TY - JOUR A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Kalbe, Ute T1 - Antimony and vanadium in incineration bottom ash – leaching behavior and conclusions for treatment processes N2 - Due to its large mineral fraction, incineration bottom ash (IBA) from municipal solid waste incineration is an interesting raw material that can be used for road construction or to produce secondary building materials. However, leaching chloride, sulfate, and potentially harmful heavy metals may cause problems in using IBA in civil engineering. Investigating leaching behavior is crucial for the assessment of the environmental compatibility of IBA applications. Various test procedures are available for that purpose. In the present study, a long-term leaching test of a wet-mechanically treated IBA was performed in a lysimeter for almost six years. While concentrations of chloride, sulfate and the majority of the heavy metals started to decrease rapidly with progressive liquid-to-solid ratio (L/S), antimony (Sb) and vanadium (V) behaved differently. At the beginning of the lysimeter test, the Sb and V concentrations were low, but after approximately one year of operation at an L/S ratio of around 0.8 L/kg, a steady increase was observed. It was shown that this increase is the result of low Ca concentrations due to the formation of CaCO3. With the data, the solubility products from Ca-antimonate and Ca-vanadate were calculated. The unusual leaching behavior of Sb and V should be kept in mind when considering field scenarios and evaluating the impact on the environment. KW - Bottom ash KW - Lysimeter KW - Leaching of waste materials KW - Secondary building materials PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-534317 DO - https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15115 SN - 2611-4135 VL - 16 SP - 75 EP - 81 PB - CISA CY - Padua AN - OPUS4-53431 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Kalbe, Ute T1 - Measurement of the Environmental Impact of Materials N2 - This Special Issue, ‘Measurement of the Environmental Impact of Materials’, is focused on the impact that materials have on the environmental compartments of soil, water and air. Leaching and emission processes, including underlying mechanisms, are a recurring topic in most published articles in the present Special Issue. Contributions have come from three continents and numerous countries (USA, Germany, France, Latvia, Poland, Russia, Japan, Korea and Thailand) indicating the global dimension of the subject. KW - Leaching KW - Recycling KW - Nano-materials PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-545099 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15062208 SN - 1996-1944 VL - 15 IS - 6 SP - 1 EP - 3 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-54509 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Roesch, Philipp A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Wittwer, Philipp A1 - Huthwelker, T. A1 - Borca, C. A1 - Sommerfeld, Thomas A1 - Kluge, Stephanie A1 - Piechotta, Christian A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Taking a Look at the Surface: µ-XRF Mapping and Fluorine K-edge µ-XANES Spectroscopy of Organofluorinated Compounds in Environmental Samples and Consumer Products N2 - For the first time, µ-X-ray fluorescence (µ-XRF) mapping combined with fluorine K-edge µ-X-ray absorption near-edge structure (µ-XANES) spectroscopy was applied to depict per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) contamination and inorganic fluoride in samples concentrations down to 100 µg/kg fluoride. To demonstrate the matrix tolerance of the method, several PFAS contaminated soil and sludge samples as well as selected consumer product samples (textiles, food contact paper and permanent baking sheet) were investigated. µ-XRF mapping allows for a unique element-specific visualisation at the sample surface and enables localisation of fluorine containing compounds to a depth of 1 µm. Manually selected fluorine rich spots were subsequently analysed via fluorine K-edge µ-XANES spectroscopy. To support spectral interpretation with respect to inorganic and organic chemical distribution and compound class determination, linear combination (LC) fitting was applied to all recorded µ-XANES spectra. Complementarily, solvent extracts of all samples were target-analysed via LC-MS/MS spectrometry. The detected PFAS sum values range from 20 to 1136 µg/kg dry weight (dw). All environmentally exposed samples revealed higher concentration of PFAS with a chain length >C8 (e.g. 580 µg/kg dw PFOS for Soil1), whereas the consumer product samples showed a more uniform distribution with regard to chain lengths from C4 to C8. Independent from quantified PFAS amounts via target analysis, µ-XRF mapping combined with µ-XANES spectroscopy was successfully applied to detect both point-specific concentration maxima and evenly distributed surface coatings of fluorinated organic contaminants in the corresponding samples. KW - PFAS KW - XRF KW - LC-MS/MS KW - XANES KW - Fluoride KW - Soil PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-576109 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/D3EM00107E SN - 2050-7887 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry AN - OPUS4-57610 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Kalbe, Ute T1 - Case Study on Secondary Building Materials for a Greener Economy N2 - Half of global material consumption involves mineral material. The circularity is still low so that the enhanced use of secondary building material is required to close loops. Three different secondary building materials are discussed based on exemplary research results: construction and demolition waste (C&D waste), soil-like material, and incineration bottom ash (IBA). Focus was placed on the environmental compatibility of the materials examined mainly by standardized leaching tests. C&D waste was investigated after a wet treatment using a jigging machine, and soil-like material and IBA were characterized with respect to their material composition. Their environmental compatibilities in particular were studied using standard leaching tests (batch tests and column tests). It was concluded that soil-like material can mostly be utilized even when the precautionary limit values set are exceeded by a factor of less than two. For C&D waste, the fine fraction below 2 mm and the content of brick material is problematic. IBA fulfills quality level “HMVA-2” following German regulations. Improved levels of utilization might be achievable with better treatment technologies. KW - Incineration bottom ash KW - Soil-like material KW - Leaching KW - Circular economy PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-576343 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/app13106010 SN - 2076-3417 VL - 13 IS - 10 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-57634 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Roesch, Philipp A1 - Wittwer, Philipp A1 - Sommerfeld, Thomas A1 - Riedel, Maren A1 - Leube, Peter A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Ski Waxes and Snow from Cross-Country Skiing in Germany - Comparative study of Sum Parameter and Target Analysis N2 - Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are often environmentally exposed via discharge through human consumer products, such as ski waxes. In our study we analyzed various ski waxes from the 1980s and 2020s, to determine both the sum parameter values total fluorine (TF), extractable organically bound fluorine (EOF), hydrolysable organically bound fluorine (HOF) as well as targeted PFAS analysis. This showed that modern high-performance waxes contain up to 6 % TF, but also PFAS-free labelled ski waxes contain traces of PFAS with EOF/HOF values in the low mg kg-1 range. With the ban of all fluorine-based waxes with the start of the 2023/2024 winter season this will probably change soon. Moreover, we applied our analysis methods to snow samples from a frequently used cross country ski trail (Kammloipe) in the Ore Mountain region in Germany, assessing the potential PFAS entry/discharge through ski waxes. Melted snow samples from different spots were analyzed by the adsorbable organically bound fluorine (AOF) sum parameter and PFAS target analysis and confirmed the abrasion of the ski waxes into the snow. Moreover, on a PFAS hotspot also soil samples were analyzed, which indicate that PFAS from the ski waxes adsorb after snow melting into the soil. KW - Combustion Ion Chromatography KW - Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) KW - Consumer Products PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-612760 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazadv.2024.100484 VL - 16 SP - 1 EP - 5 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-61276 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pienkoß, Fabian A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Nassmechanische Aufbereitung von Bauschutt‐Brechsand mit der Setztechnik – ein Schritt auf dem Weg zum Ersatzbaustoff T1 - Wet-Mechanical Processing of Crushed-Sand from Construction-Waste - A First Step Towards a Circular Building Material N2 - Das Recycling von gemischten Baustoffen führt neben der Herstellung von Gesteinskörnungen parallel zu einem stärker schadstoffbelasteten Stoffstrom, der circa ein Drittel der ursprünglichen Masse ausmacht. Dieser sogenannte Brechsand endet derzeit in der Deponierung und wird somit der Kreislaufwirtschaft entzogen. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht nun die Aufbereitung dieses Materials unter Verwendung einer Setzmaschine im Pilotmaßstab. Hierbei wird die Eignung dieser Technik evaluiert und das Aufbereitungsprodukt als möglicher Ersatzbaustoff untersucht. N2 - Besides the generation of aggregates, recycling of mixed construction and demolition waste leads to a more polluted side stream accounting for up to one third of the input materials. This so-called crushed sand often ends up in landfills and is hence lost for a circular economy. This article reports about the processing of this material using a pilot plant jig. The suitability of jigging technology is evaluated, and the product is analyzed as possible circular building material. KW - Aufbereitung KW - Ersatzbaustoff KW - Kreislaufwirtschaft KW - Setzmaschine KW - Umweltverträglichkeit PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-585978 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/cite.202300019 SN - 0009-286X VL - 95 IS - 12 SP - 1916 EP - 1924 PB - Wiley VHC-Verlag AN - OPUS4-58597 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Roesch, Philipp A1 - Schinnen, Andrea A1 - Riedel, Maren A1 - Sommerfeld, Thomas A1 - Sawal, G. A1 - Bandow, N. A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Investigation of pH-dependent extraction methods for PFAS in (fluoropolymer-based) consumer products: A comparative study between targeted and sum parameter analysis N2 - Here, we report a comparative study of different sum parameter analysis methods for the extraction of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from manufactured consumer products, which can be measured by combustion ion chromatography (CIC). Therefore, a hydrolysis-based extraction method was further developed, which accounts for the addition of hydrolyzable covalently bound polyfluoroalkylated side-chain polymers (SFPs) to the extractable organic fluorine portion of the mass balance proposed as "hydrolyzable organically bound fluorine" (HOF). To test this hypothesis, the method was applied to 39 different consumer products containing fluoropolymers or monomeric PFAS taken from four different categories: outdoor textiles, paper packaging, carpeting, and permanent baking sheets. We also evaluated the method's efficiency by extracting four synthesized fluorotelomer polyacrylate reference compounds. The total fluorine (TF) and extractable organically bound fluorine (EOF) values were measured through CIC using established protocols. The TF values ranged from sub-ppb to %-levels, depending on the compound class. All samples showed results for hydrolyzed organofluorine (HOF) between 0.03 and 76.3 μg/g, while most EOF values were lower (