TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Romero Navarrete, J. A. T1 - Assesing rail damage in turns due to lateral load transfer N2 - A testing procedure is proposed and used, to estimate the rail damage potentials of variations in both, the height of the cargo´s center of gravity and the railway car suspension´s spring constant. The experimental setup consisted of a tilt table that slowly exerted an increasing lateral acceleration on a two-axle bogie-type vehicle equipped with a spring supported container. The potential damaging effect derived from the resulting lateral load transfer, was assessed on the basis of the fourth-power law. Results suggest that the cargo having a higher center of gravity could be more damaging to the outside rail when compared with the effect of the shorter center of gravity of the cargo, in arrange from0.94% to 3.17%, as a function of the spring constant of the suspension. Consequently, and comparatively, there would be a long-term damaging effect on the rail when having a cargo with a higher center of gravity, so that specific cargo, having a high center of gravity, would be more aggressive to the infrastructure. On the other hand, for the range of time rate changes of the lateral acceleration, it was not found a consistent trend regarding the effect of the value of the spring constant on the magnitude of the load transfers. T2 - ASME 2024 CY - Portland, OR, USA DA - 17.11.2024 KW - Rail demage KW - Lateral load transfer PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61784 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - A testing facility to assess railway car infrastructure damage N2 - Wheel forces generate stresses in the rail as a function of several vehicle and infrastructure characteristics and operating conditions. The different components of the wheel forces develop strains in the rail which contain an elastic and hysteretic (irreversible) components. The irreversible deformations of the rail would be associated with locomotive energy losses. In this paper, a testing facility is proposed to indirectly characterize the level of stresses in the rail, in terms of the energy that is lost during tuming maneuvers. Different potentially influential factors are considered, including the friction at the Center plate, the wheelbase length, the distance between bogies and the radius of the curved track. The change in the potential energy during a U-turn displacement is measured. In this respect, an experimental model under this operating principle, aimed at validating such a principle of Operation, reveals a significant effect of the friction at the center plate on the energy lost during turning maneuvers, and consequently, on the level of stresses in the rail. T2 - COMPRAIL 2020 - 17th International Conference on Railway Engineering Design & Operation 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 01.07.2020 KW - Energy losses in transportation KW - Experimental methods KW - Friction energy KW - Rail damage KW - Turning forces KW - Wheel forces PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.2495/TDI-V4-N2-142-151 SN - 2058-8305 VL - 4 IS - 2 SP - 142 EP - 151 PB - WitPress AN - OPUS4-51125 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Hildebrand, R. A1 - Romero Navarrete, J. A. A1 - Sklorz, Christian ED - Otremba, Frank T1 - A simplified analytical approach on the dynamic pressures in cylindrical vertical tanks N2 - A simplified methodology is proposed to estimate the dynamic pressures developed within partially filled cylindrical vertical tanks when subjected to earthquake-related horizontal accelerations. The total pressure at the bottom of the tank is calculated as the superposition of vertical and horizontal pressures. While the magnitude of the vertical pressure depends on the free surface height of the liquid, the horizontal pressure depends on the magnitude of the horizontal acceleration and on the diameter of the tank. The liquid free surface oscillation angle is simulated based upon the principles of the simple pendulum analogy for sloshing. The length of the pendulum, however, is set on the basis of a methodology to calculate the free sloshing frequency of partially filled containers. Such a methodology is experimentally verified in this work. The outputs of the model for full scale situations, suggest that the lateral perturbation - sloshing phenomenon (earthquake effect) can generate an increase in the total pressure of 56% above the no lateral perturbation situation, further suggesting that such an overpressure should be taken into account when designing tanks that could be potentially subjected to earthquake-related perturbations. KW - Vertical cylindrical tanks KW - Pendulum analogy KW - Experimental approach KW - Sloshing, transition matrix approach KW - Hazmat PY - 2021 SN - 978-981-15-8273-8 SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-51982 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Jauregui-Correa, J. C. A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Hurtado-Hurtado, G. ED - Pucheta, M. ED - Cardona, A. ED - Preidikman, S. ED - Hecker, R. T1 - Determination of the Effect of Sloshing on the Railcar-Track Dynamic Behavior N2 - This paper presents the study of the impact caused by a liquid Cargo on a railway infrastructure. The dynamic behavior of a tank car corresponds to a multibody dynamic system with several degrees of freedom. This study’s data were obtained from a scale experimental fixture consisting of a track and a railcar with a tank. The track was instrumented with strain gauges and the railcar with accelerometers. The data showed non-periodic and periodic terms; therefore, the results were analyzed with the Empirical Mode Decomposition method (EMD). It was found that the EMD identified the signal components that were related to the sloshing. These components represent the mode shapes of the original signal. The location of the sloshing in the track was found applying spectrograms to the accelerometer data. This paper’s experimental outputs suggest that the sloshing effect is detectable at the track and in the vehicle dynamics. KW - Sloshing effect KW - Empirical Mode Decomposition KW - Wheel/track interaction KW - Multibody dynamics PY - 2021 SN - 978-3-030-88750-6 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88751-3_14 SP - 131 EP - 140 PB - Springer Nature Switzerland AG AN - OPUS4-53561 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Lozano Guzman, A. A. T1 - Estimation of the effect of the driving style on pollutants emission by heavy trucks N2 - Different approaches have been attempted so far to reduce fuel consumption and linked pollutants, including vehicle equipment and design, with rational driving style being recognized as a potential source of fuel savings. However, no specific methodology had been suggested so far to assess fuel economy of driving other than the fuel consumed itself. In this paper, the Standard deviation of driving acceleration has been found to be directly associated to fuel consumption, so that the less dispersion of the driving acceleration, produces the lower fuel consumptions and emissions. Such metric could be thus used to assess driving style. KW - Driving style KW - Fuel consumption KW - Stored energy KW - GPS data KW - Simulation KW - Particle emissions PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-511540 UR - https://www.iaras.org/iaras/home/caijes/estimation-of-the-effect-of-the-driving-style-on-pollutants-emission-by-heavy-trucks SN - 2367-8941 VL - 5 SP - 220 EP - 226 PB - IARAS CY - Sofia AN - OPUS4-51154 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - A method to assess the gravity response efficiency of a truck N2 - In spite that transport activities do not represent the biggest contributor of pollutants emissions, their reduction has been a priority as some other externalities are associated to such emissions and to the transport itself. A crucial element to characterize the behavior of the vehicles against the environment are the losses that such vehicles exhibit in a passive way, that is, without any involvement of power conditions. The energy loses due to the rolling, the drag and to the friction in mechanical components, have been assessed so far in terms of the stopping acceleration when the vehicle idles on a ramp. However, such a testing procedure produces some uncertainties due to the dynamic conditions that are considered. To avoid such critical limitations, in this paper a testing procedure and facility are proposed, which are based on static conditions of the vehicle at the initiation and at the ending of the test, which are assumed to provide a better reliability to the testing. Some preliminary theoretical analysis should be made in order to validate the operational principles proposed herein for such testing facility. KW - Road tankers KW - Energy efficiency KW - Environmental assessment KW - Gravity response KW - Transportation energy KW - Rolling resistance KW - Drag resistance PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-511530 UR - https://www.iaras.org/iaras/home/caijes/a-method-to-assess-the-gravity-response-efficiency-of-a-truck SN - 2367-8941 VL - 5 SP - 213 EP - 219 PB - IARAS CY - Sofia AN - OPUS4-51153 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. T1 - A lowering friction treatment for railway materials N2 - A facility is proposed in this paper to apply a selective carburizing process to the lateral faces of a railways´ head, aiming to increase its carbon content and to decrease the friction coefficient in case that the flange of the railway car wheel gets in contact with the rail during turning. Such a treatment would reduce the energy that is lost during the turning maneuvers performed by the vehicle, further improving the energy efficiency of the railway car. The facility consists of a furnace, which should be set next to the rails´ hot-rolling facility, in order to use the available enthalpy. The proposed furnace is equipped with what is necessary to avoid the decarbonization of the remaining rail material, based upon batteries of oxy-acetylene burners that are installed at the bottom of the furnace, on the opposite side to the carburizing surface. An experimental facility is necessary to validate the operational principles for the equipment proposed in this paper. On the other hand, a study should also be carried out to assess the effect of any rail welding process on the carburized surfaces. KW - Transport efficiency KW - Dry friction KW - Carburizing KW - Selective carburizing KW - Decarbonization KW - Furnace design PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.5185/amlett.2020.041498 VL - 11 IS - 4 SP - 2004198 PB - IAAM - VRBI Press AN - OPUS4-50958 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Hurtado-Hurtado, G. ED - Romero-Navarrete, José A. T1 - A Conceptual Design of a Self-Centering Centre Plate N2 - Turning maneuvers originate higher forces exerted on the rail and the loss of locomotive energy, at a rate that is function of several parameters that influence the magnitude of the developed horizontal wheel-rail forces, including the friction at the centre plate and the bogie´s yaw stiffness. However, such a friction at the contact surfaces of the centre plate is needed to mitigate the Hunting phenomenon when the train moves on straight track segments. In this paper, a self-centering centre plate is proposed, consisting of a lubricated centre plate, equipped with a spring- and damper-based self-centering mechanism. Simulation results of the proposed mechanism suggest that the energy performance in turns of a train car equipped with such self-centering centre plate is comparatively better, as the peak friction forces linked to the dry friction at the contact surfaces of current centre plate designs, are avoided. The assessment of the hunting performance of the proposed device in straight track segments is proposed as the continuation of this work. KW - Bogie´s yaw stiffness KW - Bogie´s yaw friction KW - Centre plate KW - Self-centering mechanism KW - Turning PY - 2020 UR - https://publications.waset.org/aerospace-and-mechanical-engineering SN - 1307-6892 VL - 14 IS - 9 SP - 376 EP - 382 AN - OPUS4-51241 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kutz, Philipp A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Werner, Jan T1 - Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Composite Material and Insulation for a Single Walled Tank for Cryogenic Liquids N2 - This paper describes the testing methods used to determine the thermal properties of insulation materials and mechanical properties of materials used for the load-bearing structure for pressure tanks (up to 4 bar, relative) and cryogenic liquids (LNG, −166 °C to -157 °C at atmospheric pressure). Goal is to design a transportation tank that does not exceed 4 bars (relative) within 10 h, starting at atmospheric pressure. PUR-foam is a suitable material for the insulation. A 12,5 l small scale tank prototype reached 4 bar (relative) within 87 minutes, which is, regarding the influence of the size, a satisfying result. The mechanical properties change significantly at cryogenic temperatures. The bending modulus is similar at first, but decreases at a certain point by appr. 50 %. However, the maximum stress is much higher and could not be reached within this testing setup. T2 - 26th Assembly Advanced Materials Congress CY - Stockholm, Sweden DA - 10.06.2019 KW - GFRP KW - LNG KW - Lightweight design KW - Thermal properties KW - Mechanical prtoperties PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.5185/amlett.2020.011457 VL - 11 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - VBRI Press AN - OPUS4-50216 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Sklorz, Christian A1 - Martínez Madrid, M. T1 - Quasistatic rollover threshold of atmospheric road tankers N2 - Several geometrical analytical tools can be used for assessing the potential benefits of any alternative tank shape. The quasistatic evaluation of the cargo-vehicle behavior represents a fast way to objectively determine the roll stability benefits of any potentially new tank shape. In this paper, the geometrical, quasistatic rollover performance of a convex bottom tank shape is compared with that of standard tank shapes, finding that in spite of the lower position of the cargo´s center of gravity in such a tank shape for the un-perturbed condition, it has the same performance as the elliptical tank shape when subjected to Steady lateral acceleration. That as a result of the large cargo´s lateral displacement. Consequently, the combination of a lower center of gravity for the cargo when it is not perturbed, and a Minimum lateral shift due to lateral accelerations inputs, define the conditions for an ideal tank shape. T2 - CONIIN 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 28.09.2020 KW - Tank shape KW - Road tankers KW - Center of gravity shifting KW - Quasistatic KW - Convex bottom KW - Geometrical analysis PY - 2020 SP - 1 EP - 6 AN - OPUS4-51388 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Lozano Guzmán, A. A. T1 - An energy frame of reference to assess vehicle´s physical externalities N2 - Externalities of the road transportation are multidimensional in nature and involve the road-vehicle interaction under different environmental conditions. Estimating the pavement and vehicle damage potentials as a function of the condition sunder which such interaction takes place, is important to avoid accelerated or catastrophic damages in these systems. Such an assessing is crucial from the perspective of pricing the effects of the vehicle on the infrastructure and vice versa. The existing models for pricing such interaction, critically depends on gross average statistical models. In this paper, it is proposed a deterministic approach to realize such an assessment, based upon validated approaches for the pavement damage. The simulation scheme considers different degrees-of-freedom vehicle models, and a discrete asphalt pavement, that make possible the simulation of massive traffic situations on realistic road lengths. T2 - IMECE 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 16.11.2020 KW - Energy KW - Frame KW - Assess KW - Vehicles PY - 2020 SP - 1 EP - 9 AN - OPUS4-51645 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Würsig, Andreas A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Neue FVK-Tanks in den Unmodellvorschriften sowie Ergebnisse aktueller Forschungsvorhaben N2 - 100 mm of PUR-foam give satisfying results in terms of thermal properties. The non-pressure testing methods gives reliable and repeatable results. Bending modulus of laminates does not change until the first damage occurs. After that, the bending modulus decreases by 50 % but max. stress is still higher than at room temperature. T2 - 25. Gefahrgutkongress MV CY - Rostock, Germany DA - 19.10.2021 KW - FVK-Tanks KW - Unmodellvorschriften KW - Forschungsvorhaben PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53570 LA - mul AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Werner, Jan A1 - Kutz, P. W. A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Testing of Small Scale Tank Prototypes under Cryogenic Conditions N2 - Climate change, CO2 reduction, resource efficiency are only 3 current keywords that describe the current industrial-economic situation. In order to influence climate change effectively, the conversion of supply systems with technically usable forms of energy must succeed in the next decade. The international network founded in Baku in 2015 bundles research activities in the broad field of energy supply and energy efficiency. Discuss current research approaches and results with scientists and experts from renowned universities and follow Azerbaijan's efforts to implement the energy revolution. T2 - Neseff 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 28.09.2020 KW - Mud pumps KW - Mud circulation system KW - Pistons KW - Hydrostatic pressure KW - Friction wear KW - Ceramic liners KW - Tribology PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-940471-59-8 SP - 4 EP - 9 AN - OPUS4-52149 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jauregui-Correa, J. C. A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Hurtado-Hurtado, G. T1 - Determination of the effect of sloshing on the railcar-track dynamic behavior N2 - Liquid cargo has a significant impact on the interface wheel-track interaction. The sloshing affects the track-railcar's dynamic behavior. The effect is detectable at the track level and at the vehicle. Its characterization requires the combination of different techniques: Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) Time-Frequency Maps Sloshing occurred when significant perturbations happened in the railcar: The railcar entered a curve Reduction in its travel speed A railcar with a tank is a clear example of a multibody dynamic system with a nonlinear behavior. T2 - 7th International Symposium on Multibody Systems and Mechatronics - MuSMe 2021 CY - Córdoba, Argentina DA - 12.10.2021 KW - Liquid cargo KW - Wheel-track interaction KW - Sloshing affects KW - Vehicle PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-53572 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Jáuregui Correa, J.C.A. T1 - Forces on rails in turns: A review N2 - Regardless of the mode of transportation, directional changes generate greater forces on the infrastructure as a result of the lateral load transfer and of the respective steering forces in the vehicles. In the case of Railway transportation, a concentrated damage occurs in the rail at the initiation of the turning maneuver, whose magnitude depends on the bogie´s yaw stiffness and on the level of friction at its centre plate. To mitigate such rail-damaging effects, some new designs have been proposed and used for the bogies´ wheelset. However, no new designs for the centre plate have been used. In this paper, a review of the causality for the forces arising during Railway Vehicle's turn negotiations, is presented, including the description of a modeling framework to analyze the influential Parameters for determining the magnitude of such forces. T2 - CONIIN 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 28.09.2020 KW - Turning maneuvers KW - Rail damage KW - Yaw stiffness KW - Yaw resistance KW - Self-aligning bogies KW - Lateral load transfer KW - Steering forces PY - 2020 SP - 1 EP - 6 AN - OPUS4-51390 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Romero Navarrete, J. A. T1 - Experimental Assessing of the Energy Transformation in Turns N2 - Turning maneuvers of rail vehicles involve demanding situations for the infrastructure because of the steering forces generated and the resultant lateral load transfers. Such forcing situation involves increased tangential forces that consume kinetic energy from the vehicle. While much attention has been paid in the literature to the damage in such infrastructure segments, the energy that is dissipated in these maneuvers, has not been explicitly addressed. In this paper, a specialized scale-down infrastructure is used to characterize the effect of the initial speed of the vehicle and its mass, on the magnitude of both the rail forces developed and the amount of dissipated energy during turning maneuvers. The outputs of the experiments suggest that most of the original kinetic energy is dissipated at the first portion of the turn. Also, that the magnitude of the wheel forces and the amount of dissipated energy, correlate. That is, a greater rail damage would correspond to greater energy dissipation. T2 - IMECE2022 CY - Columbus, OH, USA DA - 30.10.2022 KW - Turning maneuvers KW - Energy dissipation KW - Rail damage KW - Experimental approaches PY - 2022 SP - 1 EP - 6 AN - OPUS4-56334 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Romero Navarrete, J. A. T1 - Experimental Assessing of the Energy Transformation in Turns N2 - Turning maneuvers of rail vehicles involve demanding situations for the infrastructure because of the steering forces generated and the resultant lateral load transfers. Such forcing situation involves increased tangential forces that consume kinetic energy from the vehicle. While much attention has been paid in the literature to the damage in such infrastructure segments, the energy that is dissipated in these maneuvers, has not been explicitly addressed. In this paper, a specialized scale-down infrastructure is used to characterize the effect of the initial speed of the vehicle and its mass, on the magnitude of both the rail forces developed and the amount of dissipated energy during turning maneuvers. The outputs of the experiments suggest that most of the original kinetic energy is dissipated at the first portion of the turn. Also, that the magnitude of the wheel forces and the amount of dissipated energy, correlate. That is, a greater rail damage would correspond to greater energy dissipation. T2 - IMECE2022 CY - Columbus, OH, USA DA - 30.10.2022 KW - Energy dissipation KW - Turning maneuvers KW - Rail damage KW - Experimental approaches PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-56333 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bradley, Ian A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Scarponi, G. E. A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. ED - Ao, S.-I. ED - Kim, H. K. ED - Amouzegar, M. A. T1 - Boiling and thermohydraulics within pressure vessels N2 - Exposure of pressure vessels to fire can result in catastrophic explosion and escalation of accidents. The safe transportation of cargo in pressure vessels therefore requires knowledge of what will happen to the cargo in the event of a vehicle derailment or rollover resulting in fire exposure. The chapter presents an overview of selected testing and modelling work undertaken to understand the thermohydraulic processes within a vessel that drive pressurization during fire. A series of experiments highlighting the importance of adequate design and selection of protection systems are summarized. It is concluded that pressure relief alone is typically insufficient to prevent vessel rupture, but the combination of relief and thermal coatings can be effective. KW - BLEVE KW - Explosion KW - LPG KW - PIV KW - Pressure vessel KW - Thermohydraulics PY - 2020 SN - 978-981-15-6847-3 SN - 978-981-15-6848-0 DO - https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6848-0_13 SP - 158 EP - 172 PB - Springer Nature CY - Singapore AN - OPUS4-51138 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Otremba, Frank ED - Zobory, I. T1 - Conceptual design of an active centre plate N2 - The efficiency and safety of railway transportation depend both on numerous factors linked to the vehicle, the infrastructure, the operator and the environment. Curved tracks are subjected to demanding situations due to elevated stress levels, as a function of the operating conditions and vehicle/infrastructure design. In such segments, steering forces are superimposed to lateral load transfers. The steering forces depend on the condition and the design of the centre plate and bogies’ suspensions design. While the friction at the centre plate provides the needed damping to mitigate the hunting vibration of the bogie in straight track segments, such yaw resistance originates high steering forces and rail damage on curved tracks. A centre plate with low friction at turns and high friction at straight track segments would thus be highly advantageous. In this paper, a centre plate design is proposed which provides a yaw-rotation resistance torque that depends on the bogie-car relative position. Two different designs are considered for that purpose, one that combines a spring-acted centring mechanism with a lower pair kinematics, while the other one involves higher kinematic pairs which should incorporate lateral damping elements. As a result of using an engineering design approach, the higher kinematic pairs-based design is recommended however, the validation of such operational principles, including the introduction of the needed damping, should be configured on the basis of experimental models. T2 - 11th International Conference on Railway Bogies and Running Gears CY - Budapest, Hungary DA - 09.09.2019 KW - Steering torques KW - Railway transportation KW - Bogie design KW - Conceptual design KW - Engineering design KW - Transport externalities PY - 2020 SN - 978-963-9058-42-2 SP - 77 EP - 86 PB - Scientific Society of Mechanical Engineers (SSME/GTE) CY - Budapest AN - OPUS4-54086 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Lozano Guzmán, A. A. T1 - Experimental methods for road tankers. A critical review N2 - The transportation of liquids involves several situations derived from the curved shape of the cargo containers, including a comparatively high center of gravity, which negatively shifts when the container is partially loaded, and the vehicle is subjected to steering or braking accelerations. Aiming at reducing these effects several experimental approaches have been applied, involving different tank shapes and the use of baffles, tested under laboratory or field conditions, at full scale or at a down-scale. However, the scope of such approaches has been limited, mainly because the potential effect of other components of the vehicle on the road tanker behavior, has been neglected. In this paper, a critical review is presented of the experimental approaches considered so far, identifying specific experimental needs to improve the performance of the vehicles, from both the road safety and the environmental perspective. T2 - IMECE 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 16.11.2020 KW - Tank KW - Road KW - Methods PY - 2020 SP - 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-51641 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jauregui-Correa, J. C. A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Hurtado-Hurtado, G. A1 - Romero-Navarrete, J. A. T1 - Experimental test rig for simulating dynamic loads on subway systems N2 - Scaled-down experimental facility: Can reproduce actual failures; can produce simulated data for identifying cracks in the substructure or other defects. The acceleration data can be converted into an equivalent deformation. The experimental facility can analyse dynamic loads. Equivalent force data: Facilitates the application to a health monitoring system; simplifies the development of predictive maintenance. These data is helpful in validating analytical or simulation models. T2 - Fifth International Conference on Railway Technology CY - Montpellier, France DA - 22.08.2022 KW - Test rig KW - Dynamic loads KW - Subway system PY - 2020 SP - 1 EP - 6 AN - OPUS4-55566 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jauregui-Correa, J. C. A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Hurtado-Hurtado, G. A1 - Romero-Navarrete, J. A. T1 - Experimental test rig for simulating dynamic loads on subway systems N2 - Degradation in substructures, Mexico’s City Subway. Improve predictions using vibration Measurements. Ability to test operating conditions at Laboratory. Improve previous laboratory rig. Control operating conditions. Produce enough data for evaluating actual conditions. T2 - Fifth International Conference on Railway Technology CY - Montpellier, France DA - 22.08.2022 KW - Test rig KW - Simulating KW - Dynamic loads KW - Subway PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-55568 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Camplese, Davide A1 - Cozzolino, Chiara A1 - Scarponi, Giordano Emrys A1 - Eberwein, Robert A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Cozzani, Valerio T1 - Safety Assessment of MLI Super-Insulation Systems for Cryogenic Liquid-Hydrogen Tanks in Fire Scenarios N2 - In the context of green energy transition, cryogenic tanks insulated by MLI and vacuum are emerging as a leading solution to store hydrogen in heavy-duty vehicles. However, the integrity of such tanks can be jeopardized by fire. In such a scenario, MLI materials degradation can occur, leaving the tank unprotected from the fire heat flux, with consequent rapid pressurization and a high risk of failure. This study presents a safety assessment of non-combustible MLI under fire exposure based on the estimation of the time to mechanical failure of the equipment. This is calculated through an innovative model that simulates the thermomechanical response of the tank, including the MLI thermal degradation and the pressure-relief valve (PRV) operation. The application to several case studies that consider a typical LH2 tank featuring a wide range of MLI configurations demonstrated the likelihood of failure in case of exposure to a hydrocarbon pool fire, providing also comprehensive insights into the impact of the insulation characteristics and operating conditions on the time to failure. T2 - Loss Prevention 2025 CY - Bologna, Italien DA - 09.06.2025 KW - LH2 KW - LNG KW - Fire KW - Insulation KW - Safety KW - Tank PY - 2025 DO - https://doi.org/10.3303/CET25116036 SN - 2283-9216 IS - 116 SP - 211 EP - 216 PB - AIDIC AN - OPUS4-63739 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Eberwein, Robert A1 - Hajhariri, Aliasghar A1 - Camplese, D. A1 - Scarponi, G. E. A1 - Cozzani, V. A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Insulation Materials Used in Tanks for the Storage of Cryogenic Fluids in Fire Scenarios N2 - The importance of tanks for storing cryogenic fluids in the energy industry is increasing because of ongoing political conflicts and the implementation of more environmentally friendly energy sources. Key representatives for the application of cryogenic tanks are natural gas in the form of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) and hydrogen, e. g. in the form of Liquefied Hydrogen (LH2), for which significantly higher transport capacities can be achieved with the same transport volume using cryogenic storages than with storages based solely on overpressure. What applies to all cryogenic transported fluids in common is their condition that must be maintained. Hence heat flows into the preserved fluid must be minimized. Thermal super Insulations (TSI) based on e. g. multilayer insulations (MLI), perlites, and vacuum are utilized for this purpose and have already proven themselves in similar applications. However, for the use of tanks for cryogenic fluids in the transport sector, there is insufficient knowledge regarding the course and consequences of incidents, which is due to the still short period of use and the few documented incidents, hence few investigations carried out in this field. Typical scenarios in the transport sector represent car accidents with collisions, fires, and their combination, which are associated with extraordinary loads on the tank. The focus of this study is to investigate the behavior of TSI as a result of their thermal exposure to a heat source representing a fire. It is worth mentioning that this could lead to an increase of the heat flux into a tank by several orders of magnitude, and to permanent damage of the TSI, ultimately rapid release of flammable gas as well as a Boiling Liquide Expanding Vapour Explosion (BLEVE). For this purpose, a high temperature thermal vacuum chamber (HTTVC) has been developed that allows thermal loading of MLI or perlites in a vacuum and simultaneous measurement of heat flow through this TSI. The HTTVC is designed to represent realistic insulation conditions and to withstand thermal loads from typical design fires. The HTTVC was applied to investigate TSI based on MLI and vacuum. It is shown that the thermal stress caused permanent damage to the TSI, with shrinkage, phase change, pyrolysis, and condensation being significant damage mechanisms. The results are relevant for the evaluation of accident scenarios and can thus contribute to the improvement of TSI and the development of emergency measures for the protection of persons and infrastructures. T2 - ASME 2023 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference (PVP2023) CY - Atlanta, Georgia, USA DA - 16.07.2023 KW - LH2 KW - LNG KW - Fire KW - MLI KW - Safety PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57974 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Eberwein, Robert A1 - Heßmann, Jennifer A1 - Werner, Jan A1 - Scarponi, Giordano Emrys A1 - Cozzani, Valerio A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Investigation of realistic fire scenarios involving cryogenic storage tanks N2 - The number of vehicles using or transporting cryogenic fuels such as Liquefied Hydrogen (LH2) or Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) increases fast in the land transportation sector. Does this also entail new risks for instance from a BLEVE? A key to answer this question is to research representative fires by its characterization and its effect on the insulation. At BAM’s technical test side in Germany, a test series was started to answer this question among others. This paper presents results on a pool fire under a colorimeter, that simulates a tank. The investigation points out, that the full fire characterization approach allows to represent the fire. The findings are relevant for the investigation of a representative design fire that is applicable for the approval and improvement of tanks as well as to research accident scenarios and their consequences. T2 - 18th EFCE International Symposium on Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries CY - Bologna, Italy DA - 08.06.2025 KW - LH2 KW - Insulation KW - Fire KW - Liquefied Natural Gas KW - Safety PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63425 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Systems with Cryogenic Liquefied Gases in Fire Incidents N2 - Liquefied Hydrogen (LH2) or Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) establish themselves as important energy carriers in the transport sector. Its storage requires tanks with Thermal Super Insulations (TSI) to keep the transported fluid cold. TSI has proven itself in various applications over a long time, but not in the land transport sector, where accidents involving collisions, fires, and their combination are to be expected. The focus of this study is to investigate the behavior of different types of TSI when exposed to a heat source that represents a fire. Therefore, a High- Temperature Thermal Vacuum Chamber (HTTVC) was used that allows the thermal loading of thermal insulation material in a vacuum and measuring the heat flow through the TSI in parallel. Within this study, 5 samples were tested regarding 3 different types of MLI, rock wool, and perlites. The thermal exposure caused different effects on the samples. In practice, this can be connected to the rapid release of flammable gases as well as a Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion (BLEVE). These results are relevant for the evaluation of accident scenarios, the improvement of TSI, and the development of emergency measures. T2 - IMECE 2023 CY - New Orleans, Louisiana, USA DA - 29.10.2023 KW - LH2 KW - LNG KW - Fire PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58769 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - An, Q. A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Hertwig, Andreas A1 - Rehfeldt, Rainer A1 - Hidde, Gundula T1 - Investigation of mechanical stress and B10 exposure on FKM polymer N2 - Biofuels, particularly biodiesel, have gained significant attention as an alternative to traditional fossil fuels in recent years. Unlike diesel, which contains hundreds of compounds, biodiesel only contains a few compounds in the C16-C18 carbon chain. However, the use of biodiesel in automobile and transportation applications can result in problems of degradation or even damage in materials. Among the commonly used polymer materials, fluorocarbon (FKM) shows excellent performance and high stability and compatibility towards oil, diesel, ethanol, and other chemicals. FKM is a family of fluorocarbon-based fluoroelastomer materials, which provide excellent high-temperature and chemical stability compared to other elastomers. As a result, FKM is widely used in chemical processes such as petroleum refining, where it is used for sealings, pumps, and other components. T2 - TMS 2024 153rd Annual Meeting & Exhibition Supplemental Proceedings CY - Orlando, Florida, USA DA - 03.03.2024 KW - B10 exposure KW - FKM polymer PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-59636 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Camplese, Davide A1 - Scarponi, Giordano Emrys A1 - Eberwein, Robert A1 - Hajhariri, Aliasghar A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Cozzani, Valerio T1 - Modelling Fire Response of Cryogenic Liquid Hydrogen Tanks Equipped with Multilayer Insulation (MLI) Systems N2 - In the context of the growing global interest in hydrogen-based green energy, cryogenic tanks equipped with multi-layer insulation (MLI) are emerging as a leading solution for storing hydrogen in vehicles. The integrity of these systems might be threatened during fire exposure. This can trigger the degradation of the MLI materials and induce rapid pressurization of the tank with a high risk of catastrophic failure. In this work, a novel lumped model to simulate the thermal response of MLI-equipped cryogenic liquid hydrogen tanks is presented. The model integrates the accurate database “Coolprop” for hydrogen thermodynamic properties and sub-models for detailed simulation of MLI degradation, providing a realistic simulation of the experimental data obtained under normal operating conditions. The application of the model to several case studies considering different numbers of MLI layers and tank geometries demonstrates that aluminum-based MLI offers scarce protection in case of exposure to a hydrocarbon poolfire. T2 - CISAP 11 CY - Neapel, Italy DA - 15.09.2024 KW - LH2 KW - LNG KW - Cryogenic storage tank KW - Insulation KW - MLI PY - 2024 DO - https://doi.org/10.3303/CET24111076 SN - 2283-9216 VL - 111 SP - 451 EP - 456 PB - AIDIC The Italian Association of Chemical Engineering AN - OPUS4-61384 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Eberwein, Robert A1 - Hajhariri, Aliasghar A1 - Camplese, Davide A1 - Scarponi, Giordano Emrys A1 - Cozzani, Valerio A1 - Otremba, Frank ED - Di Benedetto, Almerinda T1 - Experimental Research Of A Tank For A Cryogenic Fluid With A Wall Rupture In A Fire Scenario N2 - In the course of decarbonizing the energy industry, cryogenic energy carriers as liquefied hydrogen (LH2) and liquefied natural gas (LNG) are seen as having great potential. In technical applications, the challenge is to keep these energy carriers cold for a long time. This is achieved in the road transport sector and also stationary applications by thermal super insulations (TSI) which based on double-walled tanks with vacuum and multilayer insulation (MLI) in the interspace. This study focuses on the behaviour of widely used combustible MLI in a fire scenario, at vacuum and atmospheric pressure conditions. The former corresponds to the typical design condition and the latter to the condition after an outer hull rapture of a tank. Furthermore, two fire scenarios were taken into account: a standard-oriented approach and a hydrocarbon fire-oriented approach. For the study, a test rig was applied that allows testing of TSI at industrial conditions and subsequent analysis of TSI samples. The test rig allows thermal loading and performance analysis of TSI samples at the same time. Comparing the tests, the samples degraded differently. However, no sudden failure of the entire MLI was observed in any test. These results are relevant for the evaluation of incidents with tanks for the storage of cryogenic fluids and can thus contribute to the improvement of TSI and the development of emergency measures for the protection of persons and infrastructures. T2 - 15th International Symposium on Hazards, Prevention and Mitigation of Industrial Explosions (ISHPMIE) CY - Neapel, Italy DA - 10.06.2024 KW - Liquefied hydrogen KW - Liquefied natural gas KW - Cryogenic storage tank KW - Fire KW - Thermal insulation KW - Multi-Layer Insulation PY - 2024 SP - 707 EP - 717 AN - OPUS4-60460 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hajhariri, Aliasghar A1 - Eberwein, Robert A1 - Camplese, Davide A1 - Emrys Scarponi, Giordano A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Cozzani, Valerio A1 - Seidlitz, Holger T1 - A Comprehensive Numerical Study of the Behaviour of an LH2 Storage Tank in the Event of a Fire N2 - As the world moves towards green energy production, effective storage and transportation solutions become essential. To support this transition, energy carriers with minimal or zero environmental impact are required. Liquified hydrogen represents a promising candidate due to its emissions-neutral properties. However, its highly flammable nature necessitates adherence to strict safety codes and standards. Storing hydrogen often requires advanced super-insulation materials. To enhance the safety of cryogenic hydrogen storage tanks under extreme conditions, such as those encountered during fire accidents, it is crucial to understand the thermal behaviour of the tank. Predicting pressurization and potential failure in advance demands a robust and comprehensive model. However, still such models suffer lack of detailed heat transfer models which account for various sub-processes during an accident scenario. Hence, this study introduces a comprehensive model for the pressurization of cryogenic tanks equipped with multi-layer insulation (MLI) systemsin the event of fire, which comprises several sub-models. These sub-models account for heat transfer phenomena through the thermal insulation at nominal conditions and its thermal degradation during fire exposure, the fluid, the internal pressurization, and the performance of the pressure relief valve. This study provides valuable insights into the safety and the behaviour of hydrogen storage tanks under thermal loads. KW - Heat transfer KW - Multi-Layer Insulation KW - Cryogenic KW - Liquid Hydrogen PY - 2025 DO - https://doi.org/10.3303/CET25116114 VL - 116 SP - 679 EP - 684 PB - AIDIC AN - OPUS4-63813 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Camplese, D. A1 - Chianese, C. A1 - Scarponi, G. A1 - Eberwein, Robert A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Cozzani, V. T1 - Analysis of high temperature degradation of multi-layer insulation (MLI) systems for liquid hydrogen storage tanks N2 - The interest in hydrogen-based green energy is increasing worldwide, and the same is true for hydrogen-powered vehicles. Among the possible solutions to store hydrogen in such vehicles, cryogenic tanks equipped with multi-layer insulation (MLI) are the most promising to increase the amount of energy stored per unit volume. However, MLI is affected by severe deterioration when exposed to an external source of heat such as a fire following a car accident, leaving the tank unprotected and leading to failure in a relatively short time. In this work, a one-dimensional model to evaluate MLI thermal degradation when a liquid hydrogen tank is exposed to fire is presented. The relevance of taking MLI degradation into account when simulating the pressure increase due to external fire exposure is here demonstrated through the analysis of several case studies. The results show that MLI systems performance depletes within a few minutes of exposure to hydrocarbon poolfire. T2 - ICheaP 16 CY - Naples, Italy DA - 21.05.2023 KW - LH2 KW - MLI KW - Tiefkalt KW - Fire KW - Tank PY - 2023 SN - 2283-9216 VL - 2023 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - AIDIC Servizi S.r.l. AN - OPUS4-57584 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Eberwein, Robert A1 - Hajhariri, Aliasghar A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Camplese, Davide A1 - Scarponi, Giordano E. A1 - Cozzani, Valerio A1 - Seidlitz, Holger T1 - Repeatable testing of a cryogenic storage tank with variable insulation material in fire like conditions N2 - For decarbonizing the energy industry and transport, cryogenic energy carriers have great potential. The storage takes place in tanks with thermal super-insulations, which are in application for decades, but there is only limited knowledge about its behaviour in a fire scenario. This represents a major incident that may generate extraordinary loads on the tank and its insulation system, and that eventually lead to a sudden tank failure. This paper presents a test rig called the Cryogenic High Temperature Thermal Vacuum Chamber (CHTTVC), which can be used to test typical thermal superinsulation’s under cryogenic and fire-like conditions in parallel. The test method makes it possible to measure the heat flow through the thermal superinsulation over time and to investigate the degradation behaviour of the insulation within a test. In the paper results from the first tests are presented. T2 - 18th Cryogenics 2025, IIR Conference CY - Prague, Czech Republic DA - 07.04.2025 KW - LH2 KW - LNG KW - Fire KW - Insulation KW - Safety PY - 2025 DO - https://doi.org/10.18462/iir.cryo.2025.0007 SP - 205 EP - 210 CY - Prag AN - OPUS4-63740 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Eberwein, Robert A1 - Heßmann, Jennifer A1 - Werner, Jan A1 - Scarponi, Giordano Emrys A1 - Cozzani, Valerio A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Investigation of Realistic Fire Scenarios Involving Cryogenic Storage Tanks N2 - The number of vehicles using or transporting cryogenic fuels such as Liquefied Hydrogen (LH2) or Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) increases fast in the land transportation sector. Does this also entail new risks for instance from a BLEVE? A key to answer this question is to research representative fires by its characterization and its effect on the insulation. At BAM’s technical test side in Germany, a test series was started to answer this question among others. This paper presents results on a pool fire under a colorimeter, that simulates a tank. The investigation points out, that the full fire characterization approach allows to represent the fire. The findings are relevant for the investigation of a representative design fire that is applicable for the approval and improvement of tanks as well as to research accident scenarios and their consequences. T2 - Loss Prevention 2025 CY - Bologna, Italien DA - 09.06.2025 KW - LH2 KW - LNG KW - Fire KW - Tank KW - Safety PY - 2025 DO - https://doi.org/10.3303/CET25116031 SN - 2283-9216 IS - 116 SP - 181 EP - 186 PB - AIDIC AN - OPUS4-63738 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -