TY - CONF A1 - Eberwein, Robert A1 - Hajhariri, Aliasghar A1 - Camplese, Davide A1 - Scarponi, Giordano Emrys A1 - Cozzani, Valerio A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - A comparative study on insulation materials in tanks for the storage of cryogenic fluids in fire incidents N2 - Liquefied Hydrogen (LH2) or Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) establish themselves as important energy carriers in the transport sector. Its storage requires tanks with Thermal Super Insulations (TSI) to keep the transported fluid cold. TSI has proven itself in various applications over a long time, but not in the land transport sector, where accidents involving collisions, fires, and their combination are to be expected. The focus of this study is to investigate the behavior of different types of TSI when exposed to a heat source that represents a fire. Therefore, a High-Temperature Thermal Vacuum Chamber (HTTVC) was used that allows the thermal loading of thermal insulation material in a vacuum and measuring the heat flow through the TSI in parallel. Within this study, 5 samples were tested regarding 3 different types of MLI, rock wool, and perlites. The thermal exposure caused different effects on the samples. In practice, this can be connected to the rapid release of flammable gases as well as a Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion (BLEVE). These results are relevant for the evaluation of accident scenarios, the improvement of TSI, and the development of emergency measures. T2 - IMECE 2023 CY - New Orleans, Louisiana, USA DA - 29.10.2023 KW - LH2 KW - LNG KW - Fire PY - 2023 SP - 1 EP - 7 AN - OPUS4-58768 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Otremba, Frank ED - Romero-Navarrete, José A. ED - Otremba, Frank T1 - A computational scheme for assessing driving N2 - The systematization of the analysis, based on the Software proposed in this paper, could contribute to integrally improve the sustainability of the Transportation. KW - Computational scheme KW - Assessing KW - Driving PY - 2019 SN - 978-3-030-22870-5 SN - 978-3-030-22871-2 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22871-2 SN - 2194-5357 VL - 1 SP - 44 EP - 58 PB - Springer CY - Switzerland AN - OPUS4-48585 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Hurtado-Hurtado, G. ED - Romero-Navarrete, José A. T1 - A Conceptual Design of a Self-Centering Centre Plate N2 - Turning maneuvers originate higher forces exerted on the rail and the loss of locomotive energy, at a rate that is function of several parameters that influence the magnitude of the developed horizontal wheel-rail forces, including the friction at the centre plate and the bogie´s yaw stiffness. However, such a friction at the contact surfaces of the centre plate is needed to mitigate the Hunting phenomenon when the train moves on straight track segments. In this paper, a self-centering centre plate is proposed, consisting of a lubricated centre plate, equipped with a spring- and damper-based self-centering mechanism. Simulation results of the proposed mechanism suggest that the energy performance in turns of a train car equipped with such self-centering centre plate is comparatively better, as the peak friction forces linked to the dry friction at the contact surfaces of current centre plate designs, are avoided. The assessment of the hunting performance of the proposed device in straight track segments is proposed as the continuation of this work. KW - Bogie´s yaw stiffness KW - Bogie´s yaw friction KW - Centre plate KW - Self-centering mechanism KW - Turning PY - 2020 UR - https://publications.waset.org/aerospace-and-mechanical-engineering SN - 1307-6892 VL - 14 IS - 9 SP - 376 EP - 382 AN - OPUS4-51241 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. T1 - A lowering friction treatment for railway materials N2 - A facility is proposed in this paper to apply a selective carburizing process to the lateral faces of a railways´ head, aiming to increase its carbon content and to decrease the friction coefficient in case that the flange of the railway car wheel gets in contact with the rail during turning. Such a treatment would reduce the energy that is lost during the turning maneuvers performed by the vehicle, further improving the energy efficiency of the railway car. The facility consists of a furnace, which should be set next to the rails´ hot-rolling facility, in order to use the available enthalpy. The proposed furnace is equipped with what is necessary to avoid the decarbonization of the remaining rail material, based upon batteries of oxy-acetylene burners that are installed at the bottom of the furnace, on the opposite side to the carburizing surface. An experimental facility is necessary to validate the operational principles for the equipment proposed in this paper. On the other hand, a study should also be carried out to assess the effect of any rail welding process on the carburized surfaces. KW - Transport efficiency KW - Dry friction KW - Carburizing KW - Selective carburizing KW - Decarbonization KW - Furnace design PY - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5185/amlett.2020.041498 VL - 11 IS - 4 SP - 2004198 PB - IAAM - VRBI Press AN - OPUS4-50958 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - A method to assess the gravity response efficiency of a truck N2 - In spite that transport activities do not represent the biggest contributor of pollutants emissions, their reduction has been a priority as some other externalities are associated to such emissions and to the transport itself. A crucial element to characterize the behavior of the vehicles against the environment are the losses that such vehicles exhibit in a passive way, that is, without any involvement of power conditions. The energy loses due to the rolling, the drag and to the friction in mechanical components, have been assessed so far in terms of the stopping acceleration when the vehicle idles on a ramp. However, such a testing procedure produces some uncertainties due to the dynamic conditions that are considered. To avoid such critical limitations, in this paper a testing procedure and facility are proposed, which are based on static conditions of the vehicle at the initiation and at the ending of the test, which are assumed to provide a better reliability to the testing. Some preliminary theoretical analysis should be made in order to validate the operational principles proposed herein for such testing facility. KW - Road tankers KW - Energy efficiency KW - Environmental assessment KW - Gravity response KW - Transportation energy KW - Rolling resistance KW - Drag resistance PY - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-511530 UR - https://www.iaras.org/iaras/home/caijes/a-method-to-assess-the-gravity-response-efficiency-of-a-truck SN - 2367-8941 VL - 5 SP - 213 EP - 219 PB - IARAS CY - Sofia AN - OPUS4-51153 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fraňa, K. A1 - Attia, S. H. A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - A numerical simulation of the filling process in the pressure bottle N2 - A filling process of the pressure bottle used for the air storage was investigated by numerical simulations. During the filling process, the temperature was rising up to maximal value and after that started to decline. The good match was found between experimental and numerical results. In order to reproduce the experimental conditions, the process of the filling bottle was controlled by the pressure which varied in time. This filling strategy influenced furthermore the mass flow rate and the air flow velocity. Because of the geometrical symmetry, the simulation was calculated as an axisymmetric problem. KW - Filling procedere KW - Receptacle PY - 2018 UR - http://www.ijmerr.com/index.php?m=content&c=index&a=show&catid=162&id=997 U6 - https://doi.org/10.18178/ijmerr.7.5.558-563 SN - 2278-0149 VL - 7 IS - 5 SP - 558 EP - 563 PB - IJMERR CY - Rowland Heights, CA, USA AN - OPUS4-46021 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. T1 - A real-time GPS scheme to assess safe driving skills N2 - Avoiding road crashes has been the purpose behind many specialized software and hardware systems, involving both active and passive safety principles. Global Positioning technologies were incorporated into the transportation systems with the main purpose of acquiring the position of the vehicle under a continuous basis, for security and economy purposes. However, the GPS data can also be used for assessing the level of safety at which the vehicle is driven. On the basis of the essential data available from commercial GPS devices, in this paper we propose a combined performance measurement to assess the road safety level at which the vehicle is being driven. Such performance measure uses GPS data of the vehicle displacement, including the speed and the acceleration, as well as the course (latitude and longitude coordinates), in an integral driving assessment formulation that can run in real time. Results from the experimental use of this formulation suggest that the level of safety in the driving is time dependent, and that there are risky situations when different factors converge. T2 - ICASAT – 2019 – IEEE international Conference on Applied Science and Advanced Technology CY - Queretaro, México DA - 27.11.2019 KW - GPS Scheme KW - Safe KW - Driving PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49982 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Lozano Guzmán, A. A. T1 - A real-time GPS scheme to assess safe driving skills N2 - GPS-data based calculation scheme for assessing, in real-time, the level of safety exerted during driving, has been described and used. The several variables involved considered the main factors that lead to road mishaps, including the speed, the acceleration and the effects that these variables have on the vehicle when it is negotiating a turn. The performance measure combines three individual performance outputs: speed, acceleration and a hybrid performance measure considering the speed, the acceleration and the change in latitude/longitude. The measures are designed in such a way that weighting factors can be calibrated in order to establish certain critical parameters. On the other hand, the terms in the equations preclude any division by zero of the involved ratios. On the other hand, the simplicity of the equations makes it possible to carry out the assessment in real time. The use of the resultant performance measure to a relatively long path, together with its current average value, indicates that the safe performance of the driving changes with time, and that, for the selected values of the calibration constants, the traveling speed dominates the overall safety performance of the driving. Furthermore, the different calibration constants provide the possibility of considering different types of hazmat carrying vehicles. While many other formulation components could be integrated into the performance measure, this three-component performance measure could be used to assess the driving of a hazmat-carrying vehicle, in order to detect and to prevent dangerous conditions, such as driver fatigue. Finally, the implementation of the different performance measure formulations in a system such as the one described in the introduction of this paper, could be straightforward. T2 - ICASAT – 2019 – IEEE international Conference on Applied Science and Advanced Technology CY - Queretaro, México DA - 27.11.2019 KW - GPS KW - Scheme KW - Safe KW - Driving PY - 2019 SP - 1 EP - 6 AN - OPUS4-49984 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Hildebrand, R. A1 - Romero Navarrete, J. A. A1 - Sklorz, Christian ED - Otremba, Frank T1 - A simplified analytical approach on the dynamic pressures in cylindrical vertical tanks N2 - A simplified methodology is proposed to estimate the dynamic pressures developed within partially filled cylindrical vertical tanks when subjected to earthquake-related horizontal accelerations. The total pressure at the bottom of the tank is calculated as the superposition of vertical and horizontal pressures. While the magnitude of the vertical pressure depends on the free surface height of the liquid, the horizontal pressure depends on the magnitude of the horizontal acceleration and on the diameter of the tank. The liquid free surface oscillation angle is simulated based upon the principles of the simple pendulum analogy for sloshing. The length of the pendulum, however, is set on the basis of a methodology to calculate the free sloshing frequency of partially filled containers. Such a methodology is experimentally verified in this work. The outputs of the model for full scale situations, suggest that the lateral perturbation - sloshing phenomenon (earthquake effect) can generate an increase in the total pressure of 56% above the no lateral perturbation situation, further suggesting that such an overpressure should be taken into account when designing tanks that could be potentially subjected to earthquake-related perturbations. KW - Vertical cylindrical tanks KW - Pendulum analogy KW - Experimental approach KW - Sloshing, transition matrix approach KW - Hazmat PY - 2021 SN - 978-981-15-8273-8 SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-51982 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - A testing facility to assess railway car infrastructure damage N2 - Wheel forces generate stresses in the rail as a function of several vehicle and infrastructure characteristics and operating conditions. The different components of the wheel forces develop strains in the rail which contain an elastic and hysteretic (irreversible) components. The irreversible deformations of the rail would be associated with locomotive energy losses. In this paper, a testing facility is proposed to indirectly characterize the level of stresses in the rail, in terms of the energy that is lost during tuming maneuvers. Different potentially influential factors are considered, including the friction at the Center plate, the wheelbase length, the distance between bogies and the radius of the curved track. The change in the potential energy during a U-turn displacement is measured. In this respect, an experimental model under this operating principle, aimed at validating such a principle of Operation, reveals a significant effect of the friction at the center plate on the energy lost during turning maneuvers, and consequently, on the level of stresses in the rail. T2 - COMPRAIL 2020 - 17th International Conference on Railway Engineering Design & Operation 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 01.07.2020 KW - Energy losses in transportation KW - Experimental methods KW - Friction energy KW - Rail damage KW - Turning forces KW - Wheel forces PY - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.2495/TDI-V4-N2-142-151 SN - 2058-8305 VL - 4 IS - 2 SP - 142 EP - 151 PB - WitPress AN - OPUS4-51125 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -