TY - JOUR A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Drescher, P. A1 - Fischer, M. A1 - Fürhapper, C. A1 - Gunschera, J. A1 - Hill, R. A1 - Melcher, E. A1 - Wegner, R. A1 - Wilken, U. A1 - Wittenzellner, J. T1 - Suitability of analytical methods to determine tebuconazole, propiconazole and permethrin in aged wood samples N2 - The suitability of common analytical methods for the determination of active substances from wood preservatives in aged wood samples was investigated during an interlaboratory study. Permethrin, propiconazole and tebuconazole were quantified in 1.5 and 8 year-old wood samples by gas chromatography and liquid chromatography. Generally, the applied Methods yielded reliable results for these samples. However, wood components can coelute with propiconazole and tebuconazole during liquid chromatography. Optimization of separation might be required if UV detection is applied. KW - Wood samples KW - Biocides KW - Analytical methods PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-503959 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-020-01496-y VL - 78 IS - 2 SP - 271 EP - 279 PB - Springer CY - Heidelberg AN - OPUS4-50395 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Mathies, Helena A1 - Wegner, R. A1 - Uhlig, S. A1 - Baldauf, H. A1 - Colson, B. T1 - Emissions of material preservatives into the environment - realistic extimation of environmental risks through the improved characterisation of the leaching of biocides from treated materials used outdoors N2 - This report supports the implementation of European regulations on biocidal products for the product types 7, 9 and 10. Emission of active substances from material preservatives into environmental compartments can occur due precipitation. Risk characterisations have to be based on estimations of environmental concentrations of target substances leached from material preservatives. Harmonised test procedures are required to predict environmental impact due to leaching. Seventeen treated articles, mainly paints, but also a textile, sealing tapes and sealing masses were investigated by intermittent contact to water to prove suitability of the proposed laboratory test procedure. Parameters that affect leaching of active substances were examined. Further development of a semi-analytical model to describe laboratory leaching data revealed that the model can be improved if changes of the leachability of substances during the test are supposed and integrated. Six paints and a textile were exposed to weathering to compare results from laboratory and field experiments. Similarities between leaching processes in both test approaches were observed. Generally, emissions of active substances are considerably higher in laboratory tests than from vertically installed test specimens exposed to weathering. Competing processes that cause losses of active substances can occur in both tests, but to a higher degree in field experiments. In addition, the influence of meteorological parameters on leaching processes was investigated. Factors besides the amount of driving rain were identified that effect leaching processes by complex interaction. Relations between laboratory and field data were analysed, and the applicability of the semi-analytical model was tested for field data. Guidance documents for leaching tests under laboratory and field conditions were drafted and discussed with experts on EU Level workshop 3./4. July 2014, BAM, Berlin), and are included in this Report. N2 - Dieser Bericht unterstützt die Umsetzung europäischer Regelungen für Biozidprodukte der Produkttypen 7, 9 und 10. Die Freisetzung von Wirkstoffen aus Materialschutzmitteln in Umweltkompartimente kann bei Niederschlagsereignissen auftreten. Risikocharakterisierungen müssen auf Abschätzungen von Umweltkonzentrationen der betrachteten Stoffe basieren. Harmonisierte Testverfahren sind erforderlich, um eine Beeinflussung der Umwelt durch Auswaschung vorherzusagen. Siebzehn behandelte Waren, vor allem Farben, aber auch ein Textil, Dichtungsbänder und Dichtungsmassen wurden bei periodischem Wasserkontakt untersucht, um die Anwendbarkeit des vorgeschlagenen Laborverfahrens nachzuweisen. Faktoren, die Einfluss auf die Auswaschung von Wirkstoffen haben, wurden untersucht. Die Wieterentwicklung eines semianalytischen Modells zur Beschreibung von Auswaschdaten aus Laborversuchen ergab, dass das Modell verbessert werden kann, wenn eine Änderung der Auswaschbarkeit von Substanzen während des Versuchs angenommen und einbezogen wird. Sechs Farben und ein Textil wurden der Witterung ausgesetzt, um Ergebnisse aus Labor- und Freilandversuchen zu vergleichen. Zwischen Auswaschprozessen in beiden Versuchsansätzen wurden Ähnlichkeiten beobachtet. Im Allgemeinen sind die Emissionen von Wirkstoffen im Laborversuch deutlich höher als bei vertikal installierten bewitterten Prüfkörpern. Konkurrierende Prozesse, die Verluste an Wirkstoffen bewirken, können in beiden Testverfahren auftreten, sind aber im Freilandversuch stärker ausgeprägt. Außerdem wurde der Einfluss von meteorologischen Parametern auf Auswaschprozesse untersucht. Es wurden Faktoren identifiziert, die zusätzlich zur Schlagregenmenge durch komplexe Interaktion auf Auswaschprozesse wirken. Beziehungen zwischen Labor- und Frei-landdaten wurden analysiert und die Anwendbarkeit des semianalytischen Modells für Freilanddaten getestet. Leitfäden für Auswaschversuche unter Labor-bzw. Freilandbedingungen wurden entworfen, mit europäischen Experten diskutiert (Workshop 3./4. Juli 2014, BAM, Berlin) und sind Bestandteil dieses Berichts. KW - EU Biocides Regulation KW - Leaching tests KW - Treated articles KW - Modelling KW - EU-Biozidverordnung KW - Auswaschversuche KW - Behandelte Waren KW - Modellierung PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-355139 SN - 1862-4804 SP - 1 EP - 136 AN - OPUS4-35513 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Bagda, E. T1 - On the face of it - Leaching of actives from facades - current knowledge and actions N2 - Tightening European regulations on the release of biocides into the environment have led to many investigations into leaching from facades. Release rates depend on many variables, yet laboratory tests only indicate the material property of leachability of substances. Current research is aimed at comparing laboratory and semi-field tests and modelling the transport of leached materials. PY - 2014 SN - 0930-3847 VL - 3 SP - 18 EP - 23 PB - Vincentz CY - Hannover AN - OPUS4-30294 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Mathies, Helena A1 - Wegner, R. T1 - Biocide leaching during field experiments on treated articles N2 - Background: Biocidal products can be sources of active substances in surface waters caused by weathering of treated articles. Marketing and use of biocidal products can be limited according to the European Biocidal Products Regulation if unacceptable risks to the environment are expected. Leaching of active substances from treated articles was observed in field experiments to obtain information on leaching processes and investigate the suitability of a proposed test method. Results: Leaching under weathering conditions proceeds discontinuously and tends to decrease with duration of exposure. It mainly depends on the availability of water, but is also controlled by transport processes within the materials and stability of the observed substances. Runoff amount proved to be a suitable basis to compare results from different experiments. Concentrations of substances are higher in runoff collected from vertical surfaces compared to horizontal ones, whereas the leached amounts per surface area are higher from horizontal surfaces. Gaps in mass balances indicate that additional processes such as degradation and evaporation may be relevant to the fate of active substances in treated articles. Leached amounts of substances were considerably higher when the materials were exposed to intermittent water contact under laboratory conditions as compared to weathering of vertically exposed surfaces. Conclusions: Experiences from the field experiments were used to define parameters of a procedure that is now provided to fulfil requirements of the Biocidal Products Regulation. The experiments confirmed that the amount of water which is in contact with exposed surfaces is the crucial parameter determining leaching of substances. KW - Biozidprodukte KW - Farben KW - Textil KW - Auswaschung KW - Freilandtest KW - Biocidal products KW - Paints KW - Textile KW - Leaching KW - Field test PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-354090 DO - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-016-0074-9 VL - 28 IS - 6 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - Springer CY - SpringerOpen AN - OPUS4-35409 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Tietje, O. A1 - Borho, N. A1 - Burkhardt, M. A1 - Rohr, M. A1 - Vollpracht, A. A1 - Weiler, L. T1 - Environmental impact of construction products on aquatic systems - Principles of an integrated source-path-target concept N2 - Buildings exposed to water can release undesirable substances which, once transported to environmental compartments, may cause unwanted effects. These exposure pathways need to be investigated and included in risk assessments to safeguard water quality and promote the sustainability of construction materials. The applied materials, exposure conditions, distribution routes and resilience of receiving compartments vary considerably. This demonstrates the need for a consistent concept that integrates knowledge of emission sources, leaching processes, transport pathways, and effects on targets. Such a consistent concept can serve as the basis for environmental risk assessment for several scenarios using experimentally determined emissions. Typically, a source–path–target concept integrates data from standardized leaching tests and models to describe leaching processes, the distribution of substances in the environment and the occurrence of substances at different points of compliance. This article presents an integrated concept for assessing the environmental impact of construction products on aquatic systems and unravels currently existing gaps and necessary actions. This manuscript outlines a source–path–target concept applicable to a large variety of construction products. It is intended to highlight key elements of a holistic evaluation concept that could assist authorities in developing procedures for environmental risk assessments and mitigation measures and identifying knowledge gaps. KW - Construction products KW - Environmental impact KW - Assessment KW - Concept PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-542175 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/w14020228 SN - 2073-4441 VL - 14 IS - 2 SP - 1 EP - 19 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-54217 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schoknecht, Ute T1 - The Impact of Weather Conditions on Biocides in Paints N2 - Aim. The European biocidal products regulation requires environmental risk assessments for biocidal products under service conditions. This is only possible, if processes that lead to biocide emissions into the environment are understood and can be reasonably predicted. Actual emissions due to leaching result from different processes that are affected by material properties and environmental conditions. Transformation of biocides can affect emissions considerably. Leaching and possible transformation of the film preservatives carbendazim, diuron, OIT and terbutryn in paints was observed under laboratory and field conditons in order to investigate the influence of different factors, e.g. water contact and radiation on biocide emissions. The paints contained either white titanium dioxide or a red iron oxide pigment to check whether pigments affect leaching processes. Methods. Test specimens of a water-based styrene acrylic dispersion paint on glass were exposed to UVA-radiation in a UV weathering device and/or exposed to water contact by immersion events on the basis of the European standard EN 16105. Plywood panels were coated and exposed to natural weather conditions in a semi-field experiment. Concentrations of biocides and transformation products were analysed in leachates from laboratory tests, runoff samples and remaining coatings. Results. The impact of weathering conditions on transformation processes differs for the investigated active substances. Water contact, radiation as well as pigments in the paints determine the pattern and amount of transformation products on coatings, leachates and runoff water. Observations from laboratory and field experiments were compared. It proved that results from laboratory tests support understanding of data from field experiments. Detailed knowledge on the fate of active substances under environmental conditions supports manufacturers to develop safe applications of film preservatives and authorities to evaluate its environmental impact. T2 - European Technical Coatings Congress 2022 CY - Kraków, Poland DA - 12.07.2022 KW - Paints KW - Biocides KW - Transformation KW - Emission PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55274 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Mathies, H. T1 - The Impact of Weather Conditions on Biocides in Paints N2 - Weather conditions affect biocides on exposed outer surfaces on constructions. Contact with water causes hydrolysis and leaching of substances. Ultraviolet radiation may induce photolysis. As a result, a mixture of biocidal active substances and transformation products can be emitted into the environment. In a semi-field study, leaching of the biocidal active substances terbutryn, diuron, octylisothiazolinone, carbendazim, and selected transformation products was observed for two paints containing either a white or a red pigment. Painted test panels were exposed to natural weathering for about 1.5 years. Runoff samples were analyzed during the course of the experiment. At the end of the study, residues of biocidal active substances and transformation products were determined in sections of the test panels. Emissions of substances were mainly observed during the first few months of the experiments. Increased emissions of transformation products were observed during periods of increased global radiation and subsequent periods with relatively high amounts of driving rain. Different patterns of transformation products were observed, especially for terbutryn, both for paints containing different pigments and in experiments that were started in different periods of the year, as well as during different periods of the experiments. KW - Substance release KW - Construction products KW - Biocides KW - Transformation KW - Weathering KW - Driving rain KW - Global radiation PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-560651 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15207368 VL - 15 IS - 20 SP - 1 EP - 16 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-56065 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schoknecht, Ute T1 - Leaching of biocides from organic coatings N2 - Biocide leaching was investigated for acrylate and polymer based coatings containing biocides either as liquid formulations or microcapsules. Laboratory and field tests indicate similar relations of results on carbendazim, diuron, terbutryn and OIT from different coatings in laboratory and field experiments. Emissions were higher in EN 16105 laboratory tests than from vertically installed test specimens exposed to weathering, and slower for microencapsulated biocides. Competing processes that cause losses of active substances can occur in both tests, but to a higher degree in field experiments. Emission curves related to runoff water were similar in repeated field experiments. Relative humidity, temperature and global radiation were identified as meteorological factors that affect leaching by complex interaction besides the amount of driving rain. T2 - Advances in Coatings Technology CY - Sosnowiec, Poland DA - 08.11.2016 KW - Biocide KW - Coating KW - Leaching PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38234 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Mathies, Helena A1 - Wegner, R. A1 - Uhlig, S. A1 - Baldauf, H. A1 - Colson, B. T1 - Leaching of biocides from organic coatings N2 - Biocide leaching was investigated for acrylate and vinyl acetate based coatings containing biocides either as liquid formulations or microcapsules. Laboratory and field tests indicate similar relations of results on carbendazim, diuron, terbutryn and OIT from different coatings in laboratory and field experiments. Emissions were higher in EN 16105 laboratory tests than from vertically installed test specimens exposed to weathering, and slower for microencapsulated biocides. Competing processes that cause losses of active substances can occur in both tests, but to a higher degree in field experiments. Emission curves related to runoff water were similar in repeated field experiments. Relative humidity, temperature and global radiation were identified as meteorological factors that affect leaching by complex interaction besides the amount of driving rain. T2 - 12th International Conference 'Advances in Coatings Technology ACT´16' CY - Sosnowiec, Poland DA - 08.11.2016 KW - Biocide KW - Leaching KW - Coating PY - 2016 SN - 978‒83‒63555‒50‒4 SP - Paper 51, 1 EP - 10 AN - OPUS4-38236 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schoknecht, Ute T1 - Transformation of biocides in organic coatings due to UV radiation and water contact N2 - Transformation of carbendazim, diuron, octylisothiazolinone and terbutryn was investigated in two paints containing either white titanium dioxide or a red iron oxide pigment. Test specimens of these coatings on glass were exposed to water contact and UVA-radiation under laboratory conditions. Panels of birch plywood were coated and exposed to natural weather conditions in a field experiment. Concentrations of biocides and transformation products were analysed in leachates from laboratory tests, runoff samples and remaining coatings. Water contact, UVA radiation as well as pigments in the paints affected the pattern and amount of transformation products. T2 - Advanced Coationgs Technology '18 CY - Sosnowiec, Poland DA - 13.11.2018 KW - Biocide KW - Transformation KW - Weathering KW - UV radiation PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46648 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -