TY - JOUR A1 - Wilmers, W. A1 - Schröder, Hartmut T1 - Merkblatt für die Anwendung von Geotextilien im Erdbau PY - 1983 SP - 1 EP - 16 PB - FGSV Verlag GmbH CY - Köln AN - OPUS4-38095 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schröder, Hartmut A1 - Schnabel, Edmund T1 - Prüfung der mechanischen Eigenschaften von Geotextilien T2 - 23. Internationale Chemiefasertagung CY - Dornbirn, Austria DA - 1984-09-26 PY - 1984 SP - 162 EP - 195 PB - Österreichisches Chemiefaser-Institut CY - Wien AN - OPUS4-34080 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Retzlaff, J. A1 - Bronstein, Z. A1 - Müller-Rochholz, J. A1 - Böhning, Martin A1 - Robertson, Daniela A1 - Schröder, Hartmut T1 - Oxidative resistance of geosynthetics: practical aspects and developments of testing at elevated temperature and oxygen pressure N2 - Service life of geosynthetics made of polyolefin materials is mainly limited by oxidative degradation. Durability of polyolefin products depend on formulation, morphology resulting from manufacturing, design and particularly on the antioxidants used. Although the fundamental oxidative reactions are known, the complex effect of geosynthetic characteristics and external influences mean that durability assessments require practical tests. The assessment of oxidative durability involves exposure to accelerating conditions as well as the material characterisation with respect to the state of stabilisation and/or degradation (e.g. by tensile testing and/or oxidation induction time). The autoclave test developed by BAM for durability assessments of polyolefin geosynthetics is based on the simultaneous application of moderately elevated temperatures (up to 80 degrees Celsius) and elevated oxygen pressures (up to 5.0 MPa) in combination with a surrounding aqueous medium. Thus this test method provides several advantages in comparison to conventional oven testing, especially with respect to test duration, impact of surrounding environment and the potential to differentiate and rank oxidative resistance between products of very different dimensions (surface/volume) and stabilisation. In view of the increasing demand for durability assessments of geosynthetic products with lifetimes significantly exceeding 25 years, the contribution is focused on practical aspects concerning implementation and optimisation of test procedures, conditions and evaluation of results. Furthermore, advanced approaches based on multiple exposure conditions will also be included and corresponding calculations of expected service life in typical applications will be evaluated with respect to significance and repeatability. Thereby involved standards and recommendations - such as EN ISO 13438, Part C or EAG-EDT - are considered. T2 - EuroGeo4, 4th European Geosynthetics Conference CY - Edinburgh, UK DA - 2008-09-07 KW - Ageing KW - Degradation KW - HDPE KW - Laboratory test KW - Oxidation KW - Polypropylene PY - 2008 IS - Paper 178 SP - 1 EP - 4 AN - OPUS4-18423 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Faulhaber, Max A1 - Franke, Werner A1 - Schröder, Hartmut T1 - Über die Anwendung der Papierchromatographie bei der Analyse von Monosulfitstrohzellstoff-Ablaugen PY - 1962 SN - 0025-5300 VL - 4 IS - 3 SP - 94 EP - 101 PB - Carl Hanser Verlag CY - München AN - OPUS4-10212 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schröder, Hartmut A1 - Rook, A. T1 - Prüfzeichen für Winterschutzanzüge für Bauarbeiten PY - 1976 SN - 0340-7551 VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - 30 EP - 31 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialprüfung CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-8411 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Schröder, Hartmut T1 - Chemische Veränderungen von Geotextilien unter Bodenkontakt - Untersuchungen von ausgegrabenen Proben PY - 2005 SN - 0943-9323 IS - 41 SP - 3 EP - 44 PB - Wirtschaftsverl. NW CY - Bremerhaven AN - OPUS4-11712 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schröder, Hartmut A1 - Munz, Martin A1 - Böhning, Martin A1 - Lorenz, Edelgard A1 - Kneip, Gisela T1 - New method for testing the resistance to oxidation - Application and Evaluation: Polyolefinic Products T2 - EUROCORR 2006 CY - Maastricht, The Netherlands DA - 2006-09-25 PY - 2006 N1 - Serientitel: EFC-Event – Series title: EFC-Event IS - 280 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - European Federation of Corrosion CY - Maastricht AN - OPUS4-13706 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schröder, Hartmut A1 - Munz, Martin A1 - Böhning, Martin T1 - A new method for testing and evaluating the long-tIme resistance to oxidation of polyolefinic products T2 - 13th International Plastics Additives and Compounding Conference "Addcon World 2007" CY - Frankfurt/M. DA - 2007-09-05 PY - 2007 SN - 978-1-84735-018-3 IS - Paper 7 SP - 1 EP - 10 CY - Shawbury AN - OPUS4-15762 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schröder, Hartmut A1 - Bahr, Horst A1 - Lorenz, Edelgard A1 - Kneip, Gisela A1 - Kunze, Ines A1 - Zeynalov, Eldar T1 - Resistance of polyolefin geosynthetics to oxidationa new accelarated test working at elevated oxygen pressure PY - 2002 SN - 90-5809-529-0 N1 - Geburtsname von Kunze, Ines: Schmücking, I. - Birth name of Kunze, Ines: Schmücking, I. VL - 4 SP - 1455 EP - 1458 PB - Balkema CY - Lisse AN - OPUS4-1901 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Müller-Rochholz, J. A1 - Bronstein, Z. A1 - Schröder, Hartmut A1 - Rybak, Thomas A1 - Zeynalov, Eldar A1 - v. Maubeuge, K. P. ED - Delmas, P. T1 - Long-term behaviour of geosynthetic drains - excavations on landfills after up to 12 years service T2 - 7th International Conference on Geosynthetics (ICG) CY - Nice, France DA - 2002-09-22 PY - 2002 SN - 90-5809-525-8 VL - 2 SP - 565 EP - 568 PB - Balkema CY - Lisse AN - OPUS4-1902 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schröder, Hartmut A1 - Zeynalov, Eldar A1 - Bahr, Horst A1 - Rybak, Thomas T1 - Analysing the content of antioxidants in PP materials PY - 2002 SN - 0967-3911 SN - 1478-2391 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 73 EP - 82 PB - RAPRA Technology Ltd. CY - Shrewsbury AN - OPUS4-1873 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schröder, Hartmut A1 - Lorenz, Edelgard A1 - Bahr, Horst A1 - Seifert, Ingetraut A1 - Neyen, Volker A1 - Hofmann, Silvia A1 - Strauß, Birgid A1 - Volland, G. A1 - Lange, B. T1 - Untersuchungen zum Langzeit-Hydrolyse-Verhalten von Polyestergeweben T2 - Zhongguo Guoji Fei-Zhizaobu/Chanye-Yong Fangzhipin Yantaohui ; China International Nonwovens/Techtextiles Conference CY - Beijing, China DA - 2000-05-23 KW - Langzeit-Hydrolyse-Verhalten KW - Polyestergewebe PY - 2000 N1 - Geburtsname von Hofmann, Silvia: Benemann, S. - Birth name of Hofmann, Silvia: Benemann, S. SP - 165 EP - 183 CY - Beijing AN - OPUS4-764 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schröder, Hartmut A1 - Bahr, Horst A1 - Kneip, Gisela A1 - Lorenz, Edelgard A1 - Kunze, Ines A1 - Seifert, Ingetraut T1 - Long-Term-Resistance of PET-Geofibers to Inner and Outer Hydrolysis T2 - Zhongguo Guoji Fei-Zhizaobu/Chanye-Yong Fangzhipin Yantaohui ; China International Nonwovens/Techtextiles Conference CY - Beijing, China DA - 2000-05-23 KW - Hydrolysis KW - PET-Geofibers PY - 2000 N1 - Geburtsname von Kunze, Ines: Schmücking, I. - Birth name of Kunze, Ines: Schmücking, I. SP - 1(?) EP - 17(?) CY - Beijing AN - OPUS4-890 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schröder, Hartmut A1 - Bahr, Horst A1 - Zeynalov, Eldar T1 - Determination of phenolic antioxidant stabilizers in PP and HDPE by means of an oxidative model reaction T2 - 6th International Plastics Additives and Modifiers Conference ; 6th Addcon World 2000 CY - Basel, Switzerland DA - 2000-10-25 PY - 2000 SN - 1-85957-242-1 IS - Paper 3 SP - 1 EP - 15(?) PB - RAPRA Technology Ltd. CY - Shawbury AN - OPUS4-952 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schröder, Hartmut A1 - Bahr, Horst A1 - Herrmann, Peter A1 - Kneip, Gisela A1 - Lorenz, Edelgard A1 - Kunze, Ines ED - Cancelli, A. T1 - Durability Of Polyolefine Geosynthetics Under Elevated Oxygen Pressure In Aqueous Liquids T2 - 2nd European Geosynthetics Conference ; 2nd EuroGeo 2000 CY - Bologna, Italy DA - 2000-10-15 KW - Durability KW - Oxidation KW - Oxygen pressure KW - Antioxidant KW - Leaching KW - Elution KW - Mechanical properties PY - 2000 SN - 88-555-2560-3 N1 - Geburtsname von Kunze, Ines: Schmücking, I. - Birth name of Kunze, Ines: Schmücking, I. VL - 1 SP - 459 EP - 465 PB - Pàtron CY - Bologna AN - OPUS4-953 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schröder, Hartmut T1 - A new method for testing and evaluating the long-time resistance to oxidation of polyolefinic products T2 - 13th International Plastics Additives and Compounding Conference AddCon World 2007 CY - Frankfurt am Main, Germany DA - 2007-09-05 PY - 2007 AN - OPUS4-15741 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schröder, Hartmut T1 - New Method for Testing the Resistance to Oxidation - Application and Evaluation for Polyolefinic Products T2 - Eurocorr 2006 CY - Maastricht, Netherlands DA - 2006-09-24 PY - 2006 AN - OPUS4-13503 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Greenwood, J. A1 - Schröder, Hartmut A1 - Trubiroha, Peter A1 - Franke, P. A1 - Hufenus, R. T1 - Durability standards for goesynthetics - The tests for weathering and biological resistance T2 - 1st European Geosynthetics Conference (EUROGEO 1) CY - Maastricht, The Netherlands DA - 1996-09-30 KW - Bewitterung KW - Beständigkeit KW - Material, geosynthetisch KW - Normung PY - 1996 SN - 90-5410-836-3 SP - 637 EP - 642 PB - Balkema CY - Rotterdam AN - OPUS4-644 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Robertson, Daniela A1 - Böhning, Martin A1 - Schröder, Hartmut A1 - Brummermann, K. A1 - Kaudinya, I. A1 - Saathoff, F. T1 - Möglichkeiten der Abschätzung der Langzeitbeständigkeit von Kunststoffdichtungsbahnen (KDB) auf Polyolefinbasis für den Tunnelbau N2 - Im Rahmen eines von der Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen (BASt) initiierten Forschungsvorhabens (15.449/2007/ERB: „Prüfverfahren zur Beurteilung der Lebensdauer von Kunststoffdichtungsbahnen für Straßentunnel“) wurden anhand von Untersuchungen an Kunststoffdichtungsbahnen (KDB) auf Basis von Polyolefinwerkstoffen die Möglichkeiten der Beurteilung der oxidativen Langzeitbeständigkeit sondiert. Im Mittelpunkt stand die Erprobung des Autoklaventests in Anlehnung an DIN EN ISO 13438 (Methode C1/C2) an ausgewählten, für den Tunnelbau repräsentativen marktüblichen KDB-Produkten. Die Untersuchungen im Autoklaven bei erhöhten Temperaturen (60 °C, 70 °C und 80 °C) und Sauerstoffdrücken (11, 21 und 51 bar) wurden durch vergleichende Versuche im Wärmeschrank (Ofen) bei erhöhter Temperatur (85 °C) in Anlehnung an DIN EN 14575 ergänzt. Die KDBProdukte wurden außerdem einer eingehenden Materialcharakterisierung (Zugprüfung, DMA, DSC) unterzogen. Weiterhin wurden Bauwerksdaten recherchiert und auf ihre Nutzbarkeit zur Bewertung und Prüfbarkeit der Langzeitbeständigkeit von KDB in Tunneln betrachtet. Ziel war auch, die Anwendbarkeit des bisher vorgeschlagenen Extrapolationsmodells zur Auswertung der Ergebnisse von Autoklaventests an im Tunnelbau marktüblichen Produkten für Nutzungsdauern über 25 Jahre zu überprüfen und zur Entwicklung eines geeigneten Prüfverfahrens beizutragen. Der Beitrag geht auf Ergebnisse des Vorhabens ein und zeigt erste Schlussfolgerungen und weiteren Untersuchungsbedarf auf. Die Ergebnisse werden in den „Empfehlungen zu Dichtungssystemen im Tunnelbau EAG-EDT“ des Arbeitskreises 5.1 „Kunststoffe in der Geotechnik und im Wasserbau“ berücksichtigt, deren 2. Auflage in Vorbereitung ist. Aspekte des thermischen Verhaltens der eingesetzten Werkstoffe sowie mögliche Anpassungen der Prüfrandbedingungen für die Autoklaventests werden ergänzt und Hinweise zur Interpretation von Prüfergebnissen gegeben. Außerdem wurden inzwischen ausgehend von den Ergebnissen des Forschungsvorhabens erste Autoklaven-Ringversuche in drei Prüfinstitutionen initiiert. T2 - 12. Informations- und Vortragstagung über "Kunststoffe in der Geotechnik" CY - Munich, Germany DA - 03.03.2011 KW - Kunststoffdichtungsbahnen auf Polyolefinbasis KW - Oxidative Langzeitbeständigkeit KW - Autoklaventest - beschleunigte Alterung KW - DSC KW - DMA PY - 2011 SN - 978-3-940476-26-5 IS - Geotechnik Sonderheft 2011 SP - 35 EP - 42 AN - OPUS4-24399 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Böhning, Martin A1 - Robertson, Daniela A1 - Schröder, Hartmut T1 - Autoclave testing: a new approach for the evaluation of oxidative long-term resistance of geosynthetics N2 - Oxidative long time resistance is essential for many polyolefin based products, especially if repair or exchange is not possible as encountered in many building and geotechnical applications. Current regulations and recommendations for geosynthetics cover mainly the needs of a maximum lifetime of 25 years, though many applications require longer lifetimes up to 100 years and more. Reliable testing of the long time oxidation resistance is complicated by the complex interplay of physicochemical processes and reactions in combination with the need of relatively short testing durations, usually not exceeding 12 months. Thus for conventional atmospheric oven testing, the use of temperatures higher than 100 °C is inevitable, making conclusive Arrhenius extrapolations often questionable. Practical assessments of oxidative durability consist of exposures under accelerated ageing conditions with subsequent characterization of exposed material samples with respect to their residual stabilization and/or their mechanical properties. The autoclave test combines exposures at elevated temperatures with higher oxygen pressures and is performed with material samples immersed in a well defined aqueous medium representing critical environments in geosynthetic applications and including extraction of additives. Under these conditions meaningful results can be obtained within reasonable testing durations at only moderately elevated temperatures up to 80 °C. Application of different physicochemical methods, such as tensile testing, OIT /HP-OIT and analysis of residual antioxidant content (ICOT), in order to determine the time dependent degradation behaviour, reveal valuable information about mechanisms and effectiveness of the used antioxidants. Corresponding results for exposures at different temperatures and oxygen pressures are the basis for a 3D-extrapolation in order to estimate the expected service life. Different empirical models are presented and discussed with respect to their practical impact. T2 - EuroGeo4, 4th European Geosynthetics Conference CY - Edinburgh, UK DA - 2008-09-07 KW - Ageing KW - Degradation KW - Geotextiles KW - Polyolefin KW - Polypropylene KW - Oxidative resistance KW - Lifetime prediction PY - 2008 IS - Paper 143 SP - 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-18424 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schröder, Hartmut A1 - Munz, Martin A1 - Böhning, Martin T1 - A new method for testing and evaluating the long-time resistance to oxidation of polyolefinic products N2 - A report is presented on the development of a test for determining the long-term oxidation resistance of polyolefin materials, which is accelerated not only by elevated temperatures but also by increased oxygen pressure and a stirred aqueous medium. The method permits durability tests to be carried out at markedly lower temperatures with reasonable testing durations and significantly reduced diffusion limited oxidation effects and allows for physical and chemical impacts of aqueous media. Oxidative durability can be assessed by autoclave immersion exposures at three different temperatures (60, 70 and 80 degrees C) and 50 bar oxygen pressure and at 80 degrees C and two different oxygen pressures (usually 10 and 20 bar). Accelerated test data are evaluated by modified Arrhenius equations with the application of a three-dimensional regression analysis. The application of the test method to various materials, including PP non-woven materials and geosynthetics is demonstrated. 10 refs. KW - Polyolefin KW - Testing KW - Oxidation KW - Durability KW - Geosynthetics PY - 2008 SN - 0967-3911 SN - 1478-2391 VL - 16 IS - 1 SP - 71 EP - 79 PB - RAPRA Technology Ltd. CY - Shrewsbury AN - OPUS4-17187 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hsuan, Y.G. A1 - Schröder, Hartmut A1 - Rowe, K. A1 - Müller, Werner A1 - Greenwood, J. A1 - Cazzuffi, D. A1 - Koerner, R.M. ED - Neil Dixon, T1 - Long-term performance and lifetime prediction of geosynthetics N2 - To properly understand and assess the long-term behaviour of geosynthetic materials it is necessary to investigate the various types of possible degradation mechanims. This includes both chemical and mechanical behaviour, and sometimes even their interactions with one another. Clearly, chemical degradation of geosynthetics depends on the polymer type. For example, polyolefins are vulnerable to oxidation; polyesters are susceptible to hydrolysis; and plasticizers can leach from polyvinyl chloride. This paper describes the concept of these three types of degradation, but focuses on the oxidation of polyolefins since the majority of the geosynthetics is made from this type of polymer. The methods used to predict the lifetime of antioxidants and service life of the geosynthetic material will be illustrated. Furthermore, the influence of temperature, pressure, and ultraviolet light on the service life are also demonstrated. Finally, the current specifications targeting the longevity of different geosynthetics are presented. Regarding mechanical degradation, the paper mainly focuses upon the creep deformation of geogrids and stress crack resistance (SCR) of polyethylene geomembranes and geopipe. The method to assess stress crack resistance is described, and the microscopic mechanisms that lead to such failure are explained. For creep evaluation, different acceleration tests are presented and their applicability with respect to the different types of polymers is illustrated. In addition, the long-term shear behaviour of geocomposites and geosynthetic clay liners is presented. T2 - 4th European Geosynthetics Conference - EuroGeo4 CY - Edinburgh, Scotland, UK DA - 2008-09-07 KW - Geosynthetic KW - Durability KW - Degradation KW - Antioxidant KW - Weathering PY - 2008 SP - 1 EP - 41 AN - OPUS4-17975 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Robertson, Daniela A1 - Schröder, Hartmut A1 - Böhning, Martin A1 - Brummermann, K. A1 - Kaundinya, I. A1 - Saathoff, F. T1 - Test method for the assessment of the service life of polymeric geosynthetic barriers (GBR-P) for road tunnels N2 - This paper is dealing with a systematic investigation to evaluate the testing method “autoclave test” for the assessment of the oxidative durability of polyolefin-based GBR-P products applied in road tunnel construction. The aim was to derive suitable exposure conditions and criteria for a practical testing procedure with regard to service lifetimes up to 100 years. The screening test (index test) according to DIN EN ISO 13438 developed in the BAM was applied in extended form and amended by a basic characterization, as well as complementary analyses, following autoclave exposure. The time dependency of some of the products and the so called lifetime parameter of one product were investigated and compared with the results of conventional oven tests. Based on the results of the research program some conclusions and practical outlooks were concluded. T2 - Euro GEO 5 - 5th European geosynthetics congress CY - Valencia, Spain DA - 16.09.2012 KW - Durability KW - Oxidation KW - Acceleration ageing KW - GBR-P PY - 2012 SN - 978-0415-64340-5 VL - 1 IS - Topic: Transport SP - 150 EP - 154 AN - OPUS4-27312 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weidner, Steffen A1 - Kühn, Gerhard A1 - Werthmann, Barbara A1 - Schröder, Hartmut A1 - Just, Ulrich A1 - Borowski, Renate A1 - Decker, Renate A1 - Schwarz, Bärbel A1 - Schmücking, I. A1 - Seifert, Ingetraut T1 - A new approach of characterizing the hydrolytic degradation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) by MALDI-MS N2 - The hydrolytic degradation of technical poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) was investigated by means of different methods such as size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), viscometry, light-scattering, thin-layer chromatography, end-group titration, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). The long-term degradation was simulated by exposing PET filament yarns to aqueous neutral conditions at 90°C for up to 18 weeks. By means of MALDI-MS and thin-layer chromatography, the formation of different oligomers was obtained during polymer degradation. As expected, an ester scission process was found generating acid terminated oligomers (H-[GT]m-OH) and T-[GT]m-OH and ethylene glycol terminated oligomers (H-[GT]m-G), where G is an ethylene glycol unit and T is a terephthalic acid unit. Additionally, the scission of the ester bonds during the chemical treatment led to a strong decrease in the number of cyclic oligomers ([GT]m). The occurrence of di-acid terminated species demonstrated a high degree of degradation. PY - 1997 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0518(199708)35:11<2183::AID-POLA9>3.0.CO;2-Z SN - 0360-6376 SN - 0887-624X VL - 35 IS - 11 SP - 2183 EP - 2192 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken, NJ AN - OPUS4-11357 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -