TY - JOUR A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute A1 - Pfeifer, Dietmar A1 - Monte, Christian A1 - Pilz, Walter A1 - Hoffmann, Angelika A1 - Spieles, Monika A1 - Rurack, Knut A1 - Hollandt, J. A1 - Taubert, D. A1 - Schönenberger, B. A1 - Nording, P. T1 - Traceability in Fluorometry: Part II. Spectral Fluorescence Standards N2 - The need for the traceable characterization of fluorescence instruments is emphasized from a chemist’s point of view, focusing on spectral fluorescence standards for the determination of the wavelength- and polarization-dependent relative spectral responsivity and relative spectral irradiance of fluorescence measuring systems, respectively. In a first step, major sources of error of fluorescence measurements and instrument calibration are revealed to underline the importance of this issue and to illustrate advantages and disadvantages of physical and chemical transfer standards for generation of spectral correction curves. Secondly, examples for sets of traceable chemical emission and excitation standards are shown that cover a broad spectral region and simple procedures for the determination of corrected emission spectra with acceptable uncertainties are presented. With proper consideration of the respective measurement principle and geometry, these dye-based characterization procedures can be not only applied to spectrofluorometers but also to other types of fluorescence measuring systems and even to Raman spectrometers. KW - Fluorescence KW - Standard KW - Spectral correction KW - Emission KW - Excitation KW - Traceability PY - 2005 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10895-005-2629-9 SN - 1053-0509 SN - 1573-4994 VL - 15 IS - 3 SP - 315 EP - 336 PB - Plenum Publ. Corp. CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-10824 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hollandt, J. A1 - Taubert, D. A1 - Seidel, J. A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute A1 - Gugg-Helminger, A. A1 - Pfeifer, Dietmar A1 - Monte, Christian A1 - Pilz, Walter T1 - Traceability in Fluorometry - Part I: Physical Standards N2 - The inter-instrument, inter-laboratory, and long-term comparability of fluorescence data requires the correction of the measured emission and excitation spectra for the wavelength- and polarization-dependent spectral irradiance of the excitation channel at the sample position and the spectral responsivity of the emission channel employing procedures that guarantee traceability to the respective primary standards. In this respect the traceability chain of fluorometry is discussed from a radiometrist’s point of view. This involves, in a first step, the realization of the spectral radiance scale, based on the blackbody radiator and electron storage ring, and the spectral responsivity scale, based on the cryogenic radiometer and their control via key comparisons of the national metrology institutes. In a second step, the characterization including state-of-the art uncertainties of the respective source and detector transfer standards such as tungsten strip lamps, integrating sphere radiators, and trap detectors used to disseminate these radiometric quantities to users of spectroscopic techniques is presented. KW - Fluorometry KW - Traceability KW - Radiometry KW - Spectral radiance KW - Spectral responsivity PY - 2005 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10895-005-2628-x SN - 1053-0509 SN - 1573-4994 VL - 15 IS - 3 SP - 301 EP - 313 PB - Plenum Publ. Corp. CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-10825 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -