TY - CONF A1 - Buchheim, Janine A1 - Recknagel, Christoph A1 - Wolter, Patrick A1 - Kittler-Packmor, Kai T1 - A new approach towards scientific evaluation and performance-related design of bituminous joint sealing materials and constructions T2 - Proceedings of the RILEM International Symposium on Bituminous Materials - ISBM Lyon 2020 N2 - While there is a permanent improvement of concrete pavement mixtures and pavement construction types over the last decades, the state-of-the-art joint sealing materials and joint constructions seem to stagnate on an antiquated empirical level. This status has been reaffirmed in the latest European standard. The consequences in the motorway network due to unsatisfying capability and durabilty of joint sealing systems are unacceptable. In addition, inadequate traffic performance (noise emissions, roll-over comfort) and traffic safety losses in the joint area of concrete pavements are existing challenges. These deficits and weaknesses reflect a demand for joint sealing materials and constructions whose approval requirements take functional aspects into account. Furthermore a sufficient analysis of decisive loads and a practice-oriented method to evaluate the requirements towards performance and durability is still missed. In this contribution decisive loads to German highways are analyzed. The design of test specimen for representative functional testing of joint sealing systems is discussed. The focus is on the geometry of the test specimens and the used concrete mixture. Finally, a new approach for a function-orientated test concept that considers representative load functions is presented. The potential of this approach to validate the durability and capability of various joint sealing systems is also presented using an example. T2 - RILEM International Symposium on Bituminous Materials CY - Online meeting DA - 08.06.2020 KW - Joint sealing KW - Expansion joint KW - Performance testing KW - Capability KW - Durability PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-030-46454-7 VL - 27 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - Springer Nature AN - OPUS4-53488 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kaatz, Rico A1 - Recknagel, Christoph T1 - Advanced evaluation of structural sealant glazing systems by a new system test approach T2 - ICBEST 2014 N2 - More Information about the capability and especially about the dnrabi 1 ity of Structural Sealant Glazing (SSG) Systems are needed. To make a contribution to questions unanswered a suitable System evaluation test is necessary. The Basis for such a test is a load function, vvhich accounts for the decisive loads SSG Systems are exposed to during their working life. This paper proposes a general load function for Standard SSG Systems at central German locations for accelerated durability tests. Decisive loads are determined and different SSG construction types defmed. The performance of these SSG Systems under exposure to externa! loads and to a dynamic pendulum impact is investigated via finite element analyses using a hyperelastic material niodel. The external loads are applied separately and superimposed. Compression, tensile and shear deformations of the sealant are determined. It is found that the sealant is subjected to normal and shear stresses simultaneously. The requirements for a representative specimen are derived. The results will be taken as basics for the development and the construction of a test facility to evaluate the durability of Structural Sealant Glazing Systems. T2 - ICBEST 2014 CY - Aachen, Germany DA - 09.06.2014 PY - 2014 SP - 1 EP - 19 AN - OPUS4-30946 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kaatz, Rico A1 - Recknagel, Christoph ED - Carbary, L.D. ED - Wolf, A. T. T1 - Advanced evaluation of structural sealant glazing systems by a new system test approach T2 - Durability of building and construction sealants and adhesives: 5th volume N2 - More information about the capability and especially about the durability of structural sealant glazing (SSG) systems are needed. To make a contribution to unanswered questions, a suitable system evaluation test is necessary. The basis for such a test is a load function, which accounts for the decisive loads SSG systems are exposed to during their working life. This paper proposes a general load function for standard SSG systems at central German locations for accelerated durability tests. Decisive loads are determined and different SSG construction types defined. The performance of these SSG systems under exposure to external loads and to a dynamic pendulum impact is investigated via finite element analyses using a hyperelastic material model. The external loads are applied separately and superimposed. Compression, tensile, and shear deformations of the sealant are determined. It is found that the sealant is subjected to normal and shear stresses simultaneously. The requirements for a representative specimen are derived. The results will be taken as basics for the development and the construction of a test facility to evaluate the durability of structural sealant glazing systems. KW - Sealants KW - Structural glazing KW - Decisive loads KW - ANSYS KW - Finite element analysis KW - Hyperelastic KW - Non-linear material KW - Grid study KW - Sealant deformation KW - Load function KW - Performance testing KW - System evaluation KW - Structural sealants KW - Durability PY - 2015 SN - 978-0-8031-7611-9 DO - https://doi.org/10.1520/STP158320140074 SN - 2154-6673 N1 - Serientitel: ASTM Selected Technical Papers – Series title: ASTM Selected Technical Papers VL - 5 IS - STP 1583 SP - 376 EP - 402 PB - ASTM CY - West Conshohocken, PA, USA AN - OPUS4-33868 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Recknagel, Christoph A1 - Vater, Ernst-Joachim T1 - Bond strength and crack bridging behaviour of bridge deck surfacings for concrete bridges T2 - 5th International RILEM Conference "Cracking in Pavements" T2 - 5th International RILEM Conference "Cracking in Pavements" CY - Limoges, France DA - 2004-05-05 PY - 2004 AN - OPUS4-6244 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Vater, Ernst-Joachim A1 - Recknagel, Christoph ED - Petit, C. T1 - Bond strength and crack bridging behaviour of bridge deck surfacings for concrete bridges T2 - Fifth International RILEM Conference on Cracking in Pavements (RILEM proceedings : PRO 37, Buch) N2 - The operational principle for today's bridge deck surfacings is a strong and durable bond between all layers of the pavement and the concrete structure under all loads. A strong bond helps to ensure the desired safety level against water penetration. But in use there is a strong loading of the bond by crack development in the structure or pavement and its dynamical movement. To ensure the sealing function of the bridge deck surfacing over the time its waterproofing has to show a durable crack bridging ability. With it the useful life of the bridge deck surfacing is essentially determined. To characterise the influences on a durable bond strength and crack bridging ability of waterproofings special research and tests were realised in the BAM. From the test results it is possible to detect suitable waterproofing layers and differences in durability. Tensile fatigue strength and other mechanical features seems to be special suited material characteristics to describe the crack bridging behaviour of waterproofing layers. T2 - 5th International RILEM Conference on Cracking in Pavements CY - Limoges, France DA - 2004-05-05 PY - 2004 UR - http://www.rilem.net/fiche.php?cat=conference&reference=pro037-062 SN - 2-912143-47-0 IS - 37 SP - 521 EP - 528 PB - RILEM Publications CY - Bagneux AN - OPUS4-11873 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wallau, Wilma A1 - Recknagel, Christoph T1 - Durability Assessment of Structural Sealant Glazing Systems applying a Performance Test Method JF - The Journal of Adhesion N2 - During the service life of a Structural Sealant Glazing (SSG) facade, its silicone bond is exposed to climatic, chemical, and mechanical loads. While current durability assessment methods schedule separate test programmes for accelerated weathering and fatigue, the presented test applies mechanical loading and weather cycling simultaneously to simulate 50 years of use. Specifically designed medium-scale system specimens resemble a common SSG-bond. Displacement-controlled sinusoidal load cycles in two load directions subject these specimens to tensile, compression and shear loads. Weathering comprises temperature and humidity cycles, UV-radiation, and application of water and detergent. During testing, the forces transmitted by the system specimens are continuously measured for performance assessment. The resulting system response reveals mechanical performance characteristics like elastic moduli and dissipated energies which decrease during exposure, indicating stress relaxation and degradation. Two common structural sealants were tested. After testing, sections of the system specimens were subjected to tensile and shear tests for mechanical characterisation. Strengths and moduli are notably reduced by combined loading compared to those of reference and weathered specimens. Hardness and visual inspections of the bond correlate with the performance and bond characteristics. The approach introduced in this article provides a basis for life cycle assessment of SSG-systems. KW - Structural sealant glazing KW - Cyclic weathering KW - Mechanical loading KW - Artificial ageing KW - Durability assessment PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-519172 DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/00218464.2020.1840985 VL - 98 IS - 5 SP - 464 EP - 487 PB - Taylor & Francis Group AN - OPUS4-51917 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Simon, Patrick A1 - Schneider, Ronald A1 - Baeßler, Matthias A1 - Recknagel, Christoph ED - Cunha, Á. ED - Caetano, E. T1 - Enhancing structural models with material tests and static response data - a case study considering a steel beam with asphalt layer subject to temperature variations T2 - International Conference on Structural Health Monitoring of Intelligent Infrastructure (SHMII-10) N2 - Gradual or sudden changes in the state of structural systems caused, for example, by deterioration or accidental load events can influence their load-bearing capacity. Structural changes can be inferred from static and/or dynamic response data measured by structural health monitoring systems. However, they may be masked by variations in the structural response due to varying environmental conditions. Particularly, the interaction of nominally load-bearing components with nominally non-load bearing components exhibiting characteristics that vary as a function of the environmental conditions can significantly affect the monitored structural response. Ignoring these effects may hamper an inference of structural changes from the monitoring data. To address this issue, we adopt a probabilistic model-based framework as a basis for developing digital twins of structural systems that enable a prediction of the structural behavior under varying ambient condition. Within this framework, different types of data obtained from real the structural system can be applied to update the digital twin of the structural system using Bayesian methods and thus enhance predictions of the structural behavior. In this contribution, we implement the framework to develop a digital twin of a simply supported steel beam with an asphalt layer. It is formulated such that it can predict the static response of the beam in function of its temperature. In a climate chamber, the beam was subject to varying temperatures and its static response wass monitored. In addition, tests are performed to determine the temperature-dependent properties of the asphalt material. Bayesian system identification is applied to enhance the predictive capabilities of the digital twin based on the observed data. T2 - International Conference on Structural Health Monitoring of Intelligent Infrastructure (SHMII-10) CY - Online meeting DA - 30.06.2021 KW - Digital twin KW - Structural health monitoring KW - Material tests KW - Bayesian updating PY - 2021 SN - 2564-3738 SP - 1537 EP - 1544 AN - OPUS4-54126 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Recknagel, Christoph A1 - Kaatz, Rico ED - Carbary, L.D. ED - Wolf, A. T. T1 - Exploration and evaluation of the performance and durability of SSG systems by dynamic-mechanical system testing T2 - Durability of building and construction sealants and adhesives: 5th volume N2 - Structural sealant glazing (SSG) is an impressive technical response to the challenges of modern structural design. The evaluation of fitness for use as well as durability is a precondition for approval of SSG-façades by building authorities because of their special safety relevance. However, the potential of the actual evaluation methodology to reproduce performance as well as durability under real use conditions is generally assessed to be limited. The concept so far is criticized as mainly single-loading and incomplete in comparison to the real use conditions. The exercised separation of the in reality interacting loading effects is assessed as insufficient and inadequate to explore performance. Consequently, the performance and capability of SSG-solutions is only fragmentarily explored. However, the most restricting argument so far is the deficit of the actual test methodology for life cycle prognosis under interacting mechanical as well as climatic loads. Because of the limited acceptance, additional structural design conditions are imposed by the authorities. Besides this restriction, there is also an increasing demand by the authorities, architects, and users for determinable working life cycles, not least under economic aspects. That is why knowledge, particularly regarding SSG-performance and durability, must be expanded. Together with partners representing all branches involved in façade engineering (engineering design, sealant producer, applicator, and cladding company) the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) develops a new system test focused on the substrate–sealant–glass panel interaction. With it, a new comprehensive dynamic–mechanical evaluation methodology already introduced at the fourth Symposium in Anaheim, CA, in 2011 shall be complemented by a performance-related system test. Subject-matter of this contribution is the presentation of a new dynamic–mechanical system test method and its first experimental application on SSG-systems. We describe our approach beginning with the discussion of relevant load effects on sealant joints and with the help of a highly generalized finite element (FE) analysis. Resulting from a parameter study of various load combinations acting on different SSG-construction types, we derive a practicable deformation load function from the decisive load categories taking into account regular as well as extraordinary loads. Assumptions and procedures to quantify their parameter values (regarding the effective direction and order of deformation magnitude affecting the substrate–sealant–glass bond) are discussed. The calculated decisive sealant deformations resulting from the parameter study are validated by simplified mechanical plausibility tests. Subsequently, the transfer of the findings about the substrate–sealant–glass panel bond loading into the design and construction of an adapted system test specimen and the development of a multifunctional test facility is introduced. The multi-functional applicability of the system test device is discussed. On the basis of results during our actual operational checks, first ideas about system performance and durability under superimposed loading are presented. A validation of this new test methodology by comparison to test results of disassembled samples and in situ results is a task for separate research activities. KW - Sealants KW - Structural glazing KW - Performance-oriented test procedure KW - Dynamic–mechanical system test method KW - Superimposed loading KW - Performance evaluation KW - Durability evaluation KW - Performance testing KW - System evaluation KW - Structural sealants PY - 2015 SN - 978-0-8031-7611-9 DO - https://doi.org/10.1520/STP158320140064 SN - 2154-6673 N1 - Serientitel: ASTM Selected Technical Papers – Series title: ASTM Selected Technical Papers VL - 5 IS - STP 1583 SP - 235 EP - 264 PB - ASTM CY - West Conshohocken, PA, USA AN - OPUS4-33867 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - van Beek, F. A1 - Kuijper, P. A1 - Voskuilen, J. A1 - Hean, S. A1 - Recknagel, Christoph A1 - Mookhoek, S. D. A1 - van Vliet, D. T1 - Guidlines for flexible joint transition systems RTD 1007-4:2020 N2 - Flexible joint transition systems in the form of bituminous joint transitions, type 4.1a according to RTD1007-1, have been used in the Netherlands with varying success. The lifespan in practice was found to vary greatly: between 1 and 5 years. This is too short a lifespan in relation to the lifespan of the layers of asphalt pavement. Ideally, the replacement of these bituminous joint transitions should take place simultaneously as the maintenance of the asphalt layers. In the meantime, research has been carried out nationally and internationally into improving the life span of bituminous joint transitions. In Germany and Switzerland, the regulations have been shown to lead to a life span of more than 10 years. On this basis, ETAG032-3 was established in the context of EOTA in 2013. In a competition "Silent sustainable joint transitions" held by the Dutch Directorate-General for Public Works and Water Management in the period 2007-2012, three flexible bituminous joint transitions have already been tested, two of which were ultimately found to be suitable. These have been included in the multi-choice matrix (RTD 1007-1) as concept 4.1b (anchored bituminous joint transition) and 4.1c (unanchored bituminous joint transition with stretch-spreading inlay and poured asphalt edge beams). Monitoring these joint transitions in practice over the past 8 years has shown that the desired life span is achievable with these improved joint transitions. It is expected that the improvement in life span achieved abroad can also be realised in the Netherlands if several aspects specific to the Netherlands are taken into account:  For large parts of the Dutch main road network, the traffic intensity of 500,000 heavy vehicles per year assumed in the ETAG032-3 is insufficient. This is a factor 4 to 5 higher on the busiest main roads in the Netherlands.  On 90% of the Dutch main road network, in contrast to countries such as Germany and Switzerland, an open layer (ZOAB (zeer open asfaltbeton [very open asphalt concrete])) is used.  In the Netherlands, in contrast to countries such as Germany and Switzerland, bridges and viaducts are made on a large scale of prefabricated beams and 'floating' support systems that consist entirely of rubber supports that can be deformed all-round. Such constructions have a less favourable, high-frequency deformation behaviour under traffic load.  In Germany and Switzerland, a minimum joint mass temperature of -20 °C is assumed to test bituminous joint transitions. For the Netherlands, -15 °C is assumed, which has a favourable effect. The present second version of RTD 1007-4 is a guideline for the development and realisation of a new generation of more durable flexible joint transitions with a minimum design life of 10-15 years and is a guideline for contractors to demonstrate that a flexible joint transition system meets the requirements as set out in the Directorate-General for Public Works and Water Management guideline RTD 1007-2. KW - Technical rule KW - Approval requirements KW - Extension joints KW - Highway pavements PY - 2020 VL - Version 2.0 SP - 1 EP - 77 CY - Rijkswaterstaat AN - OPUS4-54599 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weigel, Sandra A1 - Gehrke, M. A1 - Recknagel, Christoph A1 - Stephan, D. T1 - Identification and quantification of additives in bituminous binders based on FTIR spectroscopy and multivariate analysis methods JF - Materials and Structures N2 - Bitumen is a crucial building material in road construction, which is exposed to continuously higher stresses due to higher traffic loads and changing climatic conditions. Therefore, various additives are increasingly being added to the bitumen complicating the characterisation of the bituminous binder, especially concerning the reuse of reclaimed asphalt. Therefore, this work aimed to demonstrate that the combination of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy with attenuated total reflexion (ATR) technique and multivariate evaluation is a very wellsuited method to reliable identify and quantify additives in bituminous binders. For this purpose, various unmodified and modified binders, directly and extracted from laboratory and reclaimed asphalts, were investigated with FTIR-ATR spectroscopy. The determined spectra, pre-processed by standard normal variate (SNV) transformation and the determination of the 1st derivation, were evaluated using factor Analysis (FA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and partial least square regression (PLSR). With this multivariate evaluation, first, a significant model with a very high hit rate of over 90% was developed allowing for the identification of styrene-butadiene copolymers (SBC), ethylene-copolymer bitumen (ECB) and different waxes (e.g. amide and Fischer-Tropsch wax) even if the additives do not show any additional peaks or the samples are multi-modified. Second, a quantification of the content is possible for SBC, ECB, and Amide wax with a mean error of RMSE B 0.4 wt% and a coefficient of determination of R2[90%. Based on these results, FTIR identification and quantification of additives in bituminous binders is a very promising method with a great potential. KW - Bituminous binders KW - FTIR-ATR KW - Multivariate evaluation KW - Identification and quantification of additives KW - Polymers KW - Waxes PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-534877 DO - https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-021-01763-1 VL - 54 IS - 4 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-53487 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Recknagel, Christoph A1 - Goebbels, Jürgen A1 - Meinel, Dietmar ED - Manfred N. Partl, T1 - Identification of the void structure of asphalt materials T2 - International ISAP Symposium on Asphalt Pavements and Environment, August 18-20, 2008, Zürich, Switzerland (Proceedings) T2 - International ISAP Symposium on Asphalt Pavements and Environment CY - Zürich, Switzerland DA - 2008-08-18 KW - Inner structure KW - Structure characteristics KW - Void KW - Asphalt KW - Open-pored asphalt PY - 2008 SN - 978-3-905594-51-5 SP - 566 EP - 577 AN - OPUS4-18284 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ripke, O. A1 - Alber, S. A1 - Haselbauer, M. A1 - Recknagel, Christoph T1 - Improving porous asphalt by research on the clogging process T2 - 4. Eurasphalt & Eurobitume Kongress - E&E 2008, May 21-23, 2008, Kopenhagen, Denmark T2 - 4. Eurasphalt & Eurobitume Kongress - E&E 2008 CY - Kopenhagen, Denmark DA - 2008-05-21 KW - Cleaning KW - Noise reduction KW - Permeability KW - Porous asphalt KW - Type/road noise PY - 2008 SN - 978-90-802884-5-4 SP - 969 EP - 978 AN - OPUS4-18285 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Recknagel, Christoph A1 - Pirskawetz, Stephan T1 - Joint sealing systems for pavements - A new approach towards a performance related evaluation of capability and durability JF - Journal of ASTM International N2 - Joint sealants influence decisively the performance and service life of pavements although they account for only a small fraction of the total investment. Motivated by the damages observed and the resulting, increasing maintenance efforts, the Federal German Government recognizes the need for performance-evaluated joint sealing systems with improved capability (fitness-for-purpose) and durability. A literature study showed that an identification of the actual mechanical system behavior under realistic loads as well as a prediction regarding the durability (fatigue, climatic effects) of joint sealing systems are either completely lacking in most of the relevant evaluation methods or have only been incompletely addressed previously. Furthermore an imbalance between commonly used test methodologies and the actual development status of modern modified sealing materials exists, i.e., the current test methods are not effective in evaluating the performance of tailor-made products. In this paper, the authors suggest a methodology to overcome the present situation. In contrast to the existing, predominantly empirical evaluation and selection of joint sealing materials and systems for pavements, the new approach is defined by verified performance under relevant and superimposed loads. This new approach is expected to allow a more engineered joint design. In addition to the adaptation of performance-oriented material identification tests, a special focus was placed on the development and installation of a complex test facility for the investigation of the service capability and durability of joint sealing systems in building constructions in general. This paper presents an attempt at the realization of this approach for pavement joints with the help of our new joint sealant test equipment utilizing a specific, adapted load function, which comprises cyclic movements (slow and fast acting), as well as crucial climatic exposures. The test data and its interpretation are discussed. For example, the actual mechanical behavior of the various joint sealing systems as well as the relevant maximum loading of cohesive and adhesive bonds can be deduced and used to differentiate between systems. Furthermore, information gained allows discrimination of products within the various joint sealing systems. The test results will also enable numerical simulations, e.g., of different joint designs or materials by finite element analysis. The fatigue behavior is detected by analysis of cycle-dependent changes of the mechanical system characteristics. The evaluation methodology further allows investigation of the degradation mechanisms of specific system failures and, thus, enables service life prediction by reproducing the performance of the complete system under realistic conditions. Constructional defects and material flaws can be activated and detected by the performance-related test methodology, thus identifying possible corrections to material selection and application procedures. The potential of the proposed evaluation methodology is discussed for several thermoplastic and reactive joint sealing systems. KW - Pavement joints KW - System evaluation KW - System test method KW - Superimposed loading KW - Performance KW - Mechanical characteristics KW - Capability evaluation KW - Durability evaluation KW - Cohesive failure KW - Adhesive failure PY - 2009 DO - https://doi.org/10.1520/JAI101961 SN - 1546-962X VL - 6 IS - 3 (Paper ID JAI101961) SP - 1 EP - 16 PB - American Society for Testing and Materials CY - West Conshohocken, Pa. AN - OPUS4-19356 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Recknagel, Christoph A1 - Pirskawetz, Stephan ED - Wolf, A. T. T1 - Joint sealing systems for pavements - A new approach towards a performance related evaluation of capability and durability T2 - Durability of building and construction sealants and adhesives N2 - Joint sealants influence decisively the performance and service life of pavements although they account for only a small fraction of the total investment. Motivated by the damages observed and the resulting, increasing maintenance efforts, the Federal German Government recognizes the need for performance-evaluated joint sealing systems with improved capability (fitness-for-purpose) and durability. A literature study showed that an identification of the actual mechanical system behavior under realistic loads as well as a prediction regarding the durability (fatigue, climatic effects) of joint sealing systems are either completely lacking in most of the relevant evaluation methods or have only been incompletely addressed previously. Furthermore an imbalance between commonly used test methodologies and the actual development status of modern modified sealing materials exists, i.e., the current test methods are not effective in evaluating the performance of tailor-made products. In this paper, the authors suggest a methodology to overcome the present situation. In contrast to the existing, predominantly empirical evaluation and selection of joint sealing materials and systems for pavements, the new approach is defined by verified performance under relevant and superimposed loads. This new approach is expected to allow a more engineered joint design. In addition to the adaptation of performance-oriented material identification tests, a special focus was placed on the development and installation of a complex test facility for the investigation of the service capability and durability of joint sealing systems in building constructions in general. This paper presents an attempt at the realization of this approach for pavement joints with the help of our new joint sealant test equipment utilizing a specific, adapted load function, which comprises cyclic movements (slow and fast acting), as well as crucial climatic exposures. The test data and its interpretation are discussed. For example, the actual mechanical behavior of the various joint sealing systems as well as the relevant maximum loading of cohesive and adhesive bonds can be deduced and used to differentiate between systems. Furthermore, information gained allows discrimination of products within the various joint sealing systems. The test results will also enable numerical simulations, e.g., of different joint designs or materials by finite element analysis. The fatigue behavior is detected by analysis of cycle-dependent changes of the mechanical system characteristics. The evaluation methodology further allows investigation of the degradation mechanisms of specific system failures and, thus, enables service life prediction by reproducing the performance of the complete system under realistic conditions. Constructional defects and material flaws can be activated and detected by the performance-related test methodology, thus identifying possible corrections to material selection and application procedures. The potential of the proposed evaluation methodology is discussed for several thermoplastic and reactive joint sealing systems. KW - Pavement joints KW - System evaluation KW - System test method KW - Superimposed loading KW - Performance KW - Mechanical characteristics KW - Capability evaluation KW - Durability evaluation KW - Cohesive failure KW - Adhesive failure PY - 2010 SN - 978-0-8031-3426-3 N1 - Serientitel: ASTM Selected Technical Papers – Series title: ASTM Selected Technical Papers VL - 3 IS - STP 1514 SP - 15 EP - 37 CY - West Conshohocken, PA, USA AN - OPUS4-21933 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Recknagel, Christoph T1 - Joint sealing systems für heavy-duty concrete pavements - Requirements for an performance-oriented approach N2 - Fugenfüllsysteme für Fahrbahnbeläge unter höchsten Beanspruchungen bestimmen in zunehmenden Maße die sichere Verfügbarkeit des Autobahnnetzes. Die aktuellen europäischen technischen Regelungen zu deren Verwendbarkeit folgen noch einem spezifikatorischen Ansatz auf empirischen Grundlagen. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass ein solcher Ansatz den Dauerhaftigkeits- und Nutzungsanforderungen nicht mehr entsprechen kann. Der Autor plädiert in seinem Vortrag für einen Paradigmenwechsel hin zu einem funktionsanalytischen Bewertungsansatz. Es werden Vorschläge für eine versuchstechnische Lösung des Problems und die damit verbundenen Chancen für Optimierung und Innovation aufgezeigt. T2 - Meeting CEN TC 227, WG 3 and TG 3 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 20.11.2018 KW - Sealing systems KW - Concrete pavements KW - Harmonised standardisation PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-47079 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Recknagel, Christoph T1 - Modern materials and system solutions for pavements and expansion joints and its performance-related investigation T2 - 2nd European Road Transport Research Arena TRA 2008, "Greener, Safer and Smarter Road Transport for Europe", April 21-24.2008, Ljubljana, Slovenia (Proceedings) T2 - 2nd European Road Transport Research Arena TRA 2008, "Greener, Safer and Smarter Road Transport for Europe" CY - Ljubljana, Slovenia DA - 2008-04-21 KW - Innovation KW - Performance-related assessment KW - New materials KW - New technology in Road Construction PY - 2008 SN - 978-961-6527-12-5 SP - 1 EP - 7 AN - OPUS4-18286 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Recknagel, Christoph T1 - Performance - related testing of asphaltic plug joints in Germany T2 - Internationales Symposium "Flexible binder in road and bridge building" T2 - Internationales Symposium "Flexible binder in road and bridge building" CY - Crawley, England, GB DA - 2000-11-06 PY - 2000 AN - OPUS4-1043 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Recknagel, Christoph ED - Partl, M. N. T1 - Performance - related testing of expansion joint systems in Germany T2 - Performance testing and evaluation of bituminous materials T2 - 6th International RILEM Symposium on Performance Testing and Evaluation of Bituminous Materials (PTEBM-6) CY - Zurich, Switzerland DA - 2003-04-14 PY - 2003 SN - 2-912143-35-7 N1 - Serientitel: RILEM proceedings – Series title: RILEM proceedings IS - 28 SP - 603 EP - 610 PB - RILEM Publ. CY - Bagneux AN - OPUS4-2833 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Recknagel, Christoph A1 - Pirskawetz, Stephan A1 - Lüddecke, Falk ED - Imad L. Al-Qadi, ED - Tom Scarpas, ED - Loizos, Andreas T1 - Performance and service life prediction of crack preventative joint systems T2 - 6th RILEM International Conference on cracking in Pavements "Pavement Cracking - Mechanisms, Modeling, Detection, Testing and Case Histories", June 16-18, 2008, Chicago, USA (Proceedings) T2 - 6th RILEM International Conference on cracking in Pavements "Pavement Cracking - Mechanisms, Modeling, Detection, Testing and Case Histories" CY - Chicago, USA DA - 2008-06-16 KW - Joint sealing systems KW - Bituminous compounds KW - Climate KW - Service life KW - Concrete pavement PY - 2008 SN - 978-0-415-47575-4 SP - 779 EP - 790 PB - CRC Press AN - OPUS4-18281 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Recknagel, Christoph T1 - Potential of dynamic-mechanical analysis toward a complementary material and system testing approach for structural glazing JF - Journal of ASTM International N2 - Dynamic-mechanical material analysis as a basis for a general performance exploration complemented by system testing under superimposed climatic and mechanical loading seems to be a promising interdependent test approach addressing the performance behavior of construction sealants under more realistic conditions. With this contribution an attempt is made to adapt dynamic-mechanical material analysis, which has been already successfully validated for different construction types of expansion joint systems in road and bridge engineering, to the field of construction sealants for building façades. Test results from dynamic-mechanical material analysis characterizing the temperature-dependent, deformation-dependent, and frequency-dependent behavior of structural sealant materials are presented and exemplarily discussed for three different sealant products. An attempt is made to address unknown material characteristics in the multi-dimensional loading matrix representing practical use conditions. Furthermore, the applicability of this test approach and its various complex test modes for the exploration of technological performance and especially estimation of fatigue behavior is verified in several examples. Based on this fundamental material exploration, it is planned to complement the dynamic-mechanical assessment methodology by means of system tests on a section of a structural glazing system subjected to a simplified but superimposed loading function. The technical fundamentals and the procedure proposed to develop an adequate system test mode are introduced. The motivation for these investigations is to identify the actual mechanical system behavior under load combinations and for specimens that both closer resemble reality. The objective is to achieve a consistent and interdependent test program complementary to the existing methodology. Finally, the study is meant to initiate further progress toward a performance-related methodology which considers the design, specification, material, and system selection. KW - Civil engineering and buidling materials PY - 2012 UR - http://www.astm.org/DIGITAL_LIBRARY/JOURNALS/JAI/PAGES/JAI104124.htm DO - https://doi.org/10.1520/JAI104124 SN - 1546-962X VL - 9 IS - 4 SP - 1 EP - 17(?) PB - American Society for Testing and Materials CY - West Conshohocken, Pa. AN - OPUS4-25887 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Recknagel, Christoph T1 - Potential of dynamic-mechanical analysis toward a complementary material and system testing approach for structural glazing T2 - Durability of building and construction sealants and adhesives: 4th volume N2 - Dynamic-mechanical material analysis as a basis for a general performance exploration complemented by system testing under superimposed climatic and mechanical loading seems to be a promising interdependent test approach addressing the performance behavior of construction sealants under more realistic conditions. With this contribution an attempt is made to adapt dynamic-mechanical material analysis, which has been already successfully validated for different construction types of expansion joint systems in road and bridge engineering, to the field of construction sealants for building façades. Test results from dynamic-mechanical material analysis characterizing the temperature-dependent, deformation-dependent, and frequency-dependent behavior of structural sealant materials are presented and exemplarily discussed for three different sealant products. An attempt is made to address unknown material characteristics in the multi-dimensional loading matrix representing practical use conditions. Furthermore, the applicability of this test approach and its various complex test modes for the exploration of technological performance and especially estimation of fatigue behavior is verified in several examples. Based on this fundamental material exploration, it is planned to complement the dynamic-mechanical assessment methodology by means of system tests on a section of a structural glazing system subjected to a simplified but superimposed loading function. The technical fundamentals and the procedure proposed to develop an adequate system test mode are introduced. The motivation for these investigations is to identify the actual mechanical system behavior under load combinations and for specimens that both closer resemble reality. The objective is to achieve a consistent and interdependent test program complementary to the existing methodology. Finally, the study is meant to initiate further progress toward a performance-related methodology which considers the design, specification, material, and system selection. KW - Sealants KW - Structural glazing KW - Performance assessment KW - Material characterization KW - Dynamic-mechanical testing KW - System test method KW - Superimposed loading KW - Mechanical characteristics KW - Capability evaluation KW - Durability evaluation PY - 2012 SN - 978-0-8031-7557-0 DO - https://doi.org/10.1520/STP1545-EB N1 - Serientitel: Journal of ASTM International – Series title: Journal of ASTM International VL - 4 IS - STP1545 SP - 404 EP - 431 CY - West Conshokocken, PA, USA AN - OPUS4-27317 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Recknagel, Christoph A1 - Wenzel, Norman T1 - Practical approved life expectancy of SSG - Prognosis of life expectancy by a performanced-based test method N2 - Structural Silicone Glazing (SSG) is a curtain walling method that utilizes silicone sealants to adhere glass, ceramic, metal or composite panels to supporting framing members by means of a peripheral adhesive joint. In SSG curtain walls, silicone sealants serve not only as a weather seal, but also act as a structural bonding element, eliminating the need for exterior retainers and covers. The paper discusses some essential findings of two recent research studies on the durability and service life of structural silicone glazing sealants and structures. The first study demonstrates, that specimens of a first generation 2-part silicone sealant taken from a SSG façade after 23+2 years of real life successfully passed the European ETAG002-1 performance criteria for residual strength. In a second study, a new performance-based durability test method was developed in partnership with the Federal Institute for Materials Research Berlin/Germany (BAM). This method is based on simultaneously exposing system test specimens to artificial weathering and complex, multiaxial mechanical loadings. 2-part structural silicone sealants of the first and of the second generation where subjected to this test, which is considered to correspond to an anticipated service life of 50 years. T2 - European Congress "Glass Processing Days" CY - Tampere, Finland DA - 28.06.2017 KW - Durability of glas facades KW - SSG Technology KW - Silicone sealants PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-41281 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Recknagel, Christoph T1 - Quality Improvement of Expansion Joint Systems by Performance Related Tests of System Behaviour JF - Construction technology in Europe PY - 2002 IS - 21 SP - 5 PB - BRE CY - Garston AN - OPUS4-2303 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Recknagel, Christoph A1 - Hoppe, Johannes A1 - Pirskawetz, Stephan A1 - Wenzel, Norman A1 - Spitzer, Stefan T1 - SENSO JOINT - An innovative sensor for suitable joint design N2 - Inacceptable capability and durability of joint sealing systems but also inadequate traffic performance (noise emission; overrolling comfort) up to traffic safety aspects reflect the still enormous demand for data-based description of concrete pavements performance under heavy loading conditions. Especially the deformation behavior of concrete pavement slabs in the joint region in consideration of new pavement construction types and improved concrete mixtures meanwhile established but also under the steeply rising traffic loads is not sufficiently explored. To create a data basis for advanced design rules, evaluation methods and product standards - and with it to improve quality, durability and finally sustainability of pavements - an innovative 3-D sensor system SENSO JOINT adapted to german roadworking requirements and suitable for heavy-duty operating conditions was developed. The contribution introduced describes the development of an extensive technical solution based on the analysis of decisive loads, interactions and boundary conditions. Based on calibration data, results of laboratory testing and finally field-testing on different concrete pavement construction types the outcome of a multi-level evaluation process shall introduce the potential of the new sensor system. T2 - 9th International Conference on Maintenance and Rehabilitation of Pavements (MAIREPAV 2020) CY - Online meeting DA - 01.07.2020 KW - Concrete pavements KW - Sustainable joint sealing KW - Load quantification KW - innovative measurement technology KW - Field validation KW - Performance design for joint systems PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51926 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Recknagel, Christoph A1 - Spitzer, Stefan A1 - Hoppe, Johannes A1 - Wenzel, Norman A1 - Pirskawetz, Stephan T1 - SENSO JOINT - An innovative sensor system for a sustainable joint design of concrete pavements T2 - Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering - Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Maintenance and Rehabilitation of Pavements - Mairepav9 N2 - Inacceptable capability and durability of joint sealing systems but also inadequate traffic performance (noise emission; overrolling comfort) up to traffic safety aspects reflect the still enormous demand for data-based description of concrete pavements performance under heavy loading conditions. Especially the deformation behavior of concrete pavement slabs in the joint region in consideration of new pavement construction types and improved concrete mixtures meanwhile established but also under the steeply rising traffic loads is not sufficiently explored. To create a data basis for advanced design rules, evaluation methods and product standards - and with it to improve quality, durability and finally sustainability of pavements - an innovative 3-D sensor system SENSO JOINT adapted to german roadworking requirements and suitable for heavy-duty operating conditions was developed. The contribution introduced describes the development of an extensive technical solution based on the analysis of decisive loads, interactions and boundary conditions. Based on calibration data, results of laboratory testing and finally field-testing on different concrete pavement construction types the outcome of a multi-level evaluation process shall introduce the potential of the new sensor system. T2 - 9th International Conference on Maintenance and Rehabilitation of Pavements (Mairepav9) CY - Online meeting DA - 01.07.2020 KW - Concrete pavements KW - Sustainable joint sealing KW - Load quantification KW - Innovative measurement technology KW - Field validation KW - Performance design for joint systems PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-030-48678-5 SN - 978-3-030-48679-2 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48679-2 SN - 2366-2557 VL - 76 SP - 191 EP - 199 PB - Springer Nature Switzerland AG CY - Switzerland AN - OPUS4-51965 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Bahr, Horst A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Recknagel, Christoph T1 - Short communication: Fire risks of burning asphalt JF - Fire and materials N2 - Eyewitnesses describe burning pavement surfaces in extreme fire scenarios. However, it was believed that the pavement plays a negligible role in comparison to other items feeding such an extreme fire at the same time. The asphalt mixtures used differ widely, thus raising the question as to whether this conclusion holds for all kinds of such materials. Three different kinds of asphalt mixtures were investigated with the aim of benchmarking the fire risks. Cone calorimeter tests are performed at an irradiance of 70kWm-2. All three investigated asphalts burn in extreme fire scenarios. The fire response (fire load, time to ignition, maximum heat release rate and smoke production) is quite different and varies by factors of up to 10 when compared to each other. The fire load per mass is always very low due to the high content of inert minerals, whereas the effective heat of combustion of the volatiles is quite typical of non-flame retarded organics. The heat release rate and fire growth indices are strongly dependent on the fire residue and thus the kind of mineral filler used. Comparing with polymeric materials, the investigated Mastic Asphalt and Stone Mastic Asphalt may be called intrinsically flame resistant, whereas the investigated Special Asphalt showed a pronouncedly greater fire risk with respect to causing fire growth and smoke. Thus the question is raised as to whether the use of certain kinds of asphalts in tunnels must be reconsidered. Apart from the binder used, the study also indicates varying the kind of aggregate as a possible route to eliminate the problem. KW - Asphalt KW - Cone calorimeter KW - Fire behaviour PY - 2010 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.1027 SN - 0308-0501 SN - 1099-1018 VL - 34 IS - 7 SP - 333 EP - 340 PB - Heyden CY - London AN - OPUS4-22172 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wolf, A. T. A1 - Recknagel, Christoph A1 - Wenzel, Norman A1 - Sitte, S. T1 - Structural Silicone Glazing: Life Expectancy of more than 50 Years? T2 - Conference Proceedings - All Eyes on Glass. Glass Performance Days 2017 25th anniversary N2 - Structural Silicone Glazing (SSG) is a curtain walling method that utilizes silicone sealants to adhere glass, ceramic, metal or composite panels to supporting framing members by means of a peripheral adhesive joint. In SSG curtain walls, silicone sealants serve not only as a weather seal, but also act as a structural bonding element, eliminating the need for exterior retainers and covers. The paper discusses some essential findings of two recent research studies on the durability and service life of structural silicone glazing sealants and structures. The first study demonstrates, that specimens of a first generation 2-part silicone sealant taken from a SSG façade after 23+2 years of real life successfully passed the European ETAG002-1 performance criteria for residual strength. In a second study, a new performance-based durability test method was developed in partnership with the Federal Institute for Materials Research Berlin/Germany (BAM). This method is based on simultaneously exposing system test specimens to artificial weathering and complex, multiaxial mechanical loadings. 2-part structural silicone sealants of the first and of the second generation where subjected to this test, which is considered to correspond to an anticipated service life of 50 years. T2 - Glass Performance Days 2017 CY - Tampere, Finland DA - 28.06.2017 KW - Structural Sealant Glazing KW - Silicone adhesive KW - Durability KW - Climatic simulation KW - Artificial weathering KW - Mechanical loading PY - 2017 SN - 978-952-5836-06-6 SP - 338 EP - 345 PB - Glaston Finland Oy CY - Tampere, Finland AN - OPUS4-41288 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wallau, Wilma A1 - Recknagel, Christoph A1 - Smales, Glen Jacob T1 - Structural silicone sealants after exposure to laboratory test for durability assessment JF - Journal of Applied Polymer Science N2 - During the service life of structural sealant glazing (SSG) facades, the loadbearing capacity of the silicone bonds needs to be guaranteed. Laboratory Tests can assess the durability of SSG-systems based on mechanical characteristics of the bond after simultaneous exposure to both climatic and mechanical loads. This article studies how the material characteristics of two common structural sealants are affected by laboratory and field exposure. Dynamic mechanical Analysis (DMA) confirms a reduction in the dynamic modulus of exposed Silicone samples. Results from thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and small-angle X-ray scattering/wide-angle X-ray scattering show differences between the two sealants and indicate no/minor changes in the composition and morphology of the laboratory and field exposed sealants. Mechanical characterization methods, such as DMA, and tensile and shear testing of the structural bond, are shown to be sensitive toward the combined climatic and mechanical loadings, and are hence suitable for studying degradation mechanisms of structural sealants. KW - Aging KW - Analytical methods KW - Fatigue KW - Silicone elastomer KW - Structural sealant glazing PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-527217 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/app.50881 VL - 138 IS - 35 SP - 50881 PB - Wiley AN - OPUS4-52721 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wallau, Wilma A1 - Recknagel, Christoph T1 - Test methodology for performance assessment of structural sealant glazing systems at superimposed mechanical and climatic loading JF - Polymer Testing N2 - Reliable performance of structural sealant glazing (SSG) systems is necessary to utilise advantages of SSG in glass facades. Conventional durability assessment of structural sealant joints is based on separated weathering tests and empirical fatigue testing. This work presents a new test methodology for performance assessment of SSGjoints at simultaneous weathering and two-dimensional mechanical loading. The climatic and mechanical load function were derived from common loading scenarios according to a worst case approach. A System test specimen, resembling a common SSG-joint, was exposed to 24 h of combined loading in a custom-designed test facility. From the recorded mechanical system response, characteristic parameters were evaluated to assess the performance of the system at varying climatic and mechanical conditions. These experimental results reveal effects of ambient conditions, previous loading and deformation Amplitude peaks on the system response. The proposed test methodology opens up for new performance-related approaches in durability testing. KW - Structural sealant glazing KW - Performance assessment KW - Durability testing KW - Hysteresis measurement KW - Superimposed loading PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2019.106030 SN - 0142-9418 VL - 79 SP - 106030, 1 EP - 15 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-48871 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -