TY - JOUR A1 - Rauchegger, C. A1 - Bayley, S. A1 - Schröder, Volkmar A1 - Thévenin, D. T1 - Dispersion of heavy gases - experimental results and numerical simulations N2 - The hazardous potential of accidental heavy gas releases, especially those involving flammable and toxic gases, is widely known. In order to predict the area in which these gases are in hazardous concentrations, an estimation of the dispersion of these gases must be carried out. While the hazardous area for flammable heavy gases is determined by the lower flammability limit (ca. >1 vol%), the release of toxic heavy gases can result in a much larger hazardous area. Toxic gases, even in very low concentrations (ca. <3,000 ppm), have the potential to be highly damaging. State-of-the-art dispersion models, such as the VDI Guideline 3783, can be used to estimate the dispersion of heavy gases. However, VDI 3783 gives no method for the prediction of the height and width of a heavy gas cloud, which are both required for quantitative risk analysis as well as for a possible coupling of a Lagrangian particle model with the VDI 3783 heavy gas dispersion model. Therefore, further calculation methods were used to describe these dimensions and were evaluated against experimental studies of the length, width, and height of the heavy and neutral gas field. In addition to that the influence of the source height on the heavy gas dispersion was also examined KW - Process safety KW - Heavy gas KW - Numerical simulation KW - Explosion protection PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/prs.11723 SN - 1066-8527 SN - 1547-5913 SN - 0278-4513 VL - 34 IS - 3 SP - 280 EP - 285 PB - Wiley InterScience CY - Hoboken, NJ AN - OPUS4-34756 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schröder, Volkmar T1 - Sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen von Gassen und Gasgemischen T2 - DECHEMA-Weiterbildungskurs "Grundlagen und rechtliche Anforderungen des Explosionsschutzes" CY - Frankfurt am Main DA - 2015-11-11 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-34890 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schröder, Volkmar T1 - Verlässliche Datenquellen - Sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen in der Datenbank "CHEMSAFE" T2 - DECHEMA-Weiterbildungskurs "Grundlagen und rechtliche Anforderungen des Explosionsschutzes" CY - Frankfurt am Main DA - 2015-11-11 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-34895 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schröder, Volkmar T1 - Grundlagen des Explosionsschutzes - Eine Einführung T2 - DECHEMA-Weiterbildung "Grundlagen und rechtliche Anforderungen des Explosionsschutzes" CY - Frankfurt am Main DA - 2015-11-11 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-34896 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schröder, Volkmar T1 - Aktuelle Entwicklungen in der PtG-Technologie T2 - Forschungsbeirat "Sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen von Wasserstoff-Erdgas-Gemischen" CY - BG ETEM, Köln DA - 2015-09-02 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-33887 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tschirschwitz, Rico A1 - Schröder, Volkmar A1 - Brandes, E. A1 - Krause, U. T1 - Determination of explosion limits - Criterion for ignition under non-atmospheric conditions N2 - Many industrial processes are run at non-atmospheric conditions (elevated temperatures and pressures, other oxidizers than air). To judge whether and if yes to what extent explosive gas(vapor)/air mixtures will occur or may be generated during malfunction it is necessary to know the safety characteristic data at the respective conditions. Safety characteristic data like Explosion limits, are depending on pressure, temperature and the oxidizer. Most of the determination methods are standardized for ambient conditions. In order to obtain determination methods for non-atmospheric conditions, particularly for higher initial pressures, reliable ignition criteria were investigated. Ignition tests at the explosion Limits were carried out for mixtures of methane, propane, n-butane, n-hexane, hydrogen, ammonia and acetone in air at initial pressures up to 20 bar. The tests have been evaluated according to different ignition criteria: visual flame propagation, temperature and pressure rising. It could be shown that flame propagation and occasionally self-sustained combustion for several seconds occurred together with remarkable temperature rise, although the pressure rise was below 3%. The results showed that the combination of a pressure rise criterion of 2% and a temperature rise criterion of 100 K seems to be a suitable ignition criterion for the determination of explosion limits and limiting oxidizer concentration at higher initial pressures and elevated temperatures. The tests were carried out within the framework of a R&D project founded by the German Ministry of Economics and Technology. KW - Explosion limits KW - Ignition criterion KW - Standardization KW - Non-atmospheric conditions PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2015.01.012 SN - 0950-4230 VL - 36 SP - 562 EP - 568 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-36954 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schröder, Volkmar A1 - Wilrich, Cordula T1 - Subdividing flammable gases - Appropriate flammability characteristics T2 - UN Joint GHS-TDG Meeting on Categorization of Flammable Gases CY - Brüssel (Belgien) DA - 2015-03-09 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-32807 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schröder, Volkmar T1 - Neuere Entwicklungen bei der Klassifizierung entzündbarer Gase im Globally Harmonized System (GHS) T2 - ProcessNet-AA "Sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen" CY - DECHEMA, Frankfurt/Main DA - 2015-10-06 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-34472 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schröder, Volkmar T1 - Criteria for sub-categorization of flammable gases T2 - UN Joint GHS-TDG meeting on categorization of flammable gases CY - Brüssel DA - 2015-09-08 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-34062 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schröder, Volkmar T1 - Evaluation of Gas mixtures by BAM T2 - EIGA-Meeting "Classification, Labelling and SDS" CY - Berlin DA - 2015-06-11 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-33523 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -