TY - JOUR A1 - Recknagel, Sebastian A1 - Radant, Hendrik A1 - Kohlmeyer, R. T1 - Survey of mercury, cadmium and lead content of household batteries JF - Waste management N2 - The objective of this work was to provide updated information on the development of the potential impact of heavy metal containing batteries on municipal waste and battery recycling processes following transposition of the new EU Batteries Directive 2006/66/EC. A representative sample of 146 different types of commercially available dry and button cells as well as lithium-ion accumulators for mobile phones were analysed for their mercury (Hg)-, cadmium (Cd)- and lead (Pb)-contents. The methods used for preparing the cells and analysing the heavy metals Hg, Cd, and Pb were either developed during a former study or newly developed. Several batteries contained higher mass fractions of mercury or cadmium than the EU limits. Only half of the batteries with mercury and/or lead fractions above the marking thresholds were labelled. Alkaline–manganese mono-cells and Li-ion accumulators, on average, contained the lowest heavy metal concentrations, while zinc–carbon batteries, on average, contained the highest levels. KW - Lead KW - Mercury KW - Cadmium KW - Heavy metal KW - Battery KW - Analysis KW - Mono-cell KW - Zinc-carbon KW - Zinc chloride KW - Alkaline-manganese KW - Lithium KW - Button cell KW - Lithium-ion accumulator KW - Batteries Act KW - EU Batteries Directive PY - 2014 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2013.09.024 SN - 0956-053X VL - 34 IS - 1 SP - 156 EP - 161 PB - Pergamon Press CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-29727 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Recknagel, Sebastian A1 - Richter, A. A1 - Richter, Silke T1 - Investigation on the heavy metal content of zinc-carbon and alkaline manganese dry cells JF - Waste management N2 - The objective of this work was to test the compliance of commercially available batteries with the German Battery Ordinance, a project of the German government that was initiated by the Federal Environment Agency. Different types of commercially available dry cells were analysed for their cadmium, lead and mercury contents. The dry cells underwent mechanical pre-treatment, separation of the different components and microwave-assisted digestion before determination of the heavy metals. Mercury is sometimes added to prevent the generation of gaseous hydrogen from the electrochemical process. Lead could be present since it is sometimes used as an alloying element of zinc. Cadmium has no technical importance and is an undesirable impurity. None of the batteries contained higher heavy metal mass fractions than the permissible limits. KW - Lead KW - Mercury KW - Cadmium KW - Battery KW - Analysis KW - Dry cell KW - Zinc-carbon KW - Alkaline manganese KW - German Battery Ordinance PY - 2009 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.06.042 SN - 0956-053X VL - 29 IS - 3 SP - 1213 EP - 1217 PB - Pergamon Press CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-18572 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -