TY - JOUR A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Holm, Olaf T1 - Exergetic considerations on the recovery of metals from waste N2 - Bottom ash from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) consists of elemental metals in considerable amounts. The exergy of bottom ash was calculated to be some 100 kJ/mol, mainly as a result of the presence of elemental Fe and Al. From this it can be shown that the recovery of elemental metals Cu, Al and Fe is beneficial. The fine fraction <4 mm additionally contains chemically bound metals (oxides, carbonates, silicates). Separation prospects with techniques as in ore processing (flotation, density separation, bioleaching, hydrothermal solution) are discussed. Although the concentration of Cu compounds in bottom ash is in the range of today’s exploited ores the economic viability of the recovery of metal compounds is uncertain. For sufficient enrichment different concerted treatment steps are required. KW - bioleaching KW - bottom ash KW - cumulative energy consumption KW - cumulative exergy consumption KW - density separation KW - environmental technology KW - exergy KW - flotation KW - recycling technology KW - recovery KW - waste management PY - 2016 UR - http://www.inderscience.com/info/inarticletoc.php?jcode=ijex&year=2016&vol=19&issue=3 DO - https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEX.2016.075668 SN - 1742-8300 SN - 1742-8297 VL - 19 IS - 3 SP - 352 EP - 363 PB - Inderscience Enterprises Ltd. CY - Olney, UK AN - OPUS4-35646 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Holm, Olaf T1 - Reduction of natural resource use by improving resource efficiency N2 - In 2011, the German Association of Engineers (VDI) started working on a set of guidelines dealing with the improvement of resource efficiency. These guidelines represent a framework that defines resource efficiency and outlines proposals for the producing industry. A special guideline for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is included as well as guidelines on methodologies for evaluating resource use indicators, such as the cumulative raw material demand of products and production systems. The work on resource use indicators is still in progress. The evaluation of raw materials expenditure will include water, soil and land use. The model will include the availability of raw materials (criticality). Improving resource efficiency at the end-of-life stage is illustrated in this paper by the example of materials recovery from waste, here from residues out of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI). With mechanical treatment valuable materials like ferrous and non-ferrous metals and secondary construction material can be extracted from MSWI bottom ash. The potential contribution on the resource efficiency is discussed. KW - Resource efficiency KW - Raw material equivalent KW - Mechanical treatment KW - Bottom ash KW - Waste incineration KW - Secondary raw materials KW - Product life cycle PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-356490 UR - http://www.hrpub.org/journals/jour_archive.php?id=62&iid=877 DO - https://doi.org/10.13189/ ujms.2016.040302 SN - 2331-6691 SN - 2331-6705 VL - 4 IS - 3 SP - 54 EP - 59 PB - Horizon Research Publishing CY - Alhambra, CA, USA AN - OPUS4-35649 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Recovery of non-ferrous metals from MSW IBA by means of mechanical processes T2 - International VDI Conference Metals and Minerals Recovery from IBA CY - Düsseldorf, Germany DA - 2014-10-14 PY - 2014 AN - OPUS4-35230 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bandow, Nicole A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Significance of cadmium from artists' paints to agricultural soils and the food chain N2 - Background: An Annex XV restriction dossier for cadmium in artists’ paints was submitted by an EU member state to the European Chemicals Agency ECHA. By cleaning used brushes under the tap cadmium can enter the food chain via waste water treatment and subsequent agricultural application of the sewage sludge. It was estimated that 110 kg Cd per year is spread on agricultural land via this exposure route. Other sources of Cd amount to almost 120 tons per year. Results: The mobility of Cd from pigments was studied in a field-like scenario by leaching experiments using soil samples amended with sewage sludge and spiked with Cd pigments in percolation columns. The redox conditions were confirmed to be the decisive factor for the release of Cd. The release of Cd from artists’ paints was in most cases 1% or lower in the experiments performed. Conclusions: Application of sewage sludge containing Cd from artist paints does not increase the amount of Cd leached from this soils. Furthermore the quantity of Cd from artists’ paints calculated in the restriction dossier is negligible compared to other sources of Cd to agricultural soil. Therefore ECHA did not consider the proposed restriction to be the most appropriate EU wide measure to address the negligible level of risk. KW - REACH regulation KW - Sewage sludge KW - Fertilizer KW - Leaching test PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-358261 DO - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-016-0077-6 SN - 2190-4715 VL - 28 IS - 12 SP - 1 EP - 10 AN - OPUS4-35826 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Evaluation of waste management processes using VDI guideline 3925 N2 - The standard is intended to offer participants in waste management planning such as authorities, decision makers and planners, including the critical public, the possibility to learn about evaluation methods as planning instruments and place them in the context of planning decisions. The standard should help those who use it to formulate transparent decisions for the application of particular waste treatment and recovery methods in the scope of integrated waste management, thus reaching a documented decision under consideration of the system boundaries and life cycle inventories of the respective methods. T2 - Waste Reduction and Recycling: Challenges and Trends for Source Separation in China and Germany CY - Shanghai, China DA - 07.06.2016 KW - Mass balance KW - Energy balance KW - Life cycle assessment KW - Eco efficiency analysis KW - Exergy PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-36623 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Bandow, Nicole A1 - Holm, Olaf A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Elutionsverhalten der Produkte eines alternativen Verfahrens zur Aufbereitung von HMVA N2 - Im Rahmen eines ZIM-geförderten Projektes wurde eine nass-mechanische Aufbereitung von Hausmüllverbrennungsasche (HMVA) hinsichtlich der Mengen und der Qualitäten generierter Fraktionen optimiert. Dabei standen besonders die Qualitäten der mineralischen Fraktionen, die mengenmäßig den größten Anteil darstellen, im Vordergrund, da sie für einen möglichen Einsatz als Baustoff nutzbar gemacht werden sollen. Insbesondere die Chlorid- und Sulfatgehalte sollten dafür reduziert werden. Durch die BAM wurde im Projekt u. a. die Freisetzung von umweltrelevanten Stoffen in den mineralischen Fraktionen untersucht. Dafür wurden Schütteleluate als Übereinstimmungstest und Eluate aus Lysimeterversuchen im Labormaßstab zur Bewertung des Langzeitverhaltens auf ihre Inhaltsstoffe analysiert. KW - Elutionsverhalten KW - HMVA KW - Ersatzbaustoff KW - Lysimeter PY - 2016 SN - 0039-2162 VL - 67 IS - 8 SP - 619 EP - 623 PB - Kirschbaum Verlag CY - Bonn AN - OPUS4-37213 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gleis, M. A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg ED - Thomé-Kozmiensky, Karl J. T1 - Novellierung des BVT-Merkblattes Abfallverbrennung – Sachstand, Entwicklungstendenzen und neue Verfahren zur Aufbereitung von Rostaschen und Filterstäuben – N2 - Die europäischen BVT-Merkblätter beschreiben die besten verfügbaren Techniken zum emissionsarmen Betrieb von industriellen Produktionsprozessen, von technischen Verfahren zur Gewinnung und Verarbeitung von Rohstoffen, von Anlagen zur Erzeugung von Strom und Wärme und zur Behandlung und Verwertung von Abfällen und anderen technischen Prozessen. Die Abfallwirtschaft ist bei den Arbeiten zur Revision der BVT-Merkblätter gleich mit zwei Aktivitäten beteiligt, da sich aktuell sowohl das BVT-Merkblatt Abfallbehandlung als auch das BVT-Merkblatt Abfallverbrennung in der Revision befinden. Das Umweltbundesamt hat die Aufgabe, die Überarbeitung der BVT-Merkblätter national zu koordinieren und an den Arbeiten in Sevilla im EIPPC Büro und bei der Europäischen Kommission fachlich mitzuwirken. Der Beitrag beschreibt die aktuellen Aktivitäten zur Revision des BVT-Merkblattes Abfallverbrennung und Stand des Überarbeitungsprozesses auf europäischer Ebene mit dem inhaltlichen Schwerpunkt bei den zu erwartenden Anforderungen an die Entsorgung von Aschen und Schlacken aus der Abfallverbrennung mit einem Schwerpunkt bei den Siedlungsabfallverbrennungsanlagen. T2 - Berliner Konferenz Mineralische Nebenprodukte und Abfälle CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 20.06.2016 KW - Rostasche KW - Abfallverbrennung KW - Aufbereitung PY - 2016 UR - http://www.vivis.de/phocadownload/2016_mna/2016_MNA_163-172_Gleis.pdf SN - 978-3-944310-28-2 VL - 3 SP - 163 EP - 172 PB - TK Verlag Karl Thomé-Kozmiensky CY - Nietwerder AN - OPUS4-36622 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Robertson, Daniela A1 - Schütt, Ch. A1 - Birke, V. ED - Zekkos, Dimitrios ED - Farid, Arvin ED - De, Anirban ED - Reddy, Krishna R. ED - Yesiller, Nazli T1 - Zero Valent Metal (ZVI) Nanoparticles in Geotextiles and Geomembranes N2 - Reactive geomembranes and geotextiles are an innovative approach to control the migration of contaminants in geotechnical applications. Within a joint research project in cooperation with a medium-sized enterprise, the preparation and characterization of “reactive” geomembranes and geotextiles modified by the addition of zero-valent metal nanoparticles was performed. Zero-valent iron (ZVI) nanoparticles were added to polyethylene or to the fillings of geo-containers or geosynthetic clay liners. These geosynthetic products consist of mixtures of sand with clay or bentonite, typically embedded in geotextile nonwovens or geomats. The permeability of these geo-containers can be adjusted by the ratio of clay or bentonite to sand. ZVI nanoparticles were also added as reactive material to geomembranes made of polyethylene with additives like the antioxidant Irganox 1010 or glycerin. These additives prohibit oxidation of the nanoparticle and act as hydrogen donor in the dechlorination of chlorinated hydrocarbons. Contaminates such as chlorinated hydrocarbons and toxic heavy metal compounds are either decomposed or converted to less toxic species (e.g. Cr-(VI) reduction to Cr-(III)). The paper reports the first experimental results from manufacturing of the reactive geomembrane model materials and characterization of the products with microscopic techniques. First breakthrough measurements of the ZVI modified geomembrane compared to a reference sample are presented. KW - geomembranes KW - geotextiles KW - nano particles KW - nano iron PY - 2016 UR - http://ascelibrary.org/page/books/s-gsp SN - 978-0-7844-8012-0 DO - https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784480120 VL - 269 SP - 498 EP - 507 PB - American Society of Civil Engineers CY - Reston, VA, USA ET - 1 AN - OPUS4-37264 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Holm, Olaf A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Recovery of copper from small grain sizes of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash by means of density separation N2 - Small grain sizes of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash (BA) contain elemental and chemically bonded metals in appreciable amounts, especially copper. As different copper species have in general a higher density compared to the prevalent minerals, processes for density separation seemed to be favorable for the recovery of copper. Investigations with a centrifugal classifier were therefore carried out with BA from MWSI which have been used for a few years as the covering material for a landfill. The results show an appreciable enrichment of the precious copper. The concentrates contained up to 60 mg/kg copper in the dry weight (DW) (in general about 30 – 40 mg/kg DW) with enrichment factors of around 20 and a copper recovery of up to 50 % (in general around 20 %). A test series in order to evaluate the potential benefit for sequential processing illustrate the low efficiency for a further processing of the tailings. T2 - SUM 2014 - 2nd Symposium on Urban Mining CY - Bergamo, Italy DA - 19.052014 KW - Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) KW - Density separation KW - Bottom ash (BA) KW - Copper PY - 2014 SN - 9788862650311 SP - 1 EP - 7 PB - CISA Publisher CY - Padova, Italy AN - OPUS4-37308 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Berger, Wolfgang A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Durchführung von Ringversuchen zur Validierung der Normen E DIN 19528 und E DIN 19529 N2 - Um den Erfordernissen des Grundwasser- und Bodenschutzes zu entsprechen ist die Kenntnis des Elutionsverhaltens von Abfall- und Bodenmaterialien erforderlich, wenn diese z.B. zur Verwertung im Straßen- oder Landschaftsbau vorgesehen sind. Im Zusammenhang mit der Novellierung der Bundes-Bodenschutzverordnung und der Einführung der Ersatzbaustoffverordnung sowie in Auswertung der Ergebnisse des BMBF-Verbundvorhabens „Sickerwasserprognose“ wurden vom DIN-Normenaus-schuss Wasserwesen, Unterausschuss „Eluierungsverfahren“ zwei Verfahren zur Elution von Fest-stoffen erarbeitet, die im Oktober 2007 als Entwürfe veröffentlicht wurden. Dabei handelt es sich um ein Säulenperkolationsverfahren zur gemeinsamen Untersuchung des Elutionsverhaltens von orga-nischen und anorganischen Stoffen (E DIN 19528) und ein Schüttelverfahren mit einem Wasser-/ Feststoff-Verhältnis (W/F) von 2 l/kg zur Untersuchung der Elution von anorganischen Stoffen (E DIN 19529). Beide Verfahren sind für Bodenmaterialien und mineralische Abfälle mit einer Korngröße bis 32 mm vorgesehen. Für Normen die in Verordnungen zitiert werden sollen, ist eine Verfahrensvalidierung erforderlich. Im Rahmen dieses Vorhabens waren die Verfahrenskenndaten auf der Grundlage von Ringversuchen zu ermitteln. Zunächst wurden vier für die Verordnungen relevante Materialien (Hausmüllverbrennungs-asche, Recyclingbaustoff, Bodenmaterial, Stahlwerksschlacke) als Referenzmaterialien (RM) aufberei-tet. Die zu analysierenden Parameter wurden unter Berücksichtigung der Regelungsrelevanz in Abstimmung mit dem Auftraggeber ausgewählt. Die RM wurden gemeinsam mit Referenzlösungen an die 53 Teilnehmer der Ringversuche ausgegeben. Die statistische Auswertung der Ringversuchsergebnisse erfolgte nach DIN 38402-42, wobei der Gesamtmittelwert aller Teilneh-mer als Sollwert herangezogen wurde. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass akzeptable Reproduzierbarkeiten für organische und anorganische Schadstoffe durch geeignete Vorgaben sowohl für Schütteltests als auch für Säulenversuche erzielt werden können. Dies gilt insbesondere unter Berücksichtigung des breiten Korngrößenspektrums der RM, der relativ hohen zugelassenen Toleranzen für das W/F bei den Säulenversuchen und des kurzen Bekanntheitsgrades der Normenentwürfe. Die ermittelten Verfahrenskenndaten finden Eingang in die abschließende Bearbeitung der Normen. KW - Verwertung KW - Abfallmaterialien KW - kontaminierter Boden KW - Auslaugungsverhalten KW - Eluierungsverfahren KW - Schütteltest KW - Säulenperkolationsversuch KW - Sickerwasserprognose KW - Standardisierung KW - Validierung KW - Ringversuche PY - 2008 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-354756 SP - 1 EP - 275 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-35475 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gleis, Markus A1 - Gehrmann, Hans-Joachim A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - VDI-Richtlinie 3925 – Anwendung auf zwei Fallbeispiele N2 - Die VDI-Richtlinie 3925 entstand aus Diskussionen und Fragestellungen, die sich aus der Anwendung unterschiedlichster Methoden zur Bewertung verschiedener Verfahrenskonzepten aus dem Bereich der Abfallbehandlung ergeben haben. Je nach nachdem, wo der Focus der vorzunehmenden Bewertung liegt, wird sich die Methodik an diese Ziele anpassen oder - falls es die entsprechende Methodik noch nicht geben sollte - sich die Fragestellung anpassen müssen. T2 - ProcessNet Jahrestreffen CY - Frankfurt/Main DA - 23.02.2016 KW - Wirkungsgrad KW - Exergie KW - Abfallbehandlung KW - Ökobilanz PY - 2016 SP - 25 EP - 26 PB - ProcessNet CY - Frankfurt/Main AN - OPUS4-35506 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Holm, Olaf T1 - Reduction of natural resource use by improving resource efficiency N2 - Improving resource efficiency at the end-of-life stage is illustrated in this paper by the example of materials recovery from waste, here from residues out of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI). With mechanical treatment valuable materials like ferrous and non-ferrous metals and secondary construction material can be extracted from MSWI bottom ash. The potential contribution on the resource efficiency will be discussed. T2 - 12th International Conference on Ecomaterials CY - Tainan, Taiwan DA - 08.11.2015 KW - secondary raw material KW - resource efficiency KW - raw material equivaltent KW - bottom ash PY - 2015 SP - 5 EP - 6 AN - OPUS4-35509 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Bandow, Nicole T1 - Significance of cadmium from artists‘ paints to agricultural soil and the food chain N2 - An Annex XV restriction dossier for cadmium in artists’ paints was submitted by an EU member state to the European Chemicals Agency ECHA. By cleaning used brushes under the tap cadmium can enter the food chain via waste water treatment and subsequent agricultural application of the sewage sludge. It was estimated that 110 kg Cd per year is spread on agricultural land via this exposure route. Other sources of Cd amount to almost 120 tons per year. The mobility of Cd from pigments was studied in a field-like scenario by leaching experiments using soil samples amended with sewage sludge and spiked with Cd pigments in percolation columns. The redox conditions were confirmed to be the decisive factor for the release of Cd. The release of Cd from artists’ paints was in most cases 1% or lower in the experiments performed. Cd from artists’ paints in sewage sludge applied in agriculture will be mobilized for intake by crops or to leaching either by oxidation of sulfide to sulfate or by dissolution at lower pH values. The quantity of Cd from artists’ paints calculated in the restriction dossier is however negligible compared to other sources of Cd to agricultural soil. Therefore ECHA did not consider the proposed restriction to be the most appropriate EU wide measure to address the negligible level of risk. In the presentation sources of Cd on agricultural land will be discussed together with possible policy instruments to mitigate such emissions. T2 - 9th International Cadmium Conference CY - Lisbon, Portugal DA - 26.10.2016 KW - Cadmium KW - REACH KW - leaching PY - 2016 UR - http://www.conference.cadmium.org/ SP - 9 EP - 10 AN - OPUS4-38473 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - RecArc - Verwertung von Rückständen aus der Metallurgie mit der Lichtbogentechnologie N2 - In dem Projekt soll die vollständige Wiederverwertbarkeit der Schlacke und ihrer Bestandteile demonstriert werden. Dazu gehören die vollständige Rückgewinnung der metallischen Phase, die in die Edelstahlherstellung zurückgeführt werden kann, sowie die Aufwertung der mineralischen Fraktion, die ihre uneingeschränkte Verwendung als Zementzumahlstoff oder mineralischer Baustoff erlaubt. Bei geeigneter Prozessführung des elektrischen Lichtbogenofens können durch „reduzierendes Schmelzen“ die chromhaltigen Wertstoffe zusammen mit anderen Schwermetallen zu 97% in einer Metalllegierung angereichert und separiert werden. Diese kann als Rohstoff in der Metallurgie eingesetzt werden. Der Chromgehalt der mineralischen Komponte der Schlacke konnte von ca. 3% auf unter 0,1% verringert werden. Die mineralische Fraktion lässt sich durch entsprechende Zuschläge während des Schmelzbetriebes und eine anschließende Granulation der schmelzflüssigen Phase zu einem Material aufwerten, das in seiner Zusammensetzung und seinen Eigenschaften typischen Zementkomponenten entspricht und als Rohstoff in der Zementproduktion eingesetzt werden kann. Dafür müssen allerdings noch die rechtlichen Voraussetzungen geschaffen werden, da der Rohstoffeinsatz gerade im Zement strengen Auflagen unterliegt und die Zemente bestimmte Normen erfüllen müssen. Durch die in RECARC aufgezeigte Möglichkeit der Wiederverwertung können somit Stoffkreisläufe geschlossen werden, die ansonsten zu einem Verlust wertvoller Rohstoffe führen. Vor allem die steigenden Rohstoffkosten, aber auch die immer stärker limitierten CO2-Emissionen zeigen die hohe Relevanz im Umgang mit metallurgischen Reststoffen. Eine Überführung des in RECARC demonstrierten Verfahrens in die Industrie könnte einen wichtigen Beitrag zur nachhaltigen Schonung der natürlichen Ressourcen und der Umwelt leisten. KW - Chrom KW - Lichtbogenofen KW - Recycling KW - Rückgewinnung KW - Schlacke PY - 2017 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-390197 SP - 1 EP - 4 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-39019 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Weimann, Karin A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - RESOLVED - Recovery of Solar Valuable Materials, Enrichment and Decontamination N2 - The use of renewable energy technologies, such as photovoltaics (PV) should be sustainable and environmentally compatible and therefore protect the environment from risks and damaging impacts. Regarding the growing number of installed photovoltaic systems, the end-of-life management of the pv-modules will become increasingly important. Thin film panels contain hazardous substances that may harm the environment if they are not recycled or disposed properly after reaching the end of their service life. Heavy metals, for example, can be toxic as well as carcinogenic or teratogenic. Processing methods for the recycling of PV thin film modules have to take these facts into account. Currently the available recycling techniques usually utilise chemicals such as acids for a wet-chemical treatment of end-of-life modules. The aim of RESOLVED was to identify and test alternative methods for a wet-mechanical treatment in order to reduce the consumption of chemicals in the recycling of thin film modules. Furthermore, the recovered Cadmium-Telluride (CdTe) and Copper-Indium-Diselenide/Disulfide (CIS) should be helping to save scare resources especially for limited elements such as tellurium and indium. The project RESOLVED investigated the recovery of semiconductors material as secondary raw material and the decontamination of the residues of the PV thin film modules. These goals were achieved by testing and optimising existing technologies for the recycling process as well as for the enrichment of the semiconductor materials. The target is to re-use the enriched recovered material in the production of new PV modules. Special efforts were made to look into life cycle analysis, process sustainability, economical aspects, and resource availability. KW - Renewable energy technologies KW - Photovoltaics KW - Hazardous substances KW - Recycling KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Process sustainability KW - Resources PY - 2017 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-390223 SP - 1 EP - 4 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-39022 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - PEREBAR - Long-Term Performance of Permeable Reactive Barriers Used for the Remediation of Contaminated Groundwater N2 - Contaminated land, landfills and sediments pose a serious environmental threat by polluting groundwater in the surrounding area. In 14 European countries contamination caused by uranium represents a particularly serious danger where drinking water resources might be affected. Other heavy metals and organic pollutants can also have a strongly deleterious effect on groundwater. Available technologies (e.g. pump- and-treat) fall short of solving the problem because their performance is not yet adequate for effective remediation. The aim of the project is to elaborate the scientific basis for laboratory and pilot-scale testing of and the practical application of a considerably more efficient and cost-effective in-situ reactive barrier technology targeting the above contaminants. The primary model test site will be an area in Southern Hungary contaminated by uranium mining- thus including a region which is due to become part of the European Union. The approach taken to meet the project objectives was the characterisation of different reactive materials and relevant attenuation processes in the reactive matrix of the permeable barrier with special respect to their long-term behaviour. The experimental work included laboratory experiments at different scales, going from bench-scale tests up to pilot-scale, and field-scale experiments. Experimental conditions were predetermined by the characteristics of the model site, such as geologic and hydrogeological settings, soil composition, and type, extent and spreading of the contamination. Technological methods to enhance the long-term efficacy and cost-effectiveness of permeable reactive barrier systems were developed and tested under realistic conditions. KW - Ground water pollution KW - Contaminated sites KW - Environmental pollution KW - Permeable reactive barrier systems PY - 2017 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-390231 UR - http://www.eugris.info/displayproject.asp?Projectid=4290 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-39023 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Rohn, H. A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Schmidt, M. A1 - Giegrich, J. A1 - Oberender, C. A1 - Denz, W. A1 - Niebaum, A. ED - Ludwig, C. ED - Matasci, C. T1 - The Guideline Series VDI 4800 Resource Efficiency: An Approach for Increasing Resource Efficiency with Aim of Conservation of Natural Resources in the Industrial Sector N2 - In 2011, the Association of German Engineers (VDI) started working on a set of guidelines towards increased resource efficiency. These guidelines represent a framework that defines resource efficiency and outlines considerations for the producing industry. A special guideline for SMEs is included as well as guidelines on methodologies for evaluating resource use indicators, such as the cumulative raw material demand of products and production systems. Resource efficiency, defined here as the relationship between a specific benefit or use and the natural resources that need to be spent or consumed to attain this benefit or use. It can be evaluated by defining a function which expresses the specific benefit and quantifies the resource requirements through a set of indicators (use of raw materials, energy, water, land and ecosystem services including sinks). The results from this also depend on the system boundary parameters and the allocation rules for by-products and waste treatment options. Optimising resource use is possible at all stages of a product’s or production system’s life cycle chain (raw material extraction, production and manufacturing, use and consumption, and the end-of-life stage). VDI guidelines are widely accepted across Germany’s industrial sector and therefore represent an important means of mainstreaming resource efficiency in this target area. As well as providing a methodological framework, the guidelines describe strategies and measures towards increasing resource efficiency, and they enable industrial producers and service providers to identify potential areas of improvement. The full article presents an overview of the methodology and contents of these guidelines and discusses their impact in achieving absolute reductions in the industrial use of natural resources. KW - Resource efficiency KW - Life cycle thinking KW - Products and production systems KW - Standardization PY - 2017 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-426443 UR - https://www.wrforum.org/wrfpublicationspdf/boosting-resource-productivity/ SN - 978-3-9521409-7-0 SP - 125 EP - 132 PB - Paul Scherrer Institute CY - Villigen PSI, Switzerland ET - 1 AN - OPUS4-42644 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gehrmann, H.-J. A1 - Hiebel, M. A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Methods for the Evaluation of Waste Treatment Processes N2 - Decision makers for waste management are confronted with the problem of selecting the most economic, environmental, and socially acceptable waste treatment process. This paper elucidates evaluation methods for waste treatment processes for the comparison of ecological and economic aspects such as material flow analysis, statistical entropy analysis, energetic and exergetic assessment, cumulative energy demand, and life cycle assessment.The work is based on the VDI guideline 3925. A comparison of two thermal waste treatment plants with different process designs and energy recovery systems was performed with the described evaluation methods. The results are mainly influenced by the type of energy recovery, where the waste-to-energy plant providing district heat and process steam emerged to be beneficial in most aspects. Material recovery options from waste incineration were evaluated according to sustainability targets, such as saving of resources and environmental protection. KW - Material flow analysis KW - Life cycle assessment KW - Cumulative energy demand KW - Cost benefit analysis KW - Eco-efficiency analysis PY - 2017 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-426455 UR - https://www.hindawi.com/journals/je/2017/3567865/ DO - https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/3567865 SN - 2314-4912 VL - 2017 SP - Article ID 3567865-1 EP - 13 PB - Hindawi CY - London AN - OPUS4-42645 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -