TY - JOUR A1 - Scholz, Philipp A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Schuck, G. A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Speciation of copper and zinc compounds relevant for the hazard property (HP) 14 classification of municipal solid waste incineration bottom and fly ashes N2 - The analysis of the presence and content of substances that are toxic to aquatic life in waste is essential for classification of waste with regard to hazard property (HP) 14 ‘ecotoxic’. For the determination of HP14 classified copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) compounds in various municipal solid waste incineration bottom ashes (IBA) and one fly ash (FA) from Germany we applied X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy in combination with linear combination fitting. The analysis showed that approx. 50–70% of Cu in the IBA are Cu(I) compounds and elemental Cu(0), but these compounds were not equally distributed in the different IBA. In contrast, the majority (approx. 50–70%) of Zn in all IBA is elemental zinc, which originates from brass or other alloys and galvanized metals with a large content of zinc in the waste. The FA contain higher mass fraction on Zn and other toxic elements, but similar Cu and Zn species. Additional performed selective extraction at a pH of 4 with an organic acid of some IBA showed that the ecotoxic Zn fraction is mainly elemental zinc and zinc oxide. In contrast, for the ecotoxic Cu fraction within the IBA no specific compound could be identified. Furthermore, the XANES analysis showed that the HP14 properties of especially Cu in IBA is overestimated with current best-practice guidelines for sample processing for the current substance-related approach with the 0.1% cut-off rule for each substance. However, it should be considered whether it would not be better from an environmental point of view to take the ecotoxicologically leachable copper and zinc as a reference value. KW - Thermal waste treatment KW - XANES spectroscopy KW - Ecotoxicity KW - Incineration bottom ash PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-609584 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2024.09.001 VL - 189 SP - 421 EP - 426 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-60958 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Scholz, Philipp T1 - Sequential Extraction of Incineration Bottom Ash: Conclusions Regarding Ecotoxicity N2 - The classification of incineration bottom ash (IBA) as hazardous or non-hazardous according to ecotoxic hazard property HP14 is still under debate. In this context, only the compounds of Zn and Cu with the hazard statement code H410 are of relevance. With an approach based on the grouping of substances, it was shown that such substances are either readily water-soluble or slightly and sparingly soluble. The concentrations of readily soluble Cu and Zn compounds in IBA are far below the cut-off value of 0.1%. Slightly and sparingly soluble Zn and Cu compounds could be quantified in the first fraction of a four-step sequential extraction procedure. With the results from the complete sequence, the dimensionless synthesis toxicity index (STI) was calculated and was in the range of 494 to 1218 for the four investigated IBA samples. It was concluded that IBA can usually be classified as non-hazardous. KW - Incineration bottom ash KW - Hazard properties KW - Ecotoxicity PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-605262 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/app14135541 SN - 2076-3417 VL - 14 IS - 13 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-60526 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Singh, R. A1 - Vigelahn, L. A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Roesch, Philipp A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Egloffstein, T. A1 - Birke, V. T1 - Rapid and Virtually Complete Mechanochemical Reductive Defluorination of Per- and Polyfluoro Alkyl Substances (PFAS) In Contaminated Soil Using Sodium and Amines as Co-milling Agents: A Promising First Approach for the Development of Novel Non-Combustion PFAS Remediation Processes for Soils N2 - PFAS contamination poses significant challenges due to their persistence, bioaccumulation, and potential adverse effects on ecosystems and human health. In recent years, conventional treatment methods, such as incineration, photolysis, and chemical oxidation, have been applied for PFAS treatment. However, these technologies have limitations in terms of their efficacy and cost-effectiveness for efficient PFAS degradation. Consequently, researchers have explored alternative approaches such as photocatalysis, sonochemical degradation, oxidation, electrochemical degradation, and mechanochemical degradation also known as DMCR (Dehalogenation by Mechanochemical Reaction) to address the remediation challenge posed by PFAS contaminated environments. Lab scale experiments were conducted using a planetary ball mill, procured from Retsch GmbH Germany, equipped with 50 mL steel grinding jars under controlled conditions to investigate the degradation of perfluorooctanoic sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in contaminated model sand. The experiments were carried out in two stages: initially, with sand alone (15 g), and subsequently, with the addition of co-milling agents, that is, sodium metal (Na), Na with butylamine (BA), and Na with ethylenediamine (EDA) in different proportions. T2 - International CleanUp conference CY - Adelaide, Australia DA - 15.09.2024 KW - Mechanochemical treatment KW - Per- und Polyfluoroierte Alkylsubstanzen (PFAS) KW - Remediation PY - 2024 SP - 177 AN - OPUS4-61119 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vo, P. H.N. A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Nguyen, H. T.M. A1 - Hamilton, B. R. A1 - Thai, P. K. A1 - Roesch, Philipp A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Mueller, J. F. T1 - µ-X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and fluorine K-edge µ-X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy for detection of PFAS distribution in the impacted concrete N2 - An improved understanding of the distribution of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in PFAS-impacted concrete is important for risk management and decontamination of PFAS. This study incorporates µ-X-ray fluorescence (µ-XRF) and fluorine K-edge µ-X-ray absorption near-edge structure (µ-XANES) spectroscopy to gain non-destructive insights into PFAS distribution in the impacted concrete. The μ-XRF and μ-XANES spectroscopy provided additional details on the detection of PFAS, which were not detected by the desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) imaging method conducted previously. The shorter chain PFAS were found on the top part of the concrete core (0.5 cm), and longer chain PFAS were mostly at the bottom part of the concrete core (5 cm). The inorganic fluorine fraction was also detected, and it likely hampered the detection of organic fluorine such as PFAS in the concrete. Thus, this non-destructive technique is an complementary approach to detect PFAS in contaminated concrete. KW - Beton KW - Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) KW - XANES spectroscopy PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-616711 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazl.2024.100134 SN - 2666-9110 VL - 5 SP - 1 EP - 5 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-61671 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Roesch, Philipp A1 - Wittwer, Philipp A1 - Sommerfeld, Thomas A1 - Riedel, Maren A1 - Leube, Peter A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Ski Waxes and Snow from Cross-Country Skiing in Germany - Comparative study of Sum Parameter and Target Analysis N2 - Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are often environmentally exposed via discharge through human consumer products, such as ski waxes. In our study we analyzed various ski waxes from the 1980s and 2020s, to determine both the sum parameter values total fluorine (TF), extractable organically bound fluorine (EOF), hydrolysable organically bound fluorine (HOF) as well as targeted PFAS analysis. This showed that modern high-performance waxes contain up to 6 % TF, but also PFAS-free labelled ski waxes contain traces of PFAS with EOF/HOF values in the low mg kg-1 range. With the ban of all fluorine-based waxes with the start of the 2023/2024 winter season this will probably change soon. Moreover, we applied our analysis methods to snow samples from a frequently used cross country ski trail (Kammloipe) in the Ore Mountain region in Germany, assessing the potential PFAS entry/discharge through ski waxes. Melted snow samples from different spots were analyzed by the adsorbable organically bound fluorine (AOF) sum parameter and PFAS target analysis and confirmed the abrasion of the ski waxes into the snow. Moreover, on a PFAS hotspot also soil samples were analyzed, which indicate that PFAS from the ski waxes adsorb after snow melting into the soil. KW - Combustion Ion Chromatography KW - Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) KW - Consumer Products PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-612760 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazadv.2024.100484 VL - 16 SP - 1 EP - 5 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-61276 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Roesch, Philipp A1 - Schinnen, Andrea A1 - Riedel, Maren A1 - Sommerfeld, Thomas A1 - Sawal, G. A1 - Bandow, N. A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Investigation of pH-dependent extraction methods for PFAS in (fluoropolymer-based) consumer products: A comparative study between targeted and sum parameter analysis N2 - Here, we report a comparative study of different sum parameter analysis methods for the extraction of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from manufactured consumer products, which can be measured by combustion ion chromatography (CIC). Therefore, a hydrolysis-based extraction method was further developed, which accounts for the addition of hydrolyzable covalently bound polyfluoroalkylated side-chain polymers (SFPs) to the extractable organic fluorine portion of the mass balance proposed as "hydrolyzable organically bound fluorine" (HOF). To test this hypothesis, the method was applied to 39 different consumer products containing fluoropolymers or monomeric PFAS taken from four different categories: outdoor textiles, paper packaging, carpeting, and permanent baking sheets. We also evaluated the method's efficiency by extracting four synthesized fluorotelomer polyacrylate reference compounds. The total fluorine (TF) and extractable organically bound fluorine (EOF) values were measured through CIC using established protocols. The TF values ranged from sub-ppb to %-levels, depending on the compound class. All samples showed results for hydrolyzed organofluorine (HOF) between 0.03 and 76.3 μg/g, while most EOF values were lower (0.9 and <0.4 mmol/g for both types of chitosan and activated carbon, respectively). Milled activated carbon proved to be the better adsorption material, considering the fixed volume of the adsorber (>99.9% PFOS adsorbed). Overall, the cross-linking agent concentration in chitosan is a crucial factor influencing its PFOS absorption potential. Our results feature cross-linked chitosan as an effective economic and ecologic alternative for PFOS adsorption in aqueous solutions. KW - Combustion Ion Chromatography KW - Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) KW - Remediation PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-618406 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/app142311145 VL - 14 IS - 23 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-61840 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Scholz, Philipp A1 - Falkenhagen, Jana A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Brüll, Robert A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Investigation on the Durability of a Polypropylene Geotextile under Artificial Aging Scenarios N2 - Geosynthetics are widely used in various civil engineering applications, such as geotextiles in coastal protection, and display a sustainable alternative to natural mineral materials. However, the full benefits of using geosynthetics can only be gained with a long service lifetime of the products. With the use of added stabilizers to the polymers, service lifetimes can be achieved in the range of 100 years. Therefore, accelerated aging methods are needed for the assessment of the long-term performance of geotextiles. In the present study, the behavior of geosynthetic materials made of polypropylene was investigated under artificial aging conditions involving elevated temperatures ranging from 30 to 80 °C, increased oxygen pressures ranging from 10 to 50 bar in water-filled autoclaves, and UV irradiation under atmospheric conditions. ATR-IR spectroscopy was employed to detect the increase in the carbonyl index over various aging durations, indicating the oxidative degradation of the geotextile. The most pronounced increase was observed in the case of aging through UV irradiation, followed by thermal aging. Elevated pressure, on the other hand, had a lower impact on oxidation. High-temperature size exclusion chromatography was utilized to follow the reduction in molar mass under different degradation conditions, and the results were consistent with those obtained from ATR-IR spectroscopy. In polyolefins such as polypropylene, Hindered Amine Stabilizers (HAS) are used to suppress oxidation caused by UV radiation. The quantitative analysis of HAS was carried out using a UV/Vis method and HPLC. The degradation of UV stabilizers during the aging of geotextiles is responsible for the oxidation and the reduction in the molar mass of polypropylene. From the results, it can be concluded that applications of PP geotextile without soil or sand cover might cause the risk of the formation of microplastic particles. Material selection, design, and maintenance of the construction must follow best practices, including the system’s removal or replacement at end-of-life. Otherwise, a sustainable use of geotextiles in civil engineering is not possible. KW - Geotextiles KW - Microplastic KW - Size exclusion chromatography KW - Accelerated aging PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-599739 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/su16093559 SN - 2071-1050 VL - 16 IS - 9 SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - MDPI AG CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-59973 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -