TY - JOUR A1 - Roos, P.H. A1 - Jakubowski, Norbert T1 - Methods for the discovery of low-abundance biomarkers for urinary bladder cancer in biological fluids N2 - For the study of bladder cancer and the identification of respective tumor markers, blood and, in particular, urine constitute suitable sources of biological material, while both harboring their specific challenges for analytics concerning low-abundance biomarkers. Dissolved proteins and nucleic acids as well as cells and cell-bound molecules can be the analytes. In urine, exfoliated bladder tumor cells have to be identified and in blood, circulating tumor cells have to be detected among huge amounts of other cells. For the detection of both low-abundance cells and molecules, their specific enrichment prior to analysis is advantageous or even necessary. Adapted methods for the analysis of proteomes and subproteomes by 2D-gel electrophoresis, multidimensional chromatography and antibody arrays are discussed. Analysis of nucleic acid-based markers exploits the high amplification power of PCR and modified PCR combined with previous (subtransciptomes) or subsequent (microarray) enrichment to sensitively and specifically detect markers. DNA mutations, DNA-methylation status and apoptotic DNA fragments, as well as levels of ribonucleic acids including microRNAs, can be analyzed by means of these methods. Finally, the challenge of identifying circulating tumor cells and assigning them to their original tissue is critically discussed. PY - 2010 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4155/BIO.09.174 SN - 1757-6180 VL - 2 IS - 2 SP - 295 EP - 309 PB - Future Science Group CY - London AN - OPUS4-20981 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Jakubowski, Norbert A1 - Prohaska, T. A1 - Roos, P.H. ED - Beauchemin, D. ED - Matthews, D. T1 - Polyatomic ions with double-focusing magnet sector mass spectrometers KW - ICP-MS KW - Sektorfeldgeräte PY - 2010 SN - 978-0-08-043804-7 VL - 5 SP - 132 EP - 150 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford, UK AN - OPUS4-22237 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -