature range of 620 °C - 300 °C, comprising in-phase (IP) and out-of-phase (OP) tests, partly performed with symmetric dwells at Tmax/Tmin, are presented. In contrast to previous studies, the low-strain regime is also illuminated, which approaches flexible operation in a power plant with start/stop cycles. At all strain amplitudes, the material performance is characterized by continuous cyclic softening, which is retarded in tests at lower strains but reaches similar magnitudes in the course of testing. In the investigated temperature range, the phase angle does not affect fatigue life in continuous experiments, whereas the IP condition is more detrimental in tests with dwells. Fractographic analyses indicate creep-dominated and fatigue-dominated damage for IP and OP, respectively. Analyses of the (micro)hardness distribution in the tested specimens suggest an enhanced microstructural softening in tests with dwell times for the low- but not for the high-strain regime. To rationalize the obtained fatigue data, the fracture-mechanics-based D_TMF concept, which was developed for TMF life assessment of ductile alloys, was applied. It is found that the D_TMF parameter correlates well with the measured fatigue lives, suggesting that subcritical growth of cracks (with sizes from a few microns to a few millimeters) governs failure in the investigated range of strain amplitudes. KW - 9-12%Cr steel KW - Thermomechanical fatigue KW - Symmetric dwell periods KW - Low strain KW - Parametric modeling PY - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.140593 VL - 805 SP - 140593 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-52374 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fedelich, Bernard A1 - Kühn, Hans-Joachim A1 - Rehmer, Birgit A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Experimental and analytical investigation of the TMF-HCF lifetime behavior of two cast iron alloys N2 - The combined loading Thermomechanical Fatigue (TMF) with High Cycle Fatigue (HCF) has been experimentally investigated for two cast iron alloys. Both alloys contain globular graphite nodules but the first one has a ferritic structure while the second one has an austenitic crystal structure. In particular, the influences of the HCF frequency, of the HCF loading amplitude and of the location of the superposed HCF cycles have been investigated. It was observed that the HCF frequency has a limited impact on the fatigue life. On the other side, the HCF-strain amplitude has a highly non-linear influence on the fatigue life. The experimental results can be understood in terms of a fracture mechanics based damage mechanism: Cracks quickly initiate due to the TMF loading and the growth of the cracks up to a few mm controls the fatigue life. If HCF-loading cycles are superposed, cyclic crack propagation dramatically accelerates after a threshold has been reached. This threshold is regarded as controlling the fatigue life reduction. The previous ideas have been expressed in a model that can be very simply applied to estimate the fatigue life reduction ratio due to the superposed HCF cycles. It only contains two adjustable parameters and can be combined with any TMF life assessment model. T2 - 3rd International Workshop on Thermo-Mechanical Fatigue (TMF-Workshop 2016) CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 27.04.2016 KW - Thermomechanical Fatigue (TMF) KW - High Cycle Fatigue (HCF) KW - Cast iron KW - Fatigue assessment PY - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2016.11.013 SN - 0142-1123 SN - 1879-3452 VL - 99 IS - 2 (Special issue: Recent developments in thermo-mechanical fatigue) SP - 266 EP - 278 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford AN - OPUS4-39810 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rehmer, Birgit A1 - Finn, Monika A1 - Uhlemann, Patrick A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Scheuerlein, C. ED - Frenz, H. ED - Langer, B. T1 - Vergleichende Bewertung verschiedener Verfahren der E-Modulbestimmung für metallische Werkstoffe N2 - Für numerische Beanspruchungs- und Lebensdaueranalysen ist die Kenntnis des E-Moduls der eingesetzten Werkstoffe von zentraler Bedeutung. Für seine experimentelle Bestimmung wurden eine Vielzahl von Verfahren entwickelt, die zum Teil werkstoffspezifisch Eingang in die Normung gefunden haben. Prinzipiell können diese Verfahren in zwei Gruppen eingeteilt werden - die statischen und die dynamischen Prüfverfahren. Während die statischen Verfahren auf der direkten Messung des Spannungs-Dehnungs-Zusammenhangs während einer Belastung im elastischen Verformungsbereich beruhen (Zug-, Biege- bzw. Druckversuch) nutzen die dynamischen Verfahren die Analyse der resultierenden Schwingungen nach einer entsprechenden Anregung eines Prüfkörpers (Resonanz- bzw. Impulsanregungsmethode). Für verschiedene Werkstoffe wurden statische und dynamische Verfahren zur E-Modulbestimmung eingesetzt. Die Unterschiede und Vorteile der verschiedenen Verfahren werden vergleichend diskutiert. T2 - Tagung Werkstoffprüfung 2017 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 30.11.2017 KW - E-Modul KW - Zugversuch KW - Druckversuch KW - Resonanzmethode KW - Impuls-Anregungsmethode PY - 2017 SN - 978-3-9814516-7-2 SN - 1861-8154 SP - 217 EP - 224 PB - Deutscher Verband für Materialforschung und -prüfung CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-43255 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rehmer, Birgit A1 - Finn, Monika A1 - Uhlemann, Patrick A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Scheuerlein, Ch. T1 - Vergleichende Bewertung verschiedener Verfahren der E-Modulbestimmung für metallische Werkstoffe N2 - Für numerische Beanspruchungs- und Lebensdaueranalysen ist die Kenntnis des E-Moduls der eingesetzten Werkstoffe von zentraler Bedeutung. Für seine experimentelle Bestimmung wurden eine Vielzahl von Verfahren entwickelt, die zum Teil werkstoffspezifisch Eingang in die Normung gefunden haben. Prinzipiell können diese Verfahren in zwei Gruppen eingeteilt werden - die statischen und die dynamischen Prüfverfahren. Während die statischen Verfahren auf der direkten Messung des Spannungs-Dehnungs-Zusammenhangs während einer Belastung im elastischen Verformungsbereich beruhen (Zug-, Biege- bzw. Druckversuch) nutzen die dynamischen Verfahren die Analyse der resultierenden Schwingungen nach einer entsprechenden Anregung eines Prüfkörpers (Resonanz- bzw. Impulsanregungsmethode). Für verschiedene Werkstoffe wurden statische und dynamische Verfahren zur E-Modulbestimmung eingesetzt. Die Unterschiede und Vorteile der verschiedenen Verfahren werden vergleichend diskutiert. T2 - Tagung Werkstoffprüfung 2017 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 30.11.2017 KW - E-Modul KW - Zugversuch KW - Druckversuch KW - Resonanzmethode KW - Impuls-Anregungs-Methode PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-43253 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kühn, Hans-Joachim A1 - Rehmer, Birgit A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Thermomechanical fatigue of heat-resistant austenitic cast iron EN-GJSA-XNiSiCr35-5-2 (Ni-Resist D-5S) N2 - TMF tests were carried out on EN-GJSA-XNiSiCr35-5-2 at constant minimum temperature (400 °C) and varying maximum temperatures (Tmax = 700 °C, 800 °C, 900 °C) with hold times of 180 s at Tmax and two phase angles (in-phase (IP), 180° out-of-phase (OP)). The results showed a comparable strength under OP- and IP-TMF loading. At Tmax = 700 °C and 900 °C, the lifetime in IP-tests was slightly longer than that of OP-tests, while it is vice versa at Tmax = 800 °C. The IP-tests at Tmax = 900 °C showed a similar lifetime as OP-tests at Tmax = 700 °C and 800 °C, which was unexpected for such a high testing temperature. All IP-tests at Tmax = 900 °C showed a continuous cyclic softening from the beginning on, which was different from all other testing conditions. Complementary metallographic investigations indicated that under this test condition, intergranular creep damage is present in the volume of the test pieces. T2 - 3rd International Workshop on Thermo-Mechanical Fatigue (TMF-Workshop 2016) CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 27.04.2016 KW - Cast iron KW - Cracks KW - Cyclic softening KW - Microscopy KW - Thermomechanical fatigue PY - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2017.01.009 SN - 0142-1123 SN - 1879-3452 VL - 99 IS - 2 (Special issue: Recent developments in thermo-mechanical fatigue) SP - 295 EP - 302 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford AN - OPUS4-39680 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Stegemann, Robert A1 - Cabeza, Sandra A1 - Pelkner, Matthias A1 - Lyamkin, Viktor A1 - Sonntag, Nadja A1 - Bruno, Giovanni A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Kreutzbruck, Marc T1 - Evaluation of high spatial resolution imaging of magnetic stray fields for early damage detection N2 - The paper discusses the evaluation of elastic and plastic strain states in two low-carbon steels of the same steel group with high spatial resolution GMR (giant magneto resistance) sensors. The residual stress distributions of tungsten inert gas welded plates were determined by means of neutron diffraction as a reference. The normal component of local residual magnetic stray fields arise in the vicinity of the positions of maximum stress. The experiments performed on flat tensile specimen indicate that the boundaries of plastic deformations are a source of stray fields. The spatial variations of magnetic stray fields for both the weld and the tensile samples are in the order of the earths magnetic field. T2 - 43rd Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, Volume 36 CY - Atlanta, Georgia, USA DA - 17.07.2016 KW - Plastic deformation KW - GMR KW - Neutron diffraction KW - Residual stress KW - Microstructure KW - Low carbon steel KW - TIG weld PY - 2017 SN - 978-0-7354-1474-7 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4974688 SN - 0094-243X VL - 1806 IS - 1 SP - Article UNSP 110010-1 EP - 10 PB - AIP Publishing CY - Melville, NY 11747 AN - OPUS4-39279 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Grelle, Tobias A1 - Probst, Ulrich A1 - Jaunich, Matthias A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Wolff, Dietmar T1 - Creep investigations on aluminum seals for application in radioactive waste containers N2 - In Germany spent nuclear fuel and high level radioactive waste is stored in interim storage containers with double lid systems. Those lids are equipped with metal seals (e.g. Helicoflex®) that ensure the safe enclosure of the inventory. The used metal seals consist of three components as can be seen in the cross-sectional view in Figure 1. The innermost part is a helical spring that is surrounded by an inner jacket made of stainless steel. The outer jacket that is made of a softer material which in case of assembly in the aforementioned storage containers is silver or aluminum (i.e. Al 99.5). During application the seal is compressed and due to the restoring force of the helical spring, the outer jacket is plastically deformed and adapts to the sealing surface. Hence, leakage paths are closed and the sealing function is generated. In Germany the above-mentioned containers are licensed for up to 40 years of interim storage, which in case extended storage becomes necessary before a final repository is available will have to be extended to even longer periods. Therefore, the evaluation of the long-term behavior of the seals is necessary, taking into account storage conditions, decay heat and possible mechanical loads as well. At Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM) long-term investigations are being conducted in which seals are assembled in test flanges and aged at temperatures ranging from room temperature to 150°C for accelerated aging. The aged seals are tested semi-annually (after the first 6 months in which the seals are tested more frequently) regarding the sealing performance, the remaining seal force, and the useable resilience upon decompression. Results of these investigations have been published over the past years (e.g. Grelle, Wolff, Probst, Jaunich, & Völzke, 2017; Völzke, Wolff, Probst, Nagelschmidt, & Schulz, 2014). It was found that the seal force and the useable resilience decrease with time and temperature, which is in agreement with the result of other studies (Sassoulas et al., 2006; Wataru et al., 2016) as well. Geometry change of the outer jacket has been identified as the main reason for this seal behavior. At the prevailing operating temperatures and stresses the aluminum is subjected to creep deformation leading to a thinning of the outer jacket. Since the seal groove depth remains unchanged the helical spring expands, which in turn leads to a decrease of the generated spring and seal force. Although the main reason for the change of seal parameters over time and temperature is known, a detailed characterization of the seal behavior and a reliable prediction of the parameter development for aging times that exceed the experimental time frame have not been possible, yet. For deeper understanding of the aging processes, an Investigation program, which is covered in this contribution, is conducted at Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM) that focusses on the behavior of the aluminum jacket and its influence on the long-term sealing performance. The program investigates properties of material samples as well as the behavior of the seal as a component. Original sheet material of the same aluminum that is used for manufacturing of the seals is investigated in compression creep tests. For this, a DMA (dynamic mechanical analysis) machine is employed (here used for static tests) that allows for a measurement of the specimens deformation under forces of up to 500 N. The advantage of this method is that the original material can be tested in the same shape as used for the seals which is 0.5 mm thick sheet material. For investigation of tensile creep standard specimens are used, that were machined from surrogate material of the same composition and annealing condition. Furthermore, aluminum seals that are cut into smaller segments are assembled in flanges and placed in heating chambers at temperatures ranging from 23°C to 150°C. After different periods of time from 3 days to 300 days the segments are taken out of the flanges and are investigated, thus giving information on different states of aging. Measurements of the development of the seal contact width and the aluminum jacket thickness are done with an optical microscope. Further investigations on the segments will include metallography and hardness measurements. From the detailed material and component behavior including the results of the long-term seal force and useable resilience investigations a better understanding of the overall seal behavior can be gained. The aim is to contribute to the development of material models and analytical approaches for the prediction of the sealing behavior in dependence of time and temperature. T2 - International Conference on Aluminum Alloys CY - Montreal, Canada DA - 17.06.2018 KW - Metal seal KW - Creep KW - Long-term behavior PY - 2018 SN - 978-1-926872-41-4 SP - 1 EP - 2 AN - OPUS4-45844 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sonntag, Nadja A1 - Cabeza, S. A1 - Kuntner, M. A1 - Mishurova, Tatiana A1 - Klaus, M. A1 - Kling e Silva, L. A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Genzel, Ch. A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - Visualisation of deformation gradients in structural steel by macroscopic magnetic domain distribution imaging (Bitter technique) N2 - Abstract While classically used to visualise the magnetic microstructure of functional materials (e.g., for magnetic applications), in this study, the Bitter technique was applied for the first time to visualise macroscopic deformation gradients in a polycrystalline low-carbon steel. Spherical indentation was chosen to produce a multiaxial elastic–plastic deformation state. After removing the residual imprint, the Bitter technique was applied, and macroscopic contrast differences were captured in optical microscopy. To verify this novel characterisation technique, characteristic “hemispherical” deformation zones evolving during indentation were identified using an analytical model from the field of contact mechanics. In addition, near-surface residual stresses were determined experimentally using synchrotron radiation diffraction. It is established that the magnetic domain distribution contrast provides deformation-related information: regions of different domain wall densities correspond to different “hemispherical” deformation zones (i.e., to hydrostatic core, plastic zone and elastic zone, respectively). Moreover, the transitions between these three zones correlate with characteristic features of the residual stress profiles (sign changes in the radial and local extrema in the hoop stress). These results indicate the potential of magnetic domain distribution imaging: visualising macroscopic deformation gradients in fine-grained ferromagnetic material with a significantly improved spatial resolution as compared to integral, mean value-based measurement methods. KW - Bitter technique KW - Deformation KW - Expanding cavity model KW - Indentation KW - Magnetic domain distribution KW - Residual stress PY - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/str.12296 SN - 1475-1305 VL - 54 IS - 6 SP - e12296, 1 EP - 15 PB - Wiley AN - OPUS4-46569 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Häusler, Ines A1 - Darvishi Kamachali, Reza A1 - Hetaba, W. A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Thickening of T-1 Precipitates during Aging of a High Purity Al–4Cu–1Li–0.25Mn Alloy N2 - The age hardening response of a high-purity Al–4Cu–1Li–0.25Mn alloy (wt. %) during isothermal aging without and with an applied external load was investigated. Plate shaped nanometer size T1 (Al2CuLi) and θ′ (Al2Cu) hardening phases were formed. The precipitates were analyzed with respect to the development of their structure, size, number density, volume fraction and associated transformation strains by conducting transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) studies in combination with geometrical Phase analysis (GPA). Special attention was paid to the thickening of T1 phase. Two elementary types of single-layer T1 precipitate, one with a Li-rich (Type 1) and another with an Al-rich (Defect Type 1) central layer, were identified. The results show that the Defect Type 1 structure can act as a precursor for the Type 1 structure. The thickening of T1 precipitates occurs by alternative stacking of These two elementary structures. The thickening mechanism was analyzed based on the magnitude of strain associated with the precipitation transformation normal to its habit plane. Long-term aging and aging under load resulted in thicker and structurally defected T1 precipitates. Several types of defected precipitates were characterized and discussed. For θ′ precipitates, a ledge mechanism of thickening was observed. Compared to the normal aging, an external load applied to the peak aged state leads to small variations in the average sizes and volume fractions of the precipitates. KW - Al-Cu-Li-alloy KW - Precipitation KW - T1 precipitate KW - Microstructure evolution KW - Thickening KW - Creep KW - Volume fraction KW - Number density KW - Strain difference PY - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-471207 SN - 1996-1944 VL - 12 IS - 1 SP - 30, 1 EP - 23 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-47120 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Butz, Adam A1 - Fedelich, Bernard A1 - Rehmer, Birgit A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Schmitz, Sebastian ED - Moninger, G. T1 - Risserkennung an Bohrlochproben: Numerische Voruntersuchung für eine neuartige Methode zur Rissformerkennung T1 - Crack Detection on Borehole Specimens: Numerical pre-examination for a novel crack shape detection method N2 - Es konnte anhand einer numerischen Voruntersuchung gezeigt werden, dass anhand der kombinierten Auswertung der im Versuch verwendeten Sensorik eine Einteilung der unter Ermüdung in Bohrlochproben auftretenden Rissformen in verschiedene Hauptkategorien (Eckriss, Oberflächenriss, Durchgangsriss) möglich ist. N2 - When fatigued specimens with a hole are to be investigated regarding crack growth, it may be the case that the shape of the crack can’t be identified with sufficient certainty. If marking the fracture surface e.g. using beach marks is not possible, a method is required that nevertheless allows for the determination of the crack shape in order to calculate the corresponding fracture mechanics parameters. This paper describes a numerical pre-study for a method that allows for the classification of cracks in a sample featuring a drill hole into one of three crack shape classes based on the combined evaluation of various types of test data. T2 - Tagung Werkstoffprüfung 2018 CY - Bad Neuenahr, Germany DA - 06.12.2018 KW - Crack KW - LCF KW - Data Fusion KW - Risse KW - Rissform KW - Datenfusion PY - 2018 VL - 2018 SP - 249 EP - 254 AN - OPUS4-46976 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jürgens, Maria A1 - Olbricht, Jürgen A1 - Fedelich, Bernard A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Low Cycle Fatigue and Relaxation Performance of Ferritic–Martensitic Grade P92 Steel N2 - Due to their excellent creep resistance and good oxidation resistance, 9–12% Cr ferritic–martensitic stainless steels are widely used as high temperature construction materials in power plants. However, the mutual combination of different loadings (e.g., creep and fatigue), due to a “flexible” operation of power plants, may seriously reduce the lifetimes of the respective components. In the present study, low cycle fatigue (LCF) and relaxation fatigue (RF) tests performed on grade P92 helped to understand the behavior of ferritic–martensitic steels under a combined loading. The softening and lifetime behavior strongly depend on the temperature and total strain range. Especially at small strain amplitudes, the lifetime is seriously reduced when adding a hold time which indicates the importance of considering technically relevant small strains. KW - Ferritic–martensitic steel KW - P92 KW - Low cycle fatigue KW - Relaxation fatigue KW - Cyclic softening PY - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-473905 VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - 99, 1 EP - 25 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-47390 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bismarck, Marck A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Olbricht, Jürgen T1 - Size effects in miniature specimen creep testing of P91 N2 - The use of miniaturized specimen geometries in mechanical testing allows extracting the sample material directly from critical components of power plants like e.g. headers and pipes. In this way, both the impacts of the manufacture of the component (including all shaping and tempering influences) and of the complex aging/loading/oxidation conditions during Service can be analyzed and representative mechanical properties are obtained. In the present study, example results of a comparative creep and creep rupture study on P91 tempered martensite ferritic Steel, involving Standard and miniature specimens that were all taken from one batch of material, are presented. Cylindrical creep specimens with a minimum gauge length diameter of 3 mm were used, representing the smallest recommended test geometry of ISO 204. The test results of miniature specimens exhibit all characteristic creep features of tempered martensite ferritic steels, and analysis of the stress and temperature dependence of creep results in values that correspond well to literature data for P91. However, direct comparison with large scale specimen data reveals small but systematic variations in minimum creep rates, elongations at fracture and times to rupture. In our contribution, these differences are discussed in the light of literature findings on specimen size influences in other heat resistant alloys. Size effects need to be considered for a correct interpretation of results from miniature specimen creep tests. T2 - 3rd International ECCC Conference CY - Rom, Italy DA - 05.05.2014 KW - Material PY - 2017 SN - 978-88-7484-510-1 SP - 430 EP - 435 PB - Tipography Inail CY - Milan AN - OPUS4-41239 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rockenhäuser, Christian A1 - von Hartrott, P. A1 - Metzger, M. A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Comparison of S-phase coarsening in alloy 2618A during ageing, creep, and fatigue N2 - The coarsening of S-phase precipitates in alloy 2618A was compared for different ageing conditions (heat treatment, creep, and fatigue). T2 - LightMAT 2017 CY - Bremen, Germany DA - 08.11.2017 KW - Alloy 2618A KW - Degradation KW - Coarsening KW - S-phase KW - Dark-field transmission electron microscopy (DFTEM) PY - 2017 SP - 1 EP - 3 AN - OPUS4-42837 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sonntag, Nadja A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit ED - Beck, T. ED - Charkaluk, E. T1 - Imaging of potential crack initiation sites in ferritic steels by the Bitter method N2 - It is widely known that the magnetic domain structure of stress-sensitive ferromagnetic materials may be altered by external or internal mechanical stresses due to magnetoelastic effects. In this contribution, localized magnetic domain changes arising from inhomogeneous deformation and multiaxial loading conditions are imaged by the Bitter method for the first time. It is demonstrated that these domain changes provide deformation-related information and thus, allow for the visualization of macroscopic strain gradients in fine-grained polycrystalline steels, while keeping a sufficient spatial resolution. This approach has been developed within the framework of BAM-MI-project “MICRONET”. T2 - LCF8 Eighth International Conference on Low Cycle Fatigue CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 27.06.2017 KW - Bitter method KW - Magnetic domains KW - Strain gradients PY - 2017 SN - 978-3-9814516-5-8 SP - 263 EP - 265 PB - DVM Deutscher Verband für Materialforschung und -prüfung CY - Berlin, Germany AN - OPUS4-40862 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kingelhöffer, Hellmuth A1 - Affeldt, E. E. A1 - Bache, M. A1 - Bartsch, M. A1 - Beck, T. A1 - Christ, H. J. A1 - Fedelich, Bernard A1 - Hähner, P. A1 - Holdsworth, S. R. A1 - Lang, K.-H. A1 - McGaw, M. A1 - Olbricht, Jürgen A1 - Remy, L. A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Stekovich, S. T1 - Editorial - Special issue: Recent developments in thermo-mechanical fatigue N2 - Components in the Aerospace, Power and Automotive engineering sectors are frequently subjected to cyclic stresses induced by thermal fluctuations and mechanical loads. For the design of such components, reliable material property data are required which need to be acquired using well accepted and reproducible test procedures for thermo-mechanical fatigue (TMF) loading. There is limited availability of proven TMF data indicating there is need for further research and testing. The TMF behaviour of materials is often desired to be simulated in models which describe the cyclic stress-strain behaviour, the fatigue life and the cyclic crack growth behaviour. There is a continuous need for the development and amendment of such models. Models can be validated by using materials in industrial applications which are subjected to TMF loading. The 3rd Workshop on Thermo-Mechanical Fatigue was held on 27–29 April 2016 at BAM, Berlin, Germany. The workshop was attended by 90 attendees coming from 17 countries in the world. 38 presentations including five poster presentations were held. The following topics were covered by the workshop: – TMF of materials coated with Thermal Barrier Coatings. – Thermal Gradient Mechanical Fatigue. – TMF crack growth. – TMF + High Cycle Fatigue. – TMF Modelling and Lifetime Prediction. – TMF Properties of steels, cast iron, Al-, Mg- and Ni-alloys – Advanced TMF Testing Techniques. – Industrial Applications. A panel discussion was held regarding the present state of TMF testing standards (ISO and ASTM) and their potential for improvement. The discussion and contributions were summarized and forwarded to the standard committees. The 3rd TMF-Workshop ensured the continuation of international exchange of knowledge providing a forum to present and discuss all recent developments in the field of thermo-mechanical fatigue. The current special issue publishes eleven selected papers of the 3rd TMF-Workshop 2016. The papers were peer reviewed by a number of experts in the Thermo-Mechanical Fatigue sector. I hope you will enjoy reading papers of this special issue. T2 - 3rd International Workshop on Thermo-Mechanical Fatigue (TMF-Workshop 2016) CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 27.04.2016 KW - Fatigue damage KW - Thermo-mechanical fatigue KW - Fatigue life time KW - Life time prediction KW - TMF PY - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2017.02.002 SN - 0142-1123 VL - 99 IS - 2 SP - 215 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford AN - OPUS4-40895 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Olbricht, Jürgen A1 - Kühn, Hans-Joachim T1 - Mechanische Werkstoffeigenschaften bei hoher Temperatur N2 - Der Vortrag behandelt die Herausforderungen bei der mechanischen Kennwertermittlung für Metalle bei hoher Temperatur. T2 - Festkolloquium 50 Jahre Institut für Werkstoffe CY - Bochum, Germany DA - 13.09.2018 KW - Kennwertermittlung KW - Mechanisches Verhalten KW - Hochtemperatur PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46014 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - von Hartrott, P. A1 - Metzger, M. A1 - Rockenhäuser, Christian A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Lebensdauerbewertung von alternden Werkstoffen N2 - Werkstoffe im Hochtemperatureinsatz verändern mit der Zeit ihre Mikrostruktur. Mit diesem Alterungsprozess einher geht eine Veränderung der mechanischen Eigenschaften ebenso wie eine Veränderung des Schädigungsverhaltens. Im Rahmen des FVV Vorhabens „Alterung und Lebensdauer“ haben das Fraunhofer IWM in Freiburg und die BAM in Berlin die weit verbreitete warmfeste Aluminiumlegierung EN AW-2618A in verschiedenen Alterungszuständen experimentell charakterisiert und darauf aufbauend Modelle für die Lebensdauerbewertung mit der Finite-Elemente- Methode implementiert. KW - Aluminiumlegierung KW - Alterung KW - Mikrostruktur KW - Lebensdauervorhersage KW - Schädigung PY - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s35146-018-0085-8 SN - 0024-8525 SN - 2192-8843 VL - 79 IS - 10 SP - 72 EP - 76 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-46064 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - von Hartrott, P. A1 - Metzger, M. A1 - Rockenhäuser, Christian A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Lifetime assessment of aging materials N2 - Materials subjected to high-temperature service conditions will change their microstructure with time. Associated with this aging process is a change of mechanical properties as well as a change of damage mechanisms. Within the scope of the FVV project Aging and Lifetime, Fraunhofer IWM in Freiburg and BAM in Berlin (both Germany) experimentally characterized the widespread high-temperature aluminum alloy EN AW-2618A in different overaging states. Based on the experimental findings, models for numerical lifetime assessment with the finite-element method were implemented. KW - Aluminum alloy KW - Aging KW - Microstructure KW - Lifetime prediction KW - Damage PY - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s38313-018-0084-7 SN - 2192-9114 VL - 79 IS - 10 SP - 64 EP - 68 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-46065 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Uckert, Danilo A1 - Kühn, Hans-Joachim A1 - Matzak, Kathrin A1 - Rehmer, Birgit T1 - Ermüdungsverhalten des warmfesten austenitischen Gusseisens EN-GJSA-XNiSiCr35-5-2 bei hoher Temperatur N2 - Die warmfeste austenitische Gusseisenlegierung EN-GJSA-XNiSiCr35-5-2 (häufig auch als Ni-Resist D-5S bezeichnet) wurde hinsichtlich ihres mechanischen Verhal-tens bei hoher Temperatur charakterisiert. Dazu wurden (isotherme) niederzyklische (LCF-) und (nicht-isotherme) thermomechanische Ermüdungsversuche (TMF) zwischen Raumtemperatur und 900 °C durchgeführt. Diese Ergebnisse dienten (zu-sammen mit weiteren Versuchsdaten) der Kalibrierung werkstoffmechanischer Modelle. Bei den höchsten Prüftemperaturen wurde Schädigung in Form von Kriechen beobachtet und metallographisch dokumentiert. T2 - 41. Vortragsveranstaltung Langzeitverhalten warmfester Stähle und Hochtemperaturwerkstoffe CY - Dusseldorf, Germany DA - 30.11.2018 KW - Ni-Resist KW - LCF KW - TMF KW - Kriechen KW - Lebensdauer KW - Schädigung PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46851 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Uckert, Danilo A1 - Kühn, Hans-Joachim A1 - Matzak, Kathrin A1 - Rehmer, Birgit A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Ermüdungsverhalten des warmfesten austenitischen Gusseisens EN-GJSA-XNiSiCr35-5-2 bei hoher Temperatur N2 - Die warmfeste austenitische Gusseisenlegierung EN-GJSA-XNiSiCr35-5-2 (häufig auch als Ni-Resist D-5S bezeichnet) wurde hinsichtlich ihres mechanischen Verhaltens bei hoher Temperatur charakterisiert. Dazu wurden (isotherme) niederzyklische (LCF-) und (nicht-isotherme) thermomechanische Ermüdungsversuche (TMF) zwischen Raumtemperatur und 900 °C durchgeführt. Diese Ergebnisse dienten (zusammen mit weiteren Versuchsdaten) der Kalibrierung werkstoffmechanischer Modelle. Bei den höchsten Prüftemperaturen wurde Schädigung in Form von Kriechen beobachtet und metallographisch dokumentiert. T2 - Langzeitverhalten warmfester Stähle und Hochtemperaturwerkstoffe CY - Dusseldorf, Germany DA - 30.11.2018 KW - Kriechen KW - LCF KW - Lebensdauer KW - Ni-Resist KW - Schädigung KW - TMF PY - 2018 SN - 978-3-00-061694-5 SP - 29 EP - 38 CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-46919 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rockenhäuser, Christian A1 - Schriever, Sina A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit ED - Panfilov, Peter ED - Kodzhaspirov, Georgii T1 - Microstructural evolution during creep of Al-alloy 2618A N2 - The aluminum alloy 2618A is an Al-Cu-Mg alloy with additions of Fe and Ni, which was designed for long-term operation at elevated temperature in transportation and aerospace industries. Typical applications include aircraft parts and structures (sheet material) or engine components such as turbo charger centrifugal compressor wheels (forged material). Such components are subjected to prolonged aging during service, (e.g. 50 000 h) at temperatures which are close to their age hardening temperature (ca. 190 °C). The microstructural evolution during creep exposure is studied. T2 - Creep 2017 CY - St. Petersburg, Russia DA - 19.07.2017 KW - Creep KW - Microstructure KW - Coarsening KW - TEM PY - 2017 SN - 978-5-7422-5799-8 SP - 80 EP - 81 PB - SpbPU Publisher CY - St. Petersburg, Russia AN - OPUS4-40750 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Rockenhäuser, Christian A1 - Schriever, Sina T1 - Microstructural Evolution during Creep of Al-Alloy 2618A N2 - The aluminum alloy 2618A is an Al-Cu-Mg alloy with additions of Fe and Ni, which was designed for long-term operation at elevated temperature in transportation and aerospace industries. Typical applications include aircraft parts and structures (sheet material) or engine components such as turbo charger centrifugal compressor wheels (forged material). Such components are subjected to prolonged aging during service, (e.g. 50 000 h) at temperatures which are close to their age hardening temperature (ca. 190 °C). The microstructural evolution was investigated. T2 - Creep 2017 CY - St. Petersburg, Russia DA - 18.06.2017 KW - Creep KW - Microstructure KW - Coarsening KW - TEM PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-40756 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rockenhäuser, Christian A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit ED - Laue, Michael T1 - S-phase growth and coarsening in alloy 2618A during ageing N2 - The S-phase growth and coarsening in alloy 2618A during ageing is shown in a quantitative manner. T2 - Microscopy Conference 2017 (MC 2017) CY - Lausanne, Switzerland DA - 20.08.2017 KW - S-phase KW - Coarsening KW - TEM KW - Aluminium alloy 2618A PY - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:355-epub-360998 SP - MS4.014, 224 EP - 225 AN - OPUS4-41669 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sonntag, Nadja A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Stegemann, Robert A1 - Löwe, Peter A1 - Kreutzbruck, M. T1 - The role of surface topography on deformation-induced magnetization under inhomogeneous elastic-plastic deformation N2 - It is widely accepted that the magnetic state of a ferromagnetic material may be irreversibly altered by mechanical loading due to magnetoelastic effects. A novel standardized nondestructive testing (NDT) technique uses weak magnetic stray fields, which are assumed to arise from inhomogeneous deformation, for structural health monitoring (i.e., for detection and assessment of damage). However, the mechanical and microstructural complexity of damage has hitherto only been insufficiently considered. The aim of this study is to discuss the phenomenon of inhomogeneous “self-magnetization” of a polycrystalline ferromagnetic material under inhomogeneous deformation experimentally and with stronger material-mechanical focus. To this end, notched specimens were elastically and plastically deformed. Surface magnetic states were measured by a three-axis giant magnetoresistant (GMR) sensor and were compared with strain field (digital image correlation) and optical topography measurements. It is demonstrated that the stray fields do not solely form due to magnetoelastic effects. Instead, inhomogeneous plastic deformation causes topography, which is one of the main origins for the magnetic stray field formation. Additionally, if not considered, topography may falsify the magnetic signals due to variable lift-off values. The correlation of magnetic vector components with mechanical tensors, particularly for multiaxial stress/strain states and inhomogeneous elastic-plastic deformations remains an issue. KW - Magnetic stray fields KW - Magnetomechanical effect KW - Damage KW - Topography KW - Multiaxial deformation KW - Notch KW - Plastic deformation KW - Metal magnetic memory KW - Digital image correlation KW - Structural steel PY - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-457878 SN - 1996-1944 VL - 11 IS - 9 SP - 1518, 1 EP - 26 PB - MDPI CY - Basel, Switzerland AN - OPUS4-45787 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Uckert, Danilo A1 - Kühn, H.-J. A1 - Matzak, Kathrin A1 - Rehmer, Birgit T1 - Ermüdungsverhalten des warmfesten austenitischen Gusseisens EN-GJSA-XNiSiCr35-5-2 bei hoher Temperatur N2 - Die warmfeste austenitische Gusseisenlegierung EN-GJSA-XNiSiCr35-5-2 (häufig auch als Ni-Resist D-5S bezeichnet) wurde hinsichtlich ihres mechanischen Verhal-tens bei hoher Temperatur charakterisiert. Dazu wurden (isotherme) niederzyklische (LCF-) und (nicht-isotherme) thermomechanische Ermüdungsversuche (TMF) zwischen Raumtemperatur und 900 °C durchgeführt. Diese Ergebnisse dienten (zu-sammen mit weiteren Versuchsdaten) der Kalibrierung werkstoffmechanischer Modelle. Bei den höchsten Prüftemperaturen wurde Schädigung in Form von Kriechen beobachtet und metallographisch dokumentiert. T2 - 21. Werkstofftechnisches Kolloquium CY - Chemnitz, Germany DA - 06.03.2019 KW - Kriechen KW - LCF KW - TMF KW - Lebensdauer KW - Ni-Resist PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-47548 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Hornbogen, E. A1 - Warlimont, H. A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Metalle N2 - Dieses Standardwerk bietet eine Darstellung der Struktur und Eigenschaften der Metalle und ihrer Anwendungen als Werkstoffe. Im ersten, wissenschaftlichen Teil werden der atomare und mikroskopische Aufbau, die thermodynamischen und die grundlegenden physikalischen und mechanischen Eigenschaften der Metalle beschrieben sowie die Grundlagen der thermisch aktivierten Reaktionen und der Phasenumwandlungen. Die wichtigsten experimentellen Untersuchungsmethoden werden erläutert, wobei die mikroskopischen und Beugungsverfahren einen Schwerpunkt bilden. Im zweiten, technischen Teil werden die Werkstoffgruppen der Metalle und ihre anwendungsbezogenen Eigenschaften behandelt. Dabei wird auf die zugrunde liegenden Legierungen und die Verfahren zur gezielten Einstellung ihrer Eigenschaften eingegangen. Schwerpunkte bei der Darstellung der Werkstoffe sind die Stähle, die teilchengehärteten Legierungen, die Magnetwerkstoffe und die pulvermetallurgisch hergestellten Werkstoffe. Außerdem werden die Oberflächeneigenschaften und die Verfahren zur Oberflächenbehandlung dargestellt. KW - Struktur KW - Eigenschaften KW - Anwendungen PY - 2019 SN - 978-3-662-57762-2 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-57763-9 SP - 1 EP - 424 PB - Springer Vieweg CY - Berlin ET - 7. AN - OPUS4-47549 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Beygi Nasrabadi, Hossein A1 - Bauer, Felix A1 - Tikana, Ladji A1 - Uhlemann, Patrick A1 - Thärig, Steffen A1 - Rehmer, Birgit A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - KupferDigital mechanical testing datasets N2 - The KupferDigital project aims to develop digital methods, tools, and data space infrastructures for digitalizing the entire life cycle of copper materials. The mechanical testing process is one of the main chains of such life cycles which generates lots of important testing data about the mechanical properties of the materials and their related materials and testing metadata. To train the digitalization of the mechanical testing process, different kinds of copper alloys were provided for this project, and their mechanical properties were measured by typical methods like Brinell and Vickers hardness and tensile testing. The primary raw testing data as well as the secondary datasets of these tests are provided. The detailed materials specifications, the utilized mechanical testing methods, and provided datasets are described in the content file. The test data files of heterogeneous structures are processed by the KupferDigital digital tools to be converted to standardized machine-readable data files. KW - Copper alloys KW - Dataset KW - Tensile testing KW - Mechanical testing KW - Hardness test PY - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7670582 PB - Zenodo CY - Geneva AN - OPUS4-57038 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Gesell, Stephan A1 - Fedelich, Bernard A1 - Rehmer, Birgit A1 - Uhlemann, Patrick A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Ganesh, R. A1 - Dude, D. P. A1 - Kuna, M. A1 - Kiefer, B. T1 - TMF-Rissverlaufsberechnung für ATL-Heißteile N2 - Die Steigerung der Leistung und des thermodynamischen Wirkungsgrades von Verbrennungsmotoren führt zu erhöhten Anforderungen an die Festigkeit abgasführender Komponenten wie z. Bsp. Abgasturbolader. Als Folge erhöhter thermomechanischer Wechselbeanspruchungen (TMF) im Betrieb kommt es an den mechanisch und/oder thermisch höchst beanspruchten Stellen der Bauteile zur Bildung von Rissen, wodurch die Lebensdauer der Komponenten begrenzt wird. Derzeit werden bei Turboladern heißgehende Bauteile mit detektierten Rissen zumeist prophylaktisch ersetzt, da die weitere Ausbreitung der Risse während des Betriebs nicht vorhergesagt werden kann. Um diese aufwändige und un- ökonomische Praxis zu vermeiden, wurde im vorliegenden Forschungsvorhaben eine rechnerische Bewertungsmethode auf Basis der experimentellen und numerischen Bruchmechanik erarbeitet, mit deren Hilfe bereits in der Auslegungsphase oder während des Betriebs die (restliche) Lebensdauer der abgasführenden Komponenten vorhergesagt werden kann. Damit wird erstmalig die quantitative Vorhersage der Rissentwicklung bei TMF-Beanspruchungsbedingungen unter Berücksichtigung großer zyklischer viskoplastischer Verformungen ermöglicht. Zentrales Ergebnis des Vorhabens ist eine automatisierte Berechnungsprozedur auf der Basis spezieller Finite-Elemente-Techniken (FEM), womit sowohl der Pfad als auch die Größe eines Risses als Funktion der Anzahl der Lastwechsel in Bauteilen unter TMF-Bedingungen berechnet werden kann. Als geeigneter Beanspruchungsparameter zur Bewertung des Rissfortschritts unter TMF wurde die zyklische Rissöffnungsverschiebung ΔCTOD verwendet. Das Werkstoffverhalten des betrachteten austenitischen Gusseisens Ni-Resist D-5S wurde mit einem validierten viskoplastischen, temperaturabhängigen Materialmodell modelliert, das zur Berücksichtigung große Verzerrungen und Rotationen am Riss erweitert wurde. Für die genaue Berechnung des ΔCTOD bei TMF wurden effiziente FEM-Techniken erarbeitet. Zur Simulation der Rissausbreitung wurde ein automatischer FEM-Algorithmus mit inkrementeller adaptiver Neuvernetzung entwickelt, bei dem die Verformungen und inelastischen Zustandsvariablen jeweils vom alten auf das neue Netz übertragen werden. Dieser Algorithmus wurde im Software-Paket ProCrackPlast implementiert, das in Verbindung mit dem kommerziellen FEM-Code Abaqus zur Lösung dreidimensionaler Rissprobleme zur Verfügung steht. Ziel der umfangreichen experimentellen Arbeiten war es, an isothermen LCF und anisothermen TMF-Versuchen mit gekerbten Flachzugproben (SENT) das Risswachstum im Temperaturbereich von 20 °C bis 700 °C zu ermitteln. Mit Hilfe begleitender 2D FEM Simulationen wurden anhand dieser Datenbasis die Rissfortschrittskurven des Werkstoffs unter Anwendung des ΔCTOD-Konzepts bestimmt und in geeigneter, parametrisierter Form den Nutzern zur Verfügung gestellt. Die Versuche an SENT-Proben wurden mit der entwickelten Software ProCrackPlast als 3D Modell simuliert. Der Vergleich der 2D und 3D Simulationen ergab einen systematischen Unterschied im CTOD und CTOD, der mit Hilfe eines Übertragungsfaktors korrigiert wurde. Der Vergleich der 3D Berechnungen mit den Experimenten zeigte eine zufriedenstellende Übereinstimmung der er- reichten Risslänge mit der Zahl der Lastzyklen im gesamten Temperaturbereich, wobei die numerische Prognose meist auf der konservativen / sicheren Seite lag. Die Übertragbarkeit der Ergebnisse der 2D Parameteridentifikation auf 3D Risskonfigurationen mit Mixed-Mode Beanspruchung ist mit zusätzlichen Versagenshypothesen verbunden, die aufgrund fehlender Versuchsdaten im Vorhaben nicht endgültig geklärt werden konnten. Zur Validierung des Gesamtkonzeptes wurden LCF-Proben mit einem bauteil- typischen Oberflächenriss experimentell und numerisch untersucht. In der Simulation konnte die komplexe Form und Größe der Rissentwicklung zufriedenstellend (richtig) vorhergesagt werden. Die Leis- tungsfähigkeit der erarbeiteten rechnerische Bewertungsmethode wurde an weiteren TMF-Beispielen vorgestellt und diskutiert. Die Software ProCrackPlast und die viskoplastische Materialroutine wurden dem Anwenderkreis des Vorhabens zusammen mit einem Nutzer-Handbuch und Verifikationsbeispielen zur Verfügung gestellt. Das Ziel des Forschungsvorhabens ist erreicht worden. KW - Abgasturbolader Heißteile KW - Numerische Simulation KW - Rissverlauf PY - 2023 VL - 1320 SP - 1 EP - 137 PB - Forschungsvereinigung Verbrennungskraftmaschinen (FVV) CY - Frankfurt am Main AN - OPUS4-56960 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Zapala, P. A1 - Abel, Andreas A1 - Michels, H. A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Werkstoffanwendungen für Eisenaluminide (FeAl), (WAFEAL) N2 - Die zunehmende geopolitische Bedeutung der Ressourcenverfügbarkeit sowie die Anforderungen an einen geschlossenen Materialkreislauf treiben die Materialforschung voran, um konventionelle Werkstoffe mit weniger kritischen Zusätzen zu legieren oder sogar vollständig mit nachhaltigeren Alternativen zu substituieren. Eine potenzielle Alternative stellen die intermetallischen Eisenaluminid-Legierungen (FeAl) dar. Im Labormaßstab wurden bereits viele Legierungskonzepte für verbesserte Hochtempera- tureigenschaften oder Duktilität erfolgreich gießtechnisch umgesetzt. Eine erfolgreiche Erprobung von FeAl-Legierungen im industriellen Maßstab stand zu Beginn des Projekts aber weiterhin aus. Ziel des Vorhabens war daher die Entwicklung von simulationsgestützten Gießkonzepten in industrienahe Gießprozesse anhand der Modelllegierung Fe-26Al-4Mo-0,5Ti-1B und die Eingrenzung der prozesstechnischen Verfahrensgrenzen durch Warmrissversuche. Erkenntnisse hieraus wurden in einen praxisorientierten, für zukünftige Anwender in KMUs zugänglichen Handlungskatalog für die gießgerechte Auslegung von Bauteilen aus Eisenaluminiden überführt. Fokus wurde insbesondere auf das Feinguss- und Kokillengussverfahren im Schleuderguss gesetzt. Neben zahlreicher Konstruktions- und Gießprozessparameter wurden auch Wärmebehandlungen und Legierungszusätze (Al, Mo, B) variiert, um den Einfluss von Legierungselementen auf Gießbarkeit, Mikrostruktur und mechanische Kennwerte zu be- stimmen. Eine umfangreiche Basis an Daten aus Mikrostrukturanalysen (Mikroskopische Bildgebung, Bestimmung von Korngrößen sowie Phasenzusammensetzungen und -anteilen, Fraktographie), mechanischen Tests (Härtemessungen, Druckversuch, Zugversuch, Warmzugversuch, Kriechversuch) sowie Messungen thermophysikalischer Eigenschaften konnte für die Modelllegierung erzeugt werden. Korrelationen dieser Informationen mit Prozessvariablen erlaubten Schlussfolgerungen zu Härtungsmechanismen und Duktilität in der Legierung und wie sie prozesstechnisch in Gieß- und Bauteilauslegung gesteuert werden können. Der erfolgreiche Abguss von hochkomplexen Bauteilgeometrien mit dünnen Wandstärken sowie optimierte Legierungszusammensetzungen zeigen Perspektiven auf neue Anwendungsfelder auf. Das Ziel des Forschungsvorhabens ist erreicht worden. KW - Simulationsgestützte Gießkonzepte KW - Intermetallische FeAl-Legierungen PY - 2023 IS - 1322 SP - 1 EP - 168 PB - Forschungsvereinigung Verbrennungskraftmaschinen (FVV) CY - Frankfurt am Main AN - OPUS4-56932 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schilling, Markus A1 - Marschall, Niklas A1 - Bayerlein, Bernd A1 - Chen, Yue A1 - Olbricht, Jürgen A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - von Hartrott, P. A1 - Portella, P. A1 - Waitelonis, J. A1 - Birkholz, H. A1 - Grundmann, J. ED - Zimmermann, M. T1 - Zugversuchsdaten FAIR integriert: Von einer normenkonformen Ontologie bis zu interoperablen Daten im Triple Store N2 - Das hochaktuelle Thema der Integration und Wiederverwendung von Wissen und Daten aus Herstellung, Bearbeitung und Charakterisierung von Materialien ('Digitalisierung von Materialien') wird in den Projekten Innovationsplattform MaterialDigital (PMD, materialdigital.de) und Materials-open-Lab (Mat-o-Lab, matolab.org) adressiert. In diesem Beitrag werden die Weiterentwicklungen in diesen Projekten hinsichtlich der Speicherung von Zugversuchsdaten gemäß einer normenkonformen (DIN EN ISO 6892-1:2019-11) ontologischen Repräsentation vorgestellt. Das umfasst den Weg von der Entwicklung einer Ontologie nach Norm, der Konvertierung von Daten aus Standardtests in das interoperable RDF-Format bis hin zur Verknüpfung von Ontologie und Daten. Letztendlich können die entsprechenden Daten in einem Triple Store abgelegt und abgefragt werden. T2 - Werkstoffprüfung 2022 CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 27.10.2022 KW - Ontology KW - Semantic Web KW - Digitalization KW - Knowledge Representation KW - Tensile Test PY - 2022 UR - https://dgm.de/fileadmin/DGM/Veranstaltungen/2022/Werkstoffpruefung/Tagungsband/WP2022-Tagungsband-online.pdf SN - 978-3-88355-430-3 SP - 105 EP - 110 PB - DGM - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Materialkunde e.V CY - Sankt Augustin AN - OPUS4-56836 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Radners, J. A1 - Han, Ying A1 - von Hartrott, P. A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Aluminium Hochtemperaturermüdung N2 - Die hohen Betriebstemperaturen während des Einsatzes von Radialverdichterrädern in Abgasturboladern führen zu einer Änderung der ursprünglich eingestellten Mikrostruktur in der warmfesten Aluminiumlegierung EN AW-2618A (Überalterung). Grund dafür sind thermische Belastungen, die nahe der Aushärtetemperatur liegen und diese kurzzeitig sogar überschreiten können. Die Alterungsmechanismen wurden zusammen mit den Themen niederzyklische (LCF) und thermomechanische Ermüdung (TMF) sowie Kriechen bis max. 190 °C in vorangegangenen Forschungsvorhaben untersucht. Kaum untersucht war bisher das Verhalten der Legierung unter hochzyklischer Beanspruchung (HCF) sowie der Einfluss von Kerben und Lastkollektiven. Da zukünftig mit weiter steigenden Betriebstemperaturen für Radialverdichter zu rechnen ist, wurde in diesem Forschungsvorhaben das HCF-Verhalten bei 230 °C untersucht und somit bei einer Prüftemperatur, die deutlich oberhalb der Aushärtetemperatur liegt. Das Ziel des Projektes war der Aufbau einer geeigneten experimentellen Datenbasis, das Verständnis der relevanten mikrostrukturellen Prozesse sowie die Weiterentwicklung und Anpassung geeigneter Modelle und Bewertungsmethoden. Das experimentelle Untersuchungsprogramm umfasste neben einer Basischarakterisierung des HCF-Verhaltens am Ausgangszustand T61 gezielte mechanische Versuche zur Isolierung der Einflussfakto-ren Mittelspannung (𝑅 = −1, 𝑅 = 0,1), Werkstoffüberalterung (T61, 10 h/230 °C, 1000 h/230 °C), Prüftemperatur (20 °C, 230 °C), Prüffrequenz (0,2 Hz, 20 Hz) sowie Kerbwirkung und variable Amplituden. Darauf aufbauend wurden die in den vorangegangenen Projekten entwickelten Modelle und Bewertungsmethoden angepasst und weiterentwickelt, um die genannten thermischen und mechanischen Belastungen in der Lebensdauerbewertung abzubilden. KW - HCF KW - Aluminium KW - EN AW-2618A KW - Ermüdung PY - 2023 SP - 1 EP - 111 CY - Frankfurt am Main AN - OPUS4-57850 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ávila Calderón, Luis Alexander A1 - Hammerschmidt, T. A1 - Gedsun, A. A1 - Forti, M. A1 - Olbricht, Jürgen A1 - Stotzka, R. A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Shakeel, Y. A1 - Hunke, S. A1 - Tsybenko, H. A1 - Aversa, R. A1 - Chmielowski, M. A1 - Hickel, T. T1 - IUC02 Framework for Curation and Distribution of Reference Datasets using Creep Data of Ni-Base Superalloys as an Example N2 - In our current view, reference datasets in the MSE domain represent specific material properties, e.g., structural, mechanical, … characteristics. A reference dataset must fulfill high-quality standards, not only in precision of measurement but also in a comprehensive documentation of material, processing, and testing history (metadata). This Infrastructure Use Case (IUC) aims to develop a framework for generating reference material datasets using creep data of a single crystal Ni-based superalloy as a best practice example. In a community-driven process, we aim to encourage the discussion and establish a framework for the creation and distribution of reference material datasets. In this poster presentation, we highlight our current vision and activities and intend to stimulate the discussion about the topic reference datasets and future collaborations and work. T2 - NFDI-MatWerk Conference CY - Siegburg, Germany DA - 27.06.2023 KW - Referenzdaten KW - Reference data KW - Syngle Crystal alloy KW - Creep KW - Metadata schema PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57923 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sonntag, Nadja A1 - Jürgens, Maria A1 - Uhlemann, Patrick A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Olbricht, Jürgen T1 - Experimental data from service-like creep-fatigue experiments on grade P92 steel N2 - This article refers to the research article entitled “Creep-Fatigue of P92 in Service-Like Tests with Combined Stress- and Strain-Controlled Dwell Times” [1]. It presents experimental mechanical data from complex service-like creep-fatigue experiments performed isothermally at 620 °C and a low strain amplitude of 0.2 % on tempered martensite-ferritic grade P92 steel. The data sets in text file format provide cyclic deformation (min. and max. stresses) and the total (hysteresis) data of all recorded fatigue cycles for three different creep-fatigue experiments: 1) a standard relaxation fatigue (RF) test with symmetrical dwell times of three minutes introduced at minimum and maximum strain, 2) a fully strain-controlled service-like relaxation (SLR) test combining these three-minute peak strain dwells with a 30-minute dwell in between at zero strain, and 3) a partly stress-controlled service-like creep (SLC) test combining the three-minute peak strain dwells with 30-minute dwells at constant stress. Such service-like (SL) tests with additional long-term stress- and strain-controlled dwell times are non-standard, rare, and expensive, making these data very valuable. They may be used to approximate cyclic softening in the technically relevant range, for the design of complex SL experiments, or for detailed analyses of stress-strain hystereses (e.g., for stress or strain partitioning methods, for the determination of hysteresis energies (work), inelastic strain components, etc.). In addition, the latter analyses may supply important input for advanced parametric lifetime modeling of components under creep-fatigue loading or model calibration parameters. KW - Tempered martensite-ferritic steel KW - Creep KW - Stress relaxation KW - Creep-fatigue KW - Dwell times PY - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-578407 SN - 2352-3409 VL - 49 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Elsevier Inc. AN - OPUS4-57840 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Radners, Jan A1 - Han, Ying A1 - von Hartrott, Philipp A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Aluminum High Temperature Fatigue N2 - The high operating temperatures of radial compressor wheels in exhaust gas turbochargers lead to a change in the original microstructure of the heat-resistant aluminum alloy EN AW-2618A (overaging). This is caused by thermal loads that are close to the age hardening temperature and can even exceed it for a short time. The aging mechanisms have been investigated together with low cycle fatigue (LCF), thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) and creep up to max. 190 °C in previous research projects. The be-havior of the alloy under high cycle fatigue (HCF) and the influence of load spectra have hardly been investigated. Since the operating temperatures of centrifugal compressors are expected to increase in the future, this research project investigated the HCF behavior at 230 °C, a test temperature significantly higher than the age hardening temperature. The objectives of the project were to establish a suitable experimental database, to understand the relevant microstructural processes, and to further develop and adapt suitable models and evaluation methods. In addition to a basic characterization of the HCF behavior in the initial condition T61, the experimental investigation program included targeted mechanical tests to isolate the influencing factors of mean stress (𝑅=−1, 𝑅=0.1), material overaging (T61, 10 h/230 °C, 1000 h/230 °C), test temperature (20 °C, 230 °C), test frequency (0.2 Hz, 20 Hz) as well as variable amplitudes. On this basis, the models and evaluation methods developed in the previous projects were adapted and further developed to reflect thermal and mechanical loads in the lifetime assessment. T2 - The FVV Transfer + Networking Event (Herbst 2023) CY - Würzburg, Germany DA - 04.10.2023 KW - Aluminum alloys KW - Fatigue KW - EN AW-2618A PY - 2023 SP - 1 EP - 30 AN - OPUS4-58562 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Rehmer, Birgit A1 - Bayram, Faruk A1 - Ávila Calderon, Luis Alexander A1 - Mohr, Gunther A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - BAM reference data: Temperature-dependent Young's and shear modulus data for additively and conventionally manufactured variants of Ti-6Al-4V N2 - The elastic properties (Young's modulus, shear modulus) of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V were investigated between room temperature and 400 °C in an additively manufactured variant (laser-based directed energy deposition with powder as feedstock, DED-LB/M) and from a conventional process route (hot rolled bar). The moduli were determined using the dynamic resonance method. The data set includes information on processing parameters, heat treatments, microstructure, grain size, specimen dimensions and weight, Young’s and shear modulus as well as their measurement uncertainty. The dataset was generated in an accredited testing lab using calibrated measuring equipment. The calibrations meet the requirements of the test procedure and are metrologically traceable. The dataset was audited as BAM reference data. KW - Elastic modulus KW - Young's modulus KW - Shear modulus KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Ti-6Al-4V PY - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7813732 PB - Zenodo CY - Geneva AN - OPUS4-57286 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Rehmer, Birgit A1 - Bayram, Faruk A1 - Ávila Calderon, Luis Alexander A1 - Mohr, Gunther A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - BAM reference data: Temperature-dependent Young's and shear modulus data for additively and conventionally manufactured variants of Ni-based alloy Inconel IN718 N2 - The elastic properties (Young's modulus, shear modulus) of Ni-based alloy Inconel IN718 were investigated between room temperature and 800 °C in an additively manufactured variant (laser powder bed fusion, PBF‑LB/M) and from a conventional process route (hot rolled bar). The moduli were determined using the dynamic resonance method. The data set includes information on processing parameters, heat treatments, grain size, specimen dimensions and weight, Young’s and shear modulus as well as their measurement uncertainty. The dataset was generated in an accredited testing lab using calibrated measuring equipment. The calibrations meet the requirements of the test procedure and are metrologically traceable. The dataset was audited as BAM reference data. KW - Elastic modulus KW - Young's modulus KW - Shear modulus KW - Additive manufacturing KW - IN718 PY - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7813824 PB - Zenodo CY - Geneva AN - OPUS4-57287 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Rehmer, Birgit A1 - Bayram, Faruk A1 - Ávila Calderon, Luis Alexander A1 - Mohr, Gunther A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - BAM reference data: Temperature-dependent Young's and shear modulus data for additively and conventionally manufactured variants of austenitic stainless steel AISI 316L N2 - The elastic properties (Young's modulus, shear modulus) of austenitic stainless steel AISI 316L were investigated between room temperature and 900 °C in an additively manufactured variant (laser powder bed fusion, PBF‑LB/M) and from a conventional process route (hot rolled sheet). The moduli were determined using the dynamic resonance method. The data set includes information on processing parameters, heat treatments, grain size, specimen dimensions and weight, Young’s and shear modulus as well as their measurement uncertainty. The dataset was generated in an accredited testing lab using calibrated measuring equipment. The calibrations meet the requirements of the test procedure and are metrologically traceable. The dataset was audited as BAM reference data. KW - Elastic modulus KW - Young's modulus KW - Shear modulus KW - Additive manufacturing KW - AISI 316L PY - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7813835 PB - Zenodo CY - Geneva AN - OPUS4-57288 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Abel, Andreas A1 - Zapala, P. A1 - Michels, H. A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Materials applications of iron aluminide (FeAl), (WAFEAL) T1 - Werkstoffanwendungen für Eisenaluminide (FeAl), (WAFEAL) N2 - The increasing importance of resource availability and closed-loop material cycles are driving materials research to reduce alloying content in conventional materials or even substitute them with more sustainable alternatives. Intermetallic iron aluminide alloys (FeAl) present a potential alternative. Many alloy concepts for improved high-temperature properties or ductility have already been successfully implemented in casting technologies on a laboratory scale. However, successful testing of FeAl alloys on an industrial scale was still pending at the beginning of the project. Therefore, the aim of the project was to develop simulation based casting concepts for industrial casting processes using the base alloy Fe-26Al-4Mo-0.5Ti-1B and to narrow down process limits by means of hot cracking tests. Findings were transferred into practice-oriented guidelines for casting of iron aluminides, which is accessible to future applicants in SMEs. The focus was placed on centrifugal casting combined with investment casting or die casting. In addition to numerous design and casting process parameters, heat treatments and alloying additions (Al, Mo, B) were varied to determine the influence of alloying elements on castability, microstructure and mechanical properties. Data from microstructure analyses (microscopic imaging, determination of grain sizes as well as phase compositions and volume fractions, fractography), mechanical tests (hardness measurements, compression tests, ambient and high-temperature tensile tests, creep tests) as well as measurements of thermophysical properties could be generated on the base alloy. Correlations of materials data with process variables allowed conclusions to be drawn on strengthening mechanisms and ductility of the alloy and how they can be controlled in terms of processing and component design. Successful casting of highly complex components with thin wall thicknesses and optimised alloy compositions points out prospects for new fields of application. N2 - Die zunehmende geopolitische Bedeutung der Ressourcenverfügbarkeit sowie die Anforderungen an einen geschlossenen Materialkreislauf treiben die Materialforschung voran, um konventionelle Werkstoffe mit weniger kritischen Zusätzen zu legieren oder sogar vollständig mit nachhaltigeren Alternativen zu substituieren. Eine potenzielle Alternative stellen die intermetallischen Eisenaluminid-Legierungen (FeAl) dar. Im Labormaßstab wurden bereits viele Legierungskonzepte für verbesserte Hochtemperatureigenschaften oder Duktilität erfolgreich gießtechnisch umgesetzt. Eine erfolgreiche Erprobung von FeAl-Legierungen im industriellen Maßstab stand zu Beginn des Projekts aber weiterhin aus. Ziel des Vorhabens war daher die Entwicklung von simulationsgestützten Gießkonzepten in industrienahe Gießprozesse anhand der Modelllegierung Fe-26Al-4Mo-0,5Ti-1B und die Eingrenzung der prozesstechnischen Verfahrensgrenzen durch Warmrissversuche. Erkenntnisse hieraus wurden in einen praxisorientierten, für zukünftige Anwender in KMUs zugänglichen Handlungskatalog für die gießgerechte Auslegung von Bauteilen aus Eisenaluminiden überführt. Fokus wurde insbesondere auf das Feinguss- und Kokillengussverfahren im Schleuderguss gesetzt. Neben zahlreicher Konstruktions- und Gießprozessparameter wurden auch Wärmebehandlungen und Legierungszusätze (Al, Mo, B) variiert, um den Einfluss von Legierungselementen auf Gießbarkeit, Mikrostruktur und mechanische Kennwerte zu bestimmen. Eine umfangreiche Basis an Daten aus Mikrostrukturanalysen (Mikroskopische Bildgebung, Bestimmung von Korngrößen sowie Phasenzusammensetzungen und -anteilen, Fraktographie), mechanischen Tests (Härtemessungen, Druckversuch, Zugversuch, Warmzugversuch, Kriechversuch) sowie Messungen thermophysikalischer Eigenschaften konnte für die Modelllegierung erzeugt werden. Korrelationen dieser Informationen mit Prozessvariablen erlaubten Schlussfolgerungen zu Härtungsmechanismen und Duktilität in der Legierung und wie sie prozesstechnisch in Gieß- und Bauteilauslegung gesteuert werden können. Der erfolgreiche Abguss von hochkomplexen Bauteilgeometrien mit dünnen Wandstärken sowie optimierte Legierungszusammensetzungen zeigen Perspektiven auf neue Anwendungsfelder auf. T2 - FVV Transfer + Netzwerktreffen | Informationstagung – Frühjahr 2023 CY - Würzburg, Germany DA - 29.03.2023 KW - Fe-Al alloys KW - Intermetallics KW - Iron aluminides KW - Microstructure-property-correlation KW - High temperature mechanical properties KW - Creep data KW - Tensile data KW - Fractography KW - Casting PY - 2023 VL - R604 SP - 1 EP - 32 PB - FVV e. V. CY - Frankfurt a.M. AN - OPUS4-57247 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rehmer, Birgit A1 - Bayram, Faruk A1 - Ávila Calderon, Luis Alexander A1 - Mohr, Gunther A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Elastic modulus data for additively and conventionally manufactured variants of Ti-6Al-4V, IN718 and AISI 316 L N2 - This article reports temperature-dependent elastic properties (Young’s modulus, shear modulus) of three alloys measured by the dynamic resonance method. The alloys Ti-6Al-4V, Inconel IN718, and AISI 316 L were each investigated in a variant produced by an additive manufacturing processing route and by a conventional manufacturing processing route. The datasets include information on processing routes and parameters, heat treatments, grain size, specimen dimensions, and weight, as well as Young’s and shear modulus along with their measurement uncertainty. The process routes and methods are described in detail. The datasets were generated in an accredited testing lab, audited as BAM reference data, and are hosted in the open data repository Zenodo. Possible data usages include the verification of the correctness of the test setup via Young’s modulus comparison in low-cycle fatigue (LCF) or thermo-mechanical fatigue (TMF) testing campaigns, the design auf VHCF specimens and the use as input data for simulation purposes. KW - Elastic modulus KW - Young's modulus KW - Shear modulus KW - Additive manufacturing KW - AISI 316L KW - IN 718 KW - Ti-6Al-4V KW - Reference data KW - Temperature dependence PY - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-579716 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Springer Nature AN - OPUS4-57971 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Beygi Nasrabadi, Hossein A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Ontology-oriented modeling of the Vickers hardness knowledge graph N2 - This research deals with the development of the Vickers hardness knowledge graph, mapping the example dataset in them, and exporting the data-mapped knowledge graph as a machine-readable Resource Description Framework (RDF). Modeling the knowledge graph according to the standardized test procedure and using the appropriate upper-level ontologies were taken into consideration to develop the highly standardized, incorporable, and industrial applicable models. Furthermore, the Ontopanel approach was utilized for mapping the real experimental data in the developed knowledge graphs and the resulting RDF files were successfully evaluated through the SPARQL queries. T2 - ICMMM 2023: 10th International Conference on Mechanics, Materials and Manufacturing CY - Washington, D.C., USA DA - 18.08.2023 KW - Ontology KW - Knowledge graph KW - Data mapping KW - Vickers hardness KW - FAIR data PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58100 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Abel, Andreas A1 - Rosalie, Julian M. A1 - Reinsch, Stefan A1 - Zapala, Pawel A1 - Michels, Heiner A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Influence of Mo and B additions in intermetallic near-Fe3Al alloys on microstructure and mechanical properties N2 - Iron aluminides, already reported in the late 19th century, did not cease to attract the interest of scientists and engineers ever since. Besides good oxidation resistance, low density and resource availability, potentials for hightemperature strengths that compete with high-alloy steels were unlocked by low alloy contents. Still, research on alloy design continues, as alloying usually comes at the price of brittleness in low-temperature regimes. A potential candidate is the quinary Fe–Al–Mo–Ti–B system which is strengthened by solid solution and eutectic borides. It was shown to have good strength and outstanding creep resistance under compressive loading up to elevated temperatures. Although the individual effect of alloy additions is well understood in iron aluminides, little is known about the combined effects of alloying concentrations on microstructure, phase stability and mechanical properties. Therefore a systematic study of two Ti-doped near-Fe3Al alloys with varying contents of Mo (2–4 at.%) and B (0.5–1 at.%) was conducted. In total eight different alloys were fabricated by investment casting into ceramic shell molds. Alloys were characterized and compared by grain size, phase transitions, microstructure evolution as well as elemental compositions and volume fractions of phases. For mechanical characterization, macrohardness and microhardness tests as well as tensile tests at ambient and high tempera tures were conducted. Independent of alloy additions, alloys with 24–25 at.% Al exhibit superior proof strength due to a higher matrix hardness. Decreasing B content generally decreases strength by lower secondary phase fractions which contribute via particle hardening. Reducing Mo content decreases both the solute concentration in the matrix and secondary phase fractions. Surprisingly, strength is similar or even superior to alloys with higher Mo content. Strength relations are discussed with a focus on solid-solution hardening theory and other competing strengthening mechanisms. KW - Materials Chemistry KW - Metals and Alloys KW - Mechanical Engineering KW - Mechanics of Materials KW - General Chemistry PY - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-585284 VL - 163 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-58528 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bayerlein, Bernd A1 - Hanke, T. A1 - Muth, Thilo A1 - Riedel, Jens A1 - Schilling, Markus A1 - Schweizer, C. A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Todor, A. A1 - Moreno Torres, Benjami A1 - Unger, Jörg F. A1 - Völker, Christoph A1 - Olbricht, Jürgen T1 - A Perspective on Digital Knowledge Representation in Materials Science and Engineering N2 - The amount of data generated worldwide is constantly increasing. These data come from a wide variety of sources and systems, are processed differently, have a multitude of formats, and are stored in an untraceable and unstructured manner, predominantly in natural language in data silos. This problem can be equally applied to the heterogeneous research data from materials science and engineering. In this domain, ways and solutions are increasingly being generated to smartly link material data together with their contextual information in a uniform and well-structured manner on platforms, thus making them discoverable, retrievable, and reusable for research and industry. Ontologies play a key role in this context. They enable the sustainable representation of expert knowledge and the semantically structured filling of databases with computer-processable data triples. In this perspective article, we present the project initiative Materials-open-Laboratory (Mat-o-Lab) that aims to provide a collaborative environment for domain experts to digitize their research results and processes and make them fit for data-driven materials research and development. The overarching challenge is to generate connection points to further link data from other domains to harness the promised potential of big materials data and harvest new knowledge. KW - Data infrastructures KW - Digital representations KW - Digital workflows KW - Knowledge graphs KW - Materials informatics KW - Ontologies KW - Vocabulary providers PY - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-546729 SN - 1438-1656 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - Wiley-VCH GmbH CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-54672 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ávila Calderón, Luis Alexander A1 - Rehmer, Birgit A1 - Schriever, Sina A1 - Ulbricht, Alexander A1 - Agudo Jácome, Leonardo A1 - Sommer, Konstantin A1 - Mohr, Gunther A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Evans, Alexander T1 - Creep and creep damage behavior of stainless steel 316L manufactured by laser powder bed fusion N2 - This study presents a thorough characterization of the creep properties of austenitic stainless steel 316L produced by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF 316L) contributing to the sparse available data to date. Experimental results (mechanical tests, microscopy, X-ray computed tomography) concerning the creep deformation and damage mechanisms are presented and discussed. The tested LPBF material exhibits a low defect population, which allows for the isolation and improved understanding of the effect of other typical aspects of an LPBF microstructure on the creep behavior. As a benchmark to assess the material properties of the LPBF 316L, a conventionally manufactured variant of 316L was also tested. To characterize the creep properties, hot tensile tests and constant force creep tests at 600 °C and 650 °C are performed. The creep stress exponents of the LPBF material are smaller than that of the conventional variant. The primary and secondary creep stages and the times to rupture of the LPBF material are shorter than the hot rolled 316L. Overall the creep damage is more extensive in the LPBF material. The creep damage of the LPBF material is overall mainly intergranular. It is presumably caused and accelerated by both the appearance of precipitates at the grain boundaries and the unfavorable orientation of the grain boundaries. Neither the melt pool boundaries nor entrapped gas pores show a significant influence on the creep damage mechanism. KW - 316L KW - Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) KW - Creep behavior KW - Additive Manufacturing KW - AGIL PY - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-539373 SN - 0921-5093 VL - 830 SP - 142223 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-53937 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Beygi Nasrabadi, Hossein A1 - Bauer, Felix A1 - Uhlemann, Patrick A1 - Rehmer, Birgit A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - KupferDigital mechanical testing datasets: Stress relaxation and low-cycle fatigue (LCF) tests N2 - The KupferDigital project deals with the development of a data ecosystem for digital materials research on the basis of ontology-based digital representations of copper and copper alloys. This document provides exemplary mechanical testing datasets for training the developed KupferDigital infrastructures. Different types of cast copper alloys were provided for this research and their mechanical testing (stress relaxation and low-cycle fatigue) was performed in the accredited materials testing laboratory, while the test results were reported according to the DIN/ISO standards and attached with the maximum possible metadata about the sample history, equipment, and calibration. The attached content file consisted of the obtained primary raw testing data as well as the secondary datasets of these tests containing the detailed metadata of mechanical testing methods. Such test data files are processed by the KupferDigital digital tools to be converted to standardized machine-readable data files. KW - Copper alloys KW - Dataset KW - Stress relaxation KW - Mechanical testing KW - Low-cycle fatigue. PY - 2024 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10820437 PB - Zenodo CY - Geneva AN - OPUS4-59665 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zia, Ghezal Ahmad Jan A1 - Hanke, Thomas A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Völker, Christoph A1 - Bayerlein, Bernd T1 - Enhancing Reproducibility in Precipitate Analysis: A FAIR Approach with Automated Dark-Field Transmission Electron Microscope Image Processing N2 - AbstractHigh-strength aluminum alloys used in aerospace and automotive applications obtain their strength through precipitation hardening. Achieving the desired mechanical properties requires precise control over the nanometer-sized precipitates. However, the microstructure of these alloys changes over time due to aging, leading to a deterioration in strength. Typically, the size, number, and distribution of precipitates for a quantitative assessment of microstructural changes are determined by manual analysis, which is subjective and time-consuming. In our work, we introduce a progressive and automatable approach that enables a more efficient, objective, and reproducible analysis of precipitates. The method involves several sequential steps using an image repository containing dark-field transmission electron microscopy (DF-TEM) images depicting various aging states of an aluminum alloy. During the process, precipitation contours are generated and quantitatively evaluated, and the results are comprehensibly transferred into semantic data structures. The use and deployment of Jupyter Notebooks, along with the beneficial implementation of Semantic Web technologies, significantly enhances the reproducibility and comparability of the findings. This work serves as an exemplar of FAIR image and research data management. KW - Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering KW - General Materials Science KW - Automated image analysis KW - FAIR research data management KW - Reproducibility KW - microstructural changes PY - 2024 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-593905 SN - 2193-9772 SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC CY - Heidelberg AN - OPUS4-59390 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - von Hartrott, Philipp A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Room temperature and elevated temperature tensile test and elastic properties data of Al-alloy EN AW-2618A after different aging times and temperatures N2 - The dataset contains two types of data: elastic properties (Young's and shear modulus, Poisson's ratio) between room temperature and 250 °C and a set of tensile tests at different aging times, aging temperatures, and test temperatures. KW - Aluminium alloy KW - Young's modulus KW - Shear modulus KW - Aging KW - Tensile test KW - Strength PY - 2023 UR - https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10377164 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10377163 PB - Zenodo CY - Geneva AN - OPUS4-59161 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Agudo Jácome, Leonardo A1 - Nolze, Gert A1 - Roohbakhshan, Farshad A1 - Fedelich, Bernard A1 - Olbricht, Jürgen A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Cyclic operation performance of 9-12% Cr ferritic-martensitic steels part 2: Microstructural evolution during cyclic loading and its representation in a physically-based micromechanical model N2 - The current competitive situation on electricity markets forces conventional power plants into cyclic operation regimes with frequent load shifts and starts/shutdowns. In the present work, the cyclic mechanical behavior of ferritic-martensitic 9-12 % Cr steels under isothermal and thermomechanical loading was investigated for the example of grade P92 material. A continuous softening was observed under all loading conditions. The introduction of hold periods to the applied cycles reduced material lifetime, with most prominent effects at technologically relevant small strain levels. The microstructural characterization reveals a coarsening of the original “martensitic” lath-type microstructure to a structure with polygonal subgrains and reduced dislocation density. The microstructural data forms the input for a physically-based modelling approach. T2 - 45. MPA-Seminar CY - Leinfelden-Echterdingen, Germany DA - 01.10.2019 KW - Tempered Martensite Ferritic Steels KW - P92 KW - TEM KW - EBSD KW - Micromechanical model PY - 2019 SP - 80 EP - 85 PB - MPA (Materialprüfungsanstalt Universität Stuttgart) CY - Stuttgart AN - OPUS4-50052 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Han, Ying A1 - Kruse, Julius A1 - Rosalie, Julian A1 - Radners, J. A1 - von Hartrott, P. A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Influence of mean stress and overaging on fatigue life of aluminum alloy EN AW-2618A N2 - Fatigue tests were performed on the forged aluminum alloy EN AW-2618A in the T61 state. Different stress ratios (R = -1, R = 0.1) were selected to study the influence of mean stress on fatigue life. Two overaged states (10 h/230 ◦C, 1000 h/230 ◦C) were also tested to investigate the influence of overaging on fatigue life. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to characterize the precipitates (S-phase), which are mainly responsible for the strength of the alloy. A fractographic analysis was also performed to determine the failure mode. Overaging reduces the fatigue life compared to the T61 state. The longer the aging time, the lower the fatigue resistance. The reason is the decrease in (yield) strength, which correlates with the radius of the S-phase: the precipitate radius increases by a factor of approximately two for the overaged states compared to the initial state. The analysis of the fracture surfaces showed crack initiation occurs predominantly on the outer surface and is associated with the primary phases. KW - Aluminum alloys KW - Aging KW - Fatigue KW - Microstructure KW - Electron microscopy KW - S-Phase PY - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-583708 SN - 0921-5093 VL - 886 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-58370 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nasrabadi, Hossein Beygi A1 - Hanke, T. A1 - Weber, M. A1 - Eisenbart, M. A1 - Bauer, F. A1 - Meissner, R. A1 - Dziwis, G. A1 - Tikana, L. A1 - Chen, Yue A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Toward a digital materials mechanical testing lab N2 - To accelerate the growth of Industry 4.0 technologies, the digitalization of mechanical testing laboratories as one of the main data-driven units of materials processing industries is introduced in this paper. The digital lab infrastructure consists of highly detailed and standard-compliant materials testing knowledge graphs for a wide range of mechanical testing processes, as well as some tools that enable the efficient ontology development and conversion of heterogeneous materials’ mechanical testing data to the machine-readable data of uniform and standardized structures. As a basis for designing such a digital lab, the mechanical testing ontology (MTO) was developed based on the ISO 23718 and ISO/IEC 21838-2 standards for the semantic representation of the mechanical testing experiments, quantities, artifacts, and report data. The trial digitalization of materials mechanical testing lab was successfully performed by utilizing the developed tools and knowledge graph of processes for converting the various experimental test data of heterogeneous structures, languages, and formats to standardized Resource Description Framework (RDF) data formats. The concepts of data storage and data sharing in data spaces were also introduced and SPARQL queries were utilized to evaluate how the introduced approach can result in the data retrieval and response to the competency questions. The proposed digital materials mechanical testing lab approach allows the industries to access lots of trustworthy and traceable mechanical testing data of other academic and industrial organizations, and subsequently organize various data-driven research for their faster and cheaper product development leading to a higher performance of products in engineering and ecological aspects. KW - General Engineering KW - General Computer Science PY - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-582698 SN - 0166-3615 VL - 153 SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-58269 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Beygi Nasrabadi, Hossein A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Hanke, Thomas A1 - Eisenbart, Miriam T1 - Mechanical testing ontology N2 - The materials mechanical testing ontology (MTO) was developed by collecting the mechanical testing vocabulary from ISO 23718 standard, as well as the standardized testing processes described for various mechanical testing of materials like tensile testing, Brinell hardness test, Vickers hardness test, stress relaxation test, and fatigue testing. Confirming the ISO/IEC 21838-2 standard, MTO utilizes the Basic Formal Ontology (BFO), Common Core Ontology (CCO), Industrial Ontologies Foundry (IOF), Quantities, Units, Dimensions, and data Types ontologies (QUDT), and Material Science and Engineering Ontology (MSEO) as the upper-level ontologies. KW - Ontology KW - Mechanical testing KW - FAIR data PY - 2023 UR - http://industryportal.enit.fr/ontologies/MTO PB - National Center for Biomedical Ontology CY - Stanford AN - OPUS4-58271 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Olbricht, Jürgen A1 - Agudo Jácome, Leonardo A1 - Jürgens, Maria A1 - Roohbakhshan, Farshad A1 - Fedelich, Bernard A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Cyclic loading performance and related microstructure evolution of ferritic-martensitic 9-12% Cr steels N2 - The current competitive situation on electricity markets forces power plants into cyclic operation regimes with frequent load shifts and starts/shutdowns. In the present work, the cyclic mechanical behavior of ferritic-martensitic 9-12 % Cr steels under isothermal and thermomechanical loading was investigated for the example of grade P92 material. A continuous softening was observed under all loading conditions. The introduction of hold periods to the applied cycles reduced material lifetime, with most prominent effects at technologically relevant small strain levels. The microstructural characterization reveals a coarsening of the original “martensitic” lath-type microstructure to a structure with polygonal subgrains and reduced dislocation density. The microstructural data forms the input for a physically-based modelling approach. T2 - 44th MPA-Seminar CY - Leinfelden/Stuttgart, Germany DA - 17.10.2018 KW - Ferritic-martensitic steels KW - Cyclic loading KW - Microstructure evolution PY - 2018 SP - 259 EP - 265 AN - OPUS4-47118 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Charmi, Amir A1 - Falkenberg, Rainer A1 - Ávila, Luis A1 - Mohr, Gunther A1 - Sommer, Konstantin A1 - Ulbricht, Alexander A1 - Sprengel, Maximilian A1 - Saliwan Neumann, Romeo A1 - Evans, Alexander A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - Mechanical anisotropy of additively manufactured stainless steel 316L: An experimental and numerical study N2 - The underlying cause of mechanical anisotropy in additively manufactured (AM) parts is not yet fully understood and has been attributed to several different factors like microstructural defects, residual stresses, melt pool boundaries, crystallographic and morphological textures. To better understand the main contributing factor to the mechanical anisotropy of AM stainless steel 316L, bulk specimens were fabricated via laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). Tensile specimens were machined from these AM bulk materials for three different inclinations: 0◦, 45◦, and 90◦ relative to the build plate. Dynamic Young’s modulus measurements and tensile tests were used to determine the mechanical anisotropy. Some tensile specimens were also subjected to residual stress measurement via neutron diffraction, porosity determination with X-ray micro-computed tomography (μCT), and texture analysis with electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). These investigations revealed that the specimens exhibited near full density and the detected defects were spherical. Furthermore, the residual stresses in the loading direction were between −74 ± 24 MPa and 137 ± 20 MPa, and the EBSD measurements showed a preferential ⟨110⟩ orientation parallel to the build direction. A crystal plasticity model was used to analyze the elastic anisotropy and the anisotropic yield behavior of the AM specimens, and it was able to capture and predict the experimental behavior accurately. Overall, it was shown that the mechanical anisotropy of the tested specimens was mainly influenced by the crystallographic texture. KW - Mechanical anisotropy KW - Residual stress KW - Crystal plasticity KW - Selective laser melting (SLM) KW - Laser beam melting (LBM) PY - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-511719 SN - 0921-5093 VL - 799 SP - 140154 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-51171 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ulbricht, Alexander A1 - Avila Calderon, Luis A1 - Sommer, Konstantin A1 - Mohr, Gunther A1 - Evans, Alexander A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - Evolution of Creep Damage of 316L Produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion N2 - The damage mechanisms of metallic components produced by process laser powder bed fusion differ significantly from those typically observed in conventionally manufactured variants of the same alloy. This is due to the unique microstructures of additively manufactured materials. Herein, the focus is on the study of the evolution of creep damage in stainless steel 316L specimens produced by laser powder bed fusion. X-ray computed tomography is used to unravel the influence of the process-specific microstructure from the influence of the initial void distribution on creep damage mechanisms. The void distribution of two specimens tested at 600 °C and 650 °C is analyzed before a creep test, after an interruption, and after fracture. The results indicate that the formation of damage is not connected to the initial void distribution. Instead, damage accumulation at grain boundaries resulting from intergranular cracking is observed. KW - Creep KW - Computed Tomography KW - PBF-LB/M/316L KW - Laser Powder Bed Fusion KW - Microstructure KW - AISI 316L KW - Additive Manufacturing PY - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-574127 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Wiley-VCH GmbH CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-57412 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schilling, Markus A1 - Bayerlein, Bernd A1 - von Hartrott, Philipp A1 - Waitelonis, Jörg A1 - Birkholz, Henk A1 - Dolabella Portella, Pedro A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit T1 - FAIR and Structured Data: A Domain Ontology Aligned with Standard‐Compliant Tensile Testing N2 - The digitalization of materials science and engineering (MSE) is currently leading to remarkable advancements in materials research, design, and optimization, fueled by computer‐driven simulations, artificial intelligence, and machine learning. While these developments promise to accelerate materials innovation, challenges in quality assurance, data interoperability, and data management have to be addressed. In response, the adoption of semantic web technologies has emerged as a powerful solution in MSE. Ontologies provide structured and machine‐actionable knowledge representations that enable data integration, harmonization, and improved research collaboration. This study focuses on the tensile test ontology (TTO), which semantically represents the mechanical tensile test method and is developed within the project Plattform MaterialDigital (PMD) in connection with the PMD Core Ontology. Based on ISO 6892‐1, the test standard‐compliant TTO offers a structured vocabulary for tensile test data, ensuring data interoperability, transparency, and reproducibility. By categorizing measurement data and metadata, it facilitates comprehensive data analysis, interpretation, and systematic search in databases. The path from developing an ontology in accordance with an associated test standard, converting selected tensile test data into the interoperable resource description framework format, up to connecting the ontology and data is presented. Such a semantic connection using a data mapping procedure leads to an enhanced ability of querying. The TTO provides a valuable resource for materials researchers and engineers, promoting data and metadata standardization and sharing. Its usage ensures the generation of finable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable data while maintaining both human and machine actionability. KW - Data Interoperability KW - Domain Ontology Development KW - FAIR Data Management KW - Knowledge Representation KW - Tensile Test Ontology KW - Semantic Web Technologies PY - 2024 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-598142 SN - 1438-1656 SP - 1 EP - 19 PB - Wiley VHC-Verlag AN - OPUS4-59814 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hilgenberg, Kai A1 - Daum, Werner A1 - Maierhofer, Christiane A1 - Altenburg, Simon A1 - Bruno, Giovanni A1 - Heckel, Thomas A1 - Skrotzki, Birgit A1 - Zerbst, Uwe A1 - Kranzmann, Axel A1 - Bettge, Dirk A1 - Sommer, Konstantin A1 - Seeger, Stefan A1 - Nitsche, Michael A1 - Günster, Jens A1 - Evans, Alexander T1 - Additive manufacturing at the BAM: We focus on Safety N2 - In Germany, the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) is addressing challenges in the implementation of additive manufacturing on the industrial landscape for safety-critical applications. KW - Process development KW - Additive Manufacturing KW - In-situ Process Monitoring KW - Non-destructive Materials KW - Characterisation KW - Safety KW - Fatigue KW - Environment KW - Standardisation PY - 2019 UR - https://static.asminternational.org/amp/201910/22/ SN - 0882-7958 VL - 177 IS - 7 SP - 22 EP - 26 PB - ASM International CY - Materials Park, OH, USA AN - OPUS4-49780 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -