TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. A1 - Becker, Ben T1 - Monte-Carlo-analysis of minimum load cycle requirements for composite cylinders for hydrogen N2 - Existing regulations and standards for the approval of composite cylinders in hydrogen service are currently based on deterministic criteria (ISO 11119-3, UN GTR No. 13). This paper provides a systematic analysis of the load cycle properties resulting from these regulations and standards. Their characteristics are compared with the probabilistic approach of the BAM. Based on Monte-Carlo simulations the available design range of all concepts is compared. In addition, the probability of acceptance for potentially unsafe design types is determined. T2 - ICHS 2017 CY - Hamburg, Germany DA - 11.09.2017 KW - Composite KW - Sample performance chart KW - Regulations KW - GTR No 13 PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-41942 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - UN-service life checks by statistical methods N2 - This slides explain the functionality and the procedure of the UN-service life checks as they are operated by BAM as German authority. These are based on the probabilistic approach including evaluation of current safety level and its comparison with assessments of different status of degrdation including extrapolation towards end of safe service life. The similarity to the approach for determiantion of retest periods by BAM is explained. T2 - Follow-up Workshop on Statistical Safety Assessment of Composite Cylinders from Mass Production CY - BAM-Berlin, Germany DA - 05.10.2016 KW - Life time determination KW - UN-service life check KW - Periodic insepction KW - Trace of degradation KW - Acceptance of failure rates PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38955 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - Step by step assessment of test results from composite cylinders N2 - Repetition of the main aspects about the assessment of sample test results of the 1st and 2nd workshop on statistical safety assessment T2 - Follow-up Workshop on Statistical Safety Assessment of Composite Cylinders from Mass Production CY - BAM Berlin, Germany DA - 05.10.2016 KW - Cycle strength KW - Slow burst test KW - Statisitcal evaluation KW - GAUSSian net PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38951 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - In-service degradation - a lack of knowledge N2 - The slides explain different meanings and aspects of degradation; the relevant slides show effects to be measured by destructive tests and their graphical evaluation in SPCs T2 - Follow-up Workshop on Statistical Safety Assessment of Composite Cylinders from Mass Production CY - BAM Berlin, Germany DA - 05.10.2016 KW - Artifical aging KW - Gaseous filling KW - Combined distribution KW - Extrapolation of degradation KW - Confidence level KW - End of life PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38954 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - The sample performance chart & its use for the display of degradation N2 - Display and graphical interpretation of statistically evaluated sample properties; Including assessment of degradation respectivelly aging T2 - Follow-up Workshop on Statistical Safety Assessment of Composite Cylinders from Mass Production CY - BAM Berlin, Germany DA - 05.10.2016 KW - Sample performance chart KW - Mean strength KW - Scatter value KW - Degradation PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38952 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - Summary - Recollection and common anaylsis N2 - The set of slides summarises the expectations of participants discussed during the opening session. Then the most important aspects of the presentations during the first two days are compiled. At the end the conclusions coming out of a joint discussion are presented. This show what participants expect BAM to do for implementation of the PA in near future. T2 - Follow-up Workshop on Statistical Safety Assessment of Composite Cylinders from Mass Production CY - BAM-Berlin, Germany DA - 05.10.2016 KW - Life time determination KW - Determination of periodic inspection KW - Probabilistic approval approach KW - Degradation KW - Monte-Carlo-experiment KW - Failure rate-pressureVolume-curve KW - Acceptance rate KW - Complexity of PA KW - Industrial needs PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38958 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - Potential of PA - Aspects related to battery-vehicles N2 - While concluding the previous presentations, it is explained why and how a statistical approach, in general, and in the meaning of the UN-service life, in detail, would help to improve safety and economic aspects of hydrogen supply by trailer vehicles. T2 - Follow-up Workshop on Statistical Safety Assessment of Composite Cylinders from Mass Production CY - BAM-Berlin, Germany DA - 05.10.2016 KW - Hydrogen energy KW - Storage and transport KW - Efficiency in transportation KW - Hydraulic proof testing KW - Sample testing PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38956 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - Partial Substitution of inspections By Statistical Methods N2 - There are several aspects that - dependent from the design of a pressure receptacle - cannot be checked by the currently mandatory inspection methods. Therefore, in some cases destructive tests are needed as alternatives. This requires the operation of statistical evaluation methods. How it works and why it is necessary is shown for the examples of so called over-moulded cylinders and concerning composite cylinders. T2 - Gemeinsame Tagung der ECE der Vereinten Nationen CY - Geneva, Switzerland DA - 19.09.2016 KW - probabilistic tools KW - over-moulded cylinders KW - composite-cylinders PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37819 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - Needs for safe hydrogen storage - Contributions of BAM N2 - This presentation provides general data about BAM, the structure of department 3 and a short impression of the application of pressure vessels for hydrogen in stationary use, supply chain and onboard storage. It guides to the actions of BAM as competent authority on this area and shows a lot different methods for testing operated at BAM. Based on this additional research has been detected as necessary for a competent tackling of the tasks as competent authority. After having mentioned several important research projects a figure is presented that compares the development of regulations with relevant re-actions of BAM. The outcome was a concept of a risk based definition of accepted failure rates in combination with probability-oriented safety assessment over entire service life. The second aspect raised at INERIS is the issue of advising the BMVI concerning pressure vessels for hydrogen. Since the pressure is high for saving material consumption and weight there is still high interest in changing regulatory requirements. Therefor we developed an approach for the display of minimum requirements of regulations in diagrams (sample performance charts; SPC) and the probabilistic analysis for these deterministic requirements. This is done by Monte-Carlo simulation and the analysis of acceptance rate and survival rate of basic populations all over the SPC. This finally provide same knowledge of non-approvable but safe ranges of parameters and even approvable but non-safe constellations. In addition, this analysis allows to optimise deterministic requirements in regulations to the intended level of safety for approved populations of pressure vessels, which is shown on the example of the GTR#13. T2 - WORKING MEETING Cooperation BAM - INERIS CY - INERIS, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France DA - 23.10.2017 KW - Competent authority KW - Monte-Carlo KW - Composite KW - Sample performance chart KW - Regulations PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-42637 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - Monte-Carlo-analysis of requirements for CGH2-CPVs N2 - This presentation explains how the evaluation of technical requirements in regulations effects safety level. This shown by using the Monte-Carlo experiment consequently. The first step is to explain how deterministic requirements and how probabilistic requirements work. Then the statistical behaviour of the generally unknown basic population can be described and that his behaviour is independent from the regulatory approach. Subsequently, the concept of evaluating sample test results with respect to deterministic requirements is explained. The item “acceptance rate” of the basic population that is behind each sample and behind each individuum in a sample is defined. On this collective understanding, the differences in evaluation between the probabilistic approach PA and the most important RC&S are discussed. Some areas are validated in contradictorily. Then the parameters for acceptance of burst strength in the UN-GTR#13 are varied and opens the door for an accurate improvement of acceptance criteria. Finally, the special aspects of degradation in load cycle testing are shown. There, two aspects must be differentiated, the current reliability and its degradation by ongoing load cycles. This is a convincing argument against the very common opinion, which means that the number of hydraulically tested load cycles pro-vides a figure for the number of acceptable filling cycles. T2 - FiBreMoD Training Unit #5 CY - BAM-FB, Berlin, Germany DA - 05.10.2017 KW - Composite pressure vessels KW - Basic population KW - Acceptance criteria KW - Acceptance rate KW - Sample size KW - Lucky punch area KW - Load cycle test KW - Burst test KW - Scatter PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-43112 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - Open Issues of Insuring Safety of CPVs by Strength Testing N2 - This presentation mentions the most important safety items that should be improved from the perspective of Germany. These are the improvement of the understanding and definition of term "safety", the agreement on procedures for the measurement of safety and the issue of degradation in combination with the safety level to be ensured until end of life. For using probabilistic experience for the whole production adequate measures for surveillance of the production should additionally become mandatory to be taken into account. The essential aspects of these issues are shortly explained and highlighted by especially aspects of the slow burst testing with respect to non-cycle fatigue sensitive designs and the hint on the general scatter of properties (Monte-Carlo simulation). T2 - 1st Meeting of the informal working group on Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Vehicles Global Technical Regulation No. 13 (Phase 2) CY - Brussels, Belgium - European Commission Directorate-General for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs Automotive and Mobility Industries (DG GROW C.4) DA - 17.10.2017 KW - Safety KW - Scatter KW - Cycle-fatigue sensitivity KW - ECE R134 KW - GTR 13 KW - Degradation PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-42638 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - The Sample Performance Chart & its use for the display of degradation N2 - This presentation explains how BAM operates the PA approach for the life-time surveillance based on the measurement of degradation. The starting point is the sample performance chart (SPC) as developed by BAM. There it is possible to show minimum requirements, sample properties and lines of constant survival rates, these lines are called isoasfalia. The BAM provides a tool for the safety evaluation of results from sample testing. Then the interaction to the micro-mechanical approach of the FiBreMoD-project is linked with the idea of a degradation of strength and reliability. This leads to the methods of burst and cycle testing. For both methods examples are shown and degradation is explained by showing data of two design types. This visualise the determination of safe service life. Finally, statistical aspects of misinterpretation of test results and the reasons for the decision in favour of the slow burst tests are explained. T2 - FiBreMoD Training Unit #5 CY - BAM-FB, Berlin, Germany DA - 05.10.2017 KW - Sample performance chart KW - End of Life KW - Loss of safety KW - Micro-mechanics KW - Creep effects PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-43110 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - Concept of a Probabilistic Approval Approach (PAA) N2 - This presentation explains how an PA-based approval concept could work and would substitute the most of deterministic requirements based on a risk based quantification of accepted failure rates. The concept of a probabilistic approval approach is based on 5 separate types of requirements: 1. Testing and evaluation of properties at Beginning of Life (BoL) 2. Artificial aging with residual strength assessment 3. Testing against dedicated accidental loads 4. Surveillance of production quality 5. Surveillance of degradation/ check of estimated end of life (EoL) Each of these aspects is visualised by photos and diagrams. T2 - FiBreMoD Training Unit #5 CY - BAM-FB, Berlin, Germany DA - 04.10.2017 KW - Beginning of life KW - End of safe service life KW - Artificial ageing KW - Design type testing KW - Accidental loads KW - Survaillance of degradation PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-43111 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - Tasks and needs of a competent authority for gas storage N2 - This presentation provides an impression of the boundary condition of the work on composite cylinders on a competent authority. It shows the various kinds of usage, the different tasks and duties around this kind of storage units and the wide spread of technical competence necessary for the substantial research when addressing the legislation. Based on this it shows how we react on changes in the regulations by research and how this influences the regulations, again. As an example, our probabilistic approach is mentioned and drafted for getting mentioned several times during the ongoing set of presentations. T2 - FiBreMoD Training Unit #5 CY - BAM-FB, Berlin, Germany DA - 05.10.2017 KW - Advisement KW - Frequency KW - Consequence KW - Safety assessment KW - NDT PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-43085 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lengas, Nikolaos A1 - Mair, Georg W. A1 - Müller, Karsten A1 - Sklorz, Christian A1 - Wang, Bin A1 - Natasya, Riska T1 - Overview of experimental testing at BAM: Hydraulic pressure, drop and fire tests N2 - Safe onboard storage is clearly one of the greatest challenges for the hydrogen economy. Even if hydrogen vehicles offer better efficiency, technological barriers remain for short-term implementation. Hydrogen storage difficulties stem from its low density, necessitating very high pressure for storage. In addition, the weight, volume, efficiency, safety of storage as well as the cost of the hydrogen must be considered. Safety is of paramount importance for deployment of hydrogen technologies as it is flammable in a wide range of concentrations with air, more sensitive to ignition due to its low minimum ignition energy, deflagrates faster due to higher burning velocity, and is prone to deflagration-to-detonation transition. Various safety measures must be implemented in order to prevent accidental leakage and ensure inherent safety. Today, the strategy of the OEM’s prioritises the development of a single electrical drivetrain platform where the battery pack is mounted in the underbody of the vehicle. The automotive industry aims to use this same space for hydrogen storage systems, with the expectation that such conformable hydrogen storage systems will be available in the next 3-5 years. The main innovations of BAM’s specialist divisions 3.5 and 8.6 in this project are, firstly, the integration of optical fibres in the filament winding of complete pressure to gain a deeper understanding of the structural behaviour under the different hydraulic and pneumatic loading conditions, and secondly, the development of a fire test platform to test the assembly of 9 tubular vessels under the fire test requirements of GTR13. Therefore, a wind damping and splinter-protecting cage was built from protection modules specifically developed for this project. Extensive safety-related tests are to be carried out at BAM during the project period. T2 - Stakeholders’ Meeting CY - Brussels, Belgium DA - 26.09.2024 KW - Composite pressure vessel KW - Drop test KW - Hydraulic pressure test KW - Fire test PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61167 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. A1 - Thomas, Sebastian T1 - Consequences of the reduced minimum burst pressure on the production surveillance N2 - First the acceptance rates resulting from the analysis of different minimum burst ratios and standards are displayed and explained. Especially the problems resulting from a further reduction if the minimum burst ratio are shown. For a better understanding of these results the process of analysing the acceptance rate is explained in detail. This contains the alleged contradiction between safety of samples due to its scatter while the rejected sample provides a higher mean strength. Then the importance of batch testing is explained and leads to the recommendation to have a strong interaction between provided mean strength and requested maximum of production scatter. T2 - 8 th WG on rev GTR 13 CY - Online meeting DA - 02.03.2020 KW - Minimum burst ratio KW - Production scatter KW - Mean burst pressure KW - Batch testing KW - Acceptance rate PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-53147 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - BAM - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung: Hydrogen - Safety in Technology and Chemistry N2 - The presentation starts with some key figures about BAM. Then it introduces BAM's competence centre H2Safety@BAM and shows aspects of special competence of the centre. It closes with information about the engagement of BAM in European research projects on hydrogen and a reference to our bilingual paper about our hydrogen strategy. T2 - 27th Hydrogen Europe Research General Assembly CY - Online meeting DA - 02.07.2020 KW - Material properties and compatibility KW - Component testing KW - Safety assessment KW - Approval KW - Sensors KW - Inspection KW - Gas behaviour KW - Safe handling PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-53155 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. A1 - Bock, Robert T1 - Key points in compressed hydrogen storage N2 - This presentation highlights some key points in hydrogen safety related to compressed HYDROGEN STORAGE. It explains some needs concerning the Market ramp-up: cost and safety related aspects like Risk-control by consequence and/or frequency limitation. Other aspects are the optimization of design and test standards by using Monte-Carlo based assessments and the Generation of probabilistic data as input for risk management tools during the design type approval and periodic inspection. Further safety aspects of design and manufacturing have to be taken into account as well as aspects of operational safety with material degradation, non-destructive testing and appropriate tools for operational files. T2 - The opening of BAM hydrogen refueling station CY - Horstwalde, Germany DA - 03.07.2025 KW - Market ramp-up KW - Consequence limitation KW - Frequency limitation KW - Accoustic emission KW - Monte-Carlo PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63810 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. A1 - Bock, Robert T1 - Burst strength and its scatter as key points of safety N2 - Based on the preliminary presentations in this task force it is repeated how a basic population scatters and its degradation influences properties statistically. There is a remainder on the issue of accepting borderline populations due to the minimum burst ratio requirement. Then it is explained in detail how the analysis of minimum requirements by a Monte-Carlo-simulation works. The result with respect to the further reduced minimum burst ratio of 2.0 is summarised and means a two-step approach of two scatter levels requiring two different minimum burst ratios. The methods for evaluating batch tests are analysed. A proposal for integration a statistical analysis is described in detail. Finally, the positive effect of proof testing is shown and its dependence from the real ageing is shown. This ends in the recommendation to have a stronger and quantitative look on real ageing and to follow the 2 proposed sets of criteria for a safe usage of hydrogen storage systems. T2 - 10th IWG on rev GTR 13 CY - Online meeting DA - 28.06.2021 KW - Basic population KW - Minimum burst ratio KW - Monte-Carlo-simulation KW - Borderline population KW - Batch test KW - Proof test KW - Ageing PY - 2021 UR - https://wiki.unece.org/download/attachments/128419731/GTR13-10-08%20BAM%20GTR%2013-2%20scatter%20criteria%20for%20min%20burst%202021-06-25.pdf?api=v2 AN - OPUS4-53149 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. A1 - Günzel, Stephan T1 - The maximum acceptable consequence limit as a control instrument N2 - The presentation starts with the first agreement of making a national attempt for the introduction of a pV-limit for hydrogen transport. It explains aspects of the technical development, provides an impression of catastrophic incidents, and explains the difference between risk control and consequence limitation. Then the process of determining consequences and the result from the discussion at the UN-WG are explained. The next part summarises the approach for counting the number of impacted persons as a function of the model of pressure wave, the pressure peak, the limits of injured persons and the population density. Finally, the latest state of the discussion and the subsequent recommendations for a pV-value and the adequate phrases for explanation are introduced. T2 - 29th BAM-DIN-IGV-DVFG-Meeting CY - Online meeting DA - 23.02.2022 KW - Hydrogen KW - Pressure recepacles KW - Consequence limit KW - Risk control KW - Population density KW - Pressure wave PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-54608 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - Welcome to BAM and the Competence Centre H2Safety@BAM N2 - The presentation starts with general slides on BAM, its mission and focus areas. It provides the fields of activity in the focus area “Energy” and explains the structure of the competence Centre and its focus on building trust in hydrogen. The next part shows the H2Safety@BAM’s Products“ in a nutshell and explains the main items with deep dives on the Living Lab “Hydrogen Networks”, the Living Lab „Hydrogen Refuelling Station“, on Reference Materials and Procedures, Storage of Liquid Hydrogen, Storage Systems for Compressed Gases and Material Compatibility. T2 - Information Tour at the Invitation of the Federal Foreign Office The Hydrogen Economy in Germany CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 05.11.2025 KW - Living Lab “Hydrogen Networks” KW - Living Lab „Hydrogen Refueling Station“ KW - Reference Materials and Procedures KW - Storage of Liquid Hydrogen KW - Storage Systems for Compressed Gases KW - Material Compatibility PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-65101 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - DE-JP Hydrogen Safety Cooperation - Contribution of H2Safety@BAM N2 - The presentation starts with general slides on BAM, its location, mission, tasks and focus areas. It provides the fields of activity in the focus area “Energy” and explains the structure of the competence Centre and its focus on building trust in hydrogen. The test sides at TTS on hydrogen are explained in combination with the H2Safety@BAM’s products in a nutshell. Then the major H2-applications of H2Safety@BAM are explained by deep dives on the Living Lab “Hydrogen Networks”, the Living Lab „Hydrogen Refuelling Station“, on Explosion Protection, on Reference Materials and Procedures, on Material Compatibility, on Storage Systems for Compressed Gases and Storage of Liquid Hydrogen as well as on the Training and Further Education. The presentation ends with an overview about our international work on H2Safe-Collaboration. T2 - KICK-OFF WORKSHOP: JAPANESE-GERMAN COOPERATION ON H2 SAFETY CY - Online meeting DA - 15.12.2025 KW - Living Lab KW - Hydrogen Networks KW - Hydrogen Refuelling Station KW - Explosion Protection KW - Material Compatibility KW - Liquid Hydrogen KW - Compressed Gases PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-65151 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - Risk management and consequence control in hydrogen transport - volume dependent pressure limitation as a scientific approach for consequence control N2 - With technological development, the transport units for compressed gases are becoming larger and their number is increasing. Simultaneously, the filling pressure for hydrogen in transport has increased far beyond the 200 bar, which has been the common European standard for decades. In total, this increases the potential consequences of an incident, which needs to get limited for ensuring acceptance in current practice with pressure vessels from large serial production. Consequently, the measures for new developments of extremely large and highly pressurised pressure vessels should meet a risk based higher level of requirements. For this purpose, the so-called pressure-volume product was proposed as a safety related criteria to the relevant regulatory bodies in 2020. The approach was accepted, and a working group was set up at the United Nations for developing a broadly accepted limitation of today's established pressure vessels compared to future units with even more gas content. The path to the finally decided limit value of 1.5 million bar litres is presented here for hydrogen with its individual steps: ‘Boundary between major accident and disaster’, ‘The effect of pressure waves on the human body’, ‘The propagation of pressure waves’, ‘The reference value for population density’ and ‘Impact of pressure waves’. This result of the UN working group has been accepted in December 2023 and will lead to a binding limitation of the pressure volume product for the so called pressure receptacles by 2027. The work on units larger than this pV-limit is going on at ISO level. T2 - 11th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety ICHS 2025 CY - Seoul, South Korea DA - 22.09.2025 KW - Safety KW - Hydrogen transport KW - Major accident KW - Pressure wave KW - Population density KW - Science with impact PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64198 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. A1 - Hajhariri, Aliasghar T1 - A modular concept for protection against debris flight - Design, properties and usage N2 - With advances in technological development, stationary and mobile storage units for compressed hydrogen are becoming larger and larger. Their number is also increasing. At the same time, their design has evolved from steel and aluminium to pressure vessels made of composite materials. For safety reasons the design approval of those composite cylinders requires fire engulfment tests, which are mainly organised as open-air tests always needs dedicated protection measures. Under some conditions those protections measures even reduce the effort for organisational safety measures if e.g. the emission of splinters can get totally prevented. Another aspect is the improved reproducibility of fire tests by reducing the influence of wind, especially wind turbulence. Between 2017 and 2019, BAM developed a stackable protective frame made of steel to safely capture splinters for the safe execution of high-energy impact tests. However, this frame was not flexible enough for the follow up project, which led to a completely new protection concept for (potentially) destructive tests on gas-filled pressure vessels. This concept is based on very robust building blocks with knobs and holes of a dimension of 1m x 0.5m x 0.5m made from welded steel. Despite their considerable weight of around 500 kg, they can be combined and stacked very easily like ‘Lego bricks’. The presentation will show the flexibility of the concept, some results of tests on the robustness against pressure waves and the effectiveness in wind attenuation. Finally, the interaction with a new, also modular burner concept for localised fires and full engulfment fires will be presented. T2 - 11th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety ICHS 2025 CY - Seoul, South Korea DA - 24.09.2025 KW - Splinter protection KW - Pressure vessel testing KW - Fire engulfment KW - Destructive tests KW - Rupture KW - Gaseous tests KW - Pressure wave KW - Test equipment KW - Precaution measures PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-65099 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - Minimum safety requirement for CGH2-pressure receptacles: 2nd FDIS ISO 17519 N2 - Der Vortrag fasst alle Bedenken sicherheitstechnischer Art zusammen, die den DIN bewogen haben, ein ISO-Projekt zu extrem großen Gas-/Wasserstofftransporteinheiten abzulehnen. Kernpunkt ist das mit dem Skope des Normprojektes durch Druck- und Volumenerhöhung gegenüber dem heutigen Stand der Technik erheblich angestiegene Konsequenzpotential. Gleichzeitig fehlt ein Ansatz, den von der Konsequenz bis zum kritischen Niveau einer Katastrophe abhängigen Zuverlässigkeitsanforderungen Rechnung zu tragen. N2 - The presentation summarizes all the safety concerns that have led DIN to reject an ISO project about extremely large gas/hydrogen transport units. The core point is the consequence potential, which has increased considerably with the scope of the standardization project in comparison with state of the art systems. At the same time, there is a lack of an approach to take into account the reliability requirements that depend on the consequences, at least up to the level of a catastrophe. T2 - Sitzung des NA 016 DIN-Normenausschuss Druckgasanlagen (NDG) Arbeitskreis Compositeflaschens mit Gästen aus den USA (Convenor) CY - DIN, Berlin, Germany DA - 10.01.2019 KW - Acceptance of a standard KW - Tube trailer KW - Pressure-volume-product KW - Catastrophic consequence KW - Safety goal PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-47280 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. A1 - Saul, Herbert A1 - Wang, Bin T1 - Safety criteria for the transport of hydrogen in permanently mounted composite pressure vessels N2 - The recent growing of the net of hydrogen fuelling stations increases the demands to transport compressed hydrogen on road by tube-trailers in composite pressure vessels. As transport regulation the ADR is applicable in Europe and adjoined regions and used for national transport in EU. This regulation provides requirements based on the burst pressure of each individual pressure vessel, regardless the capabilities of the transported hydrogen and relevant consequences resulting from worst case scenarios. In 2012, BAM (German Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing) introduced consequence-dependent requirements and established them in national requirements concerning the “UN service life checks” etc.) to consider the transported volume and pressure of gases. However, this results in a stringent requirement in case of using large pressure vessels (tubes) on tube-trailers. In the studies presented here, the key safety factors for using hydrogen trailers are identified and reviewed through some safety measures from some countries like Japan, USA and China. Subsequently, the risk, chance, failure consequences of using trailers are evaluated, in addition, the difficulties for approving huge pressure vessels (large tubes) are addressed. There, a maximum acceptable pressure-volume product is defined. Finally, a performance-based criterion for the balance of chance and risk of hydrogen trailers is suggested to add into regulations and consequently into standards for hydrogen trailers. T2 - ICHS (International Conference on Hydrogen Safety) 2019 CY - Adelaide, Australia DA - 24.09.2019 KW - Battery vehicle KW - Pressure-volume product KW - Maximum acceptable consequence KW - Catastrophe KW - F-N-curve KW - Pressure wave PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-50088 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - Burst strength as safetycriteria for type 4 composite pressure vessels N2 - Safety aspects of the storage containments of hydrogen are independent from the kind of usage: The main criteria is the resistance against the pressure load. On the 2nd level there are aspects specific to the usage as e.g. crash loads etc. Safety is achieved when the probability (frequency) of a failure during the service life is acceptable! But an aspect common for all usages is the scatter of properties resulting from the material and the production. Therefore, it is worth to have a look on the current approach of minimum burst ratios from an unknown point of view: the basic populations of a product – based on exemplarily assessments. According to this approach, several diagrams with Monte-Carlo generated basic populations in new and aged conditions have been shown. Thus, it has been demonstrated that not the conditions at the begin of life are the critical ones. No, the end of life properties are the critical ones. This has been combined with the acceptance rate of borderline basic populations. The approach of minimum burst ratios leads to the acceptance rate of 40 % and higher for the approval of critical basic populations – critical due to their production scatter. This problem becomes much more critical when taking into account the unknown effects of degradation and in-service ageing. Therefore, we cannot support the proposed reduction of minimum burst ratio without having a stronger assessment of production scatter. T2 - 7. Sitzung der UN-ECE WP.29 Taskforce Revision der GTR 13 CY - Stuttgart, Germany DA - 06.11.2019 KW - Minimum burst ratio KW - Basic population KW - Scatter KW - Monte-Carlo experiment KW - Maximum service pressure KW - Production scatter KW - Failure rate PY - 2019 UR - https://wiki.unece.org/display/trans/GTR13-2-7th+session AN - OPUS4-50095 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mair, Georg W. T1 - Influence of Internal Pressure Regulation During Filament Winding on Failure Mechnism in Type 4 Pressure Vessels: A Case Study N2 - Hydrogen storage is a crucial part of the hydrogen value chain, particularly in terms of safety and social acceptance of hydrogen technologies. For on-board and transportation applications, hydrogen is commonly stored as a compressed gas in pressure vessels. Full composite wrapped Type 4 pressure vessels are especially beneficial due to their high weight-saving potential and their capability to withstand high working pressures. To maintain an appropriate safety level, the mechanical behavior of the composite structure has been the subject of investigation in numerous studies. In this study, the failure mechanisms of two designs of Type 4 cylinders are investigated. The two designs differ solely in the manufacturing process parameters, particularly the internal pressure applied during the filament winding process. Variations in internal pressure result in different residual stress states and changes in the quality of the composite structure. The stacking sequence, materials used, and other manufacturing parameters remain unchanged. The cylinders show different failure mechanisms in slow burst tests: one design fails in hoop windings, while the other one fails in helical windings, despite no stress exaggeration in the fiber direction being observed with embedded optical fibers or in numerical simulations. To explain the failure mechanisms, the quality of the cylinders is investigated. The results of X-ray computed tomography and pulse-echo investigation, highlight the complexity of the interactions between manufacturing process parameters, residual stresses, manufacturing quality, and the mechanical behavior of composite pressure vessels. Resin-rich areas in the composite material are identified as a possible cause of the differing failure mechanisms. T2 - 11th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety ICHS 2025 CY - Seoul, Republic of Korea DA - 22.09.2025 KW - omposite KW - Pressure vessel KW - Filament winding KW - Slow burst test KW - Failure mechanism PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64462 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Widjaja, Martinus Putra A1 - Joannes, S. A1 - Bunsell, A. A1 - Mair, Georg W. A1 - Thionnet, A. T1 - Modelling an Improved NOL Ring Test Using a Reduced Volume Method for the Characterisation of composite Cylinders N2 - The reduced volume method has found a particular zone to be used for evaluating the strength of unidirectional composite materials. To validate the method, modelling an experimental test where it has the same basic assumption of the model had been carried out. The result was favourable as the model can predict the average value from the experiment and also the time dependent effect. T2 - The 22nd International Conference on Composite Materials CY - Melbourne, Australia DA - 11.08.2019 KW - NOL Ring test KW - Multiscale model KW - Reduced Volume Method KW - Composite pressure vessels KW - Fibre break PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48929 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -