TY - JOUR A1 - Kromm, Arne A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas T1 - In-situ-phase analysis using synchrotron radiation of low transformation temperature (LTT) welding material N2 - Cold cracking resistance is a relevant evaluation criterion for welded joints and affected by residual stresses which result from the welding procedure. Compressive residual stresses can thereby have a positive influence on preventing cracking. A unique possibility of generating compressive residual stresses already during the welding procedure is offered by the so-called Low Transformation Temperature (LTT) filler wires. Compared to conventional wires, these materials show decreased phase transformation temperatures which can work against the cooling-specific contraction. In consequence, distinct compressive residual stresses can be observed within the weld and adjacent areas. The strength of these fillers makes them potentially applicable to high-strength steel welding. Investigations were carried out to determine the phase transformation behaviour of different LTT-filler materials. Transformation temperatures were identified using Single Sensor Differential Thermal Analysis (SS-DTA). Additionally Synchrotron radiation was used to measure the transformation kinetics of all involved crystalline phases during heating and cooling of a simulated weld thermal cycle. KW - In-situ phase analysis KW - Energy dispersive diffraction KW - Phase transformation KW - Low Transformation Temperature filler wire PY - 2009 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-205922 DO - https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-92242009000100010 SN - 0104-9224 SN - 1980-6973 VL - 14 IS - 1 SP - 82 EP - 88 PB - Associação Brasileira de Soldagem, ABS CY - Rio de Janeiro AN - OPUS4-20592 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas A1 - Kromm, Arne T1 - Formation of welding residual stresses in low transformation temperature (LTT) materials N2 - For the safety and cost efficiency of welded high-strength steel structures, precise knowledge of the level and distribution of welding- and cooling-specific stresses and residual stresses is essential, since they exert a decisive influence on strength, crack resistance, and finally on the bearable service load. This paper presents innovative filler materials, of which the phase transformation temperature was deliberately adjusted via the chemical composition. The transformation behaviour of these martensitic Low Transformation Temperature (LTT-) filler materials shows direct effects on the local residual stresses in the weld and the HAZ. These effects can purposefully be exploited to counteract the thermally induced shrinkage of the material and to produce significant compressive residual stresses in the weld. Comparative welding experiments were carried out on 690 MPa high-strength base materials using various LTT-filler materials. High energy synchrotron radiation was used for residual stress measurement. Particularly the use of high energy synchrotron radiation makes it possible to detect the residual stress condition fast without destruction of material. Thereby, residual stress depth gradients can be determined simultaneously without removing material. In steel, gradients of up to 150 µm can be resolved in such a way. Furthermore, the application of high energy radiation permits determination of residual stresses of any available residual austenite contents. Results show significant dependence of transformation temperatures on the resulting residual stress level and distribution. KW - Phase specific residual stresses KW - Phase transformation KW - Low transformation temperature filler wire KW - Energy dispersive diffraction KW - High strength steel PY - 2009 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-205909 DO - https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-92242009000100009 SN - 0104-9224 SN - 1980-6973 VL - 14 IS - 1 SP - 74 EP - 81 PB - Associação Brasileira de Soldagem, ABS CY - Rio de Janeiro AN - OPUS4-20590 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nadammal, Naresh A1 - Kromm, Arne A1 - Saliwan Neumann, Romeo A1 - Farahbod, Lena A1 - Haberland, Christoph A1 - Portella, Pedro Dolabella T1 - Influence of support configurations on the characteristics of selective laser-melted Inconel 718 N2 - Samples fabricated using two different support configurations by following identical scan strategies during selective laser melting of superalloy Inconel 718 were characterized in this study. Characterization methods included optical microscopy, electron back-scattered diffraction and x-ray diffraction residual stress measurement. For the scan strategy considered, microstructure and residual stress development in the samples were influenced by the support structures. However, crystallographic texture intensity and the texture components formed within the core part of the samples were almost independent of the support. The formation of finer grains closer to the support as well as within the columnar grain boundaries resulted in randomization and texture intensity reduction by nearly half for the sample built on a lattice support. Heat transfer rates dictated by the support configurations in addition to the scan strategy influenced the microstructure and residual stress development in selective laser-melted Inconel 718 samples. KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Selective laser melting KW - Support configurations KW - Microstructure and texture KW - Residual stress PY - 2018 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-017-2703-1 SN - 1047-4838 SN - 1543-1851 VL - 70 IS - 3 SP - 343 EP - 348 PB - Springer CY - USA AN - OPUS4-44175 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schröder, Nina A1 - Uhlig, Marvin A1 - Kromm, Arne A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk A1 - Höfer, Kevin A1 - Hensel, Jonas A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas T1 - Challenges in the evaluation of the weldability of old mild steels for future use N2 - For reasons of sustainability and cost efficiency, there is an increasing trend in the steel-processing industry to retrofit existing structures, avoiding costly shutdowns or dismantling. Although welding is a cost-effective joining method, it is rarely applied to old steels, whereas riveted or bolted connections are often uneconomical. Repair and refurbishment frequently require the replacement of damaged material or the creation of dissimilar old–new steel joints. Due to the varied manufacturing processes of historical steels, not all twentieth-century steels are inherently weldable, making an initial assessment of weldability essential. In this study, a historical non-deoxidized mild steel (produced by Siemens–Martin processing) originating from the construction of the Berlin Radio Tower (erected in 1926) was investigated using dilatometry to analyze its welding behavior. A database of welding CCT diagrams and HAZ simulations was established to support practice-oriented welding experiments, providing key insights into their weld-metallurgical behavior and weldability. Furthermore, initial welding trials were conducted, and the local residual stress states in dissimilar old–new steel joints were determined. These foundational investigations are critical for the development of innovative, load-adapted welding concepts for the repair and refurbishment of existing old-steel infrastructure in Germany. KW - Old mild steels KW - Repair welding KW - Weldability KW - Thermo-physical simulation KW - CCT diagrams PY - 2026 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-654784 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-026-02366-6 SN - 1878-6669 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - Springer nature AN - OPUS4-65478 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hübner, Martin A1 - Dittmann, Florian A1 - Kromm, Arne A1 - Varfolomeev, Igor A1 - Kannengiesser, Thomas T1 - Enhancement of the fatigue strength by application of a low transformation temperature (LTT) welding consumable N2 - Low transformation temperature (LTT) welding consumables offer a possibility to enhance fatigue strength in welded components without post-treatment. By lowering the martensite start temperature (MS), the volume expansion during transformation near ambient temperature reduces welding related tensile residual stresses in fatigue-critical areas. To evaluate this effect, longitudinal stiffeners were used, a LTT and conventional filler serve as welding consumable, also high frequency mechanical impact (HFMI) treatment was carried out. Three single-pass and six additional-pass sample series were investigated on residual stress and fatigue strength. The additional welds were applied in fatigue crack critical areas with different weld shapes, achieved by varying welding parameters. Mechanical tests on reference samples evaluated the properties of the diluted LTT welds. Although reduced toughness was observed, no fatigue cracks occurred in LTT single-pass weld roots. The fatigue strength at two million cycles increased from 81 MPa to 121 MPa compared to conventional welds, while HFMI reached 146 MPa. With an additional LTT weld pass the results varied from 138 MPa to 196 MPa, depending to the shape and residual stress state. The results show that LTT fillers effectively enhance fatigue performance, and that weld geometry and parameter selection are as critical as the chemical composition for maximizing the LTT effect. CY - Genua, Italy DA - 22.06.2025 KW - Low transformation temperature (LTT) KW - Martensite start temperature KW - Residual stress KW - Longitudenal stiffener KW - Fatigue strength PY - 2026 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-654520 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-026-02356-8 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - Springer Nature AN - OPUS4-65452 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dixneit, J. A1 - Gibmeier, J. A1 - Kromm, Arne A1 - Schubnell, J. A1 - Lang, F. A1 - Loebich, F. A1 - Carl, E.-R. A1 - Ya, W. T1 - Residual stress distribution of a large component manufactured by AM-DED-Arc from high-strength weld filler material X90 N2 - Currently, DED-Arc manufactured components are not covered by design guidelines, and design factors such as residual stress factors are not defined for such components. This hinders industrial use, especially for components with a remaining surface waviness required by industry. For the first time the stress state of a high-strength, low-alloy, large-scale DED-Arc component was characterised in the as-built state and after cutting off the component from the substrate plate. Complementary methods of residual stress analyses were applied to gain a holistic insight into the residual stress distributions of a thick-walled part. In the as-built state, direction-dependent and position-dependent tensile residual stresses were found for the component at the level of the yield strength of the part. The additive manufacturing strategy continuous spiral deposition has no significant influence on the residual stresses in bead threshold area compared to the residual stresses of the remaining component. For this case, bead threshold is no structural imperfection. By removing the part from the substrate plate, the residual stresses are significantly redistributed. Tensile residual stresses are then present at a moderate level. Compressive residual stresses were determined in the volume of the deposited material. The general consideration of ‘‘high’’ tensile residual stresses in such thick-walled components is rather conservative. Therefore, design guidelines should take the manufacturing condition into account. KW - AM-DED-Arc KW - Residual stress KW - High strength steel PY - 2026 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-655239 DO - https://doi.org/10.1177/03093247251406876 SN - 2041-3130 SP - 1 EP - 18 PB - SAGE AN - OPUS4-65523 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schröpfer, Dirk A1 - Kromm, Arne A1 - Schaupp, Thomas A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas T1 - Welding stress control in high-strength steel components using adapted heat control concepts N2 - High-strength steels are increasingly applied in modern steel constructions to meet today’s lightweight requirements. Welding of these steels demands a profound knowledge of the interactions between the welding process, cooling conditions, heat input, and the resulting metallurgical occurrences in the weld and its vicinity. Additionally, welding stresses may be detrimental for the safety and performance of high-strength steel component welds during fabrication and service, especially due to the high yield ratio. For a development of strategies to adjust welding heat control, all these effects should be considered, to reach a complete exploitation of the high-strength steel potential. In recent researches at BAM, multilayer GMAW experiments were performed with high-strength steels, in which cooling conditions and resulting microstructure were analyzed for varied heat control parameters. The application of a unique 3d-operating testing facility and X-ray diffraction measurements allowed the analysis of local stresses in the weld while welding and cooling under component relevant shrinkage restraints. As a result, correlations between material behavior, welding, and cooling condition and the arising multi-axial stresses and forces were found. Based on this study, statements for the development of adapted heat control concepts were derived, which are presented by means of specific analysis examples. KW - Residual stresses KW - GMA welding KW - Restraint KW - High-strength steels KW - Process parameters PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-018-00691-z SN - 0043-2288 VL - 63 IS - 3 SP - 647 EP - 661 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-48006 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ferrari, Bruno A1 - Fantin, Andrea A1 - Said, D. A1 - Fitch, A. N. A1 - Suárez Ocano, Patricia A1 - Mishurova, Tatiana A1 - Roveda, Ilaria A1 - Kromm, Arne A1 - Darvishi Kamachali, Reza A1 - Bruno, Giovanni A1 - Evans, Alexander A1 - Requena, G. A1 - Agudo Jácome, Leonardo A1 - Serrano Munoz, Itziar T1 - The impact of scanning strategy on cell structures in PBF-LB/M/IN718: an in situ synchrotron x-ray diffraction study N2 - In additive manufacturing, any change of the process parameters, such as scanning strategy, directly affects the cooling rates, heat accumulation, and overall thermal history of the build. Consequently, parts built with different process parameters tend to have different levels of crystallographic texture, residual stress, and dislocation density. These features can influence the properties of the material and their development during post-processing operations. In this study, IN718 prisms were built by laser powder bed fusion (PBF-LB/M) using two different scanning strategies (continuous 67° rotations around the build direction, ROT, and alternating 0°/67° scans, ALT) to provide two different as-built conditions. In situ time-resolved synchrotron diffraction was performed during a solution heat treatment at 1027 °C for 1 h. Ex situ scanning electron microscopy was used to support and complement the in situ observations. An approach to quantify the effect of elemental microsegregation at the cell walls is developed based on the deconvolution of asymmetric γ-nickel matrix peaks. Following this approach, the scanning strategies are shown to affect the as-built fraction of cell walls in the material, resulting in a difference of approximately 5 %, in weight fraction, between ROT and ALT (19 % vs. 24 %, respectively). This microsegregation was observed to be rapidly homogenized during the heating ramp, and no significant changes to the peak shape in the γ peaks occurred during the isothermal part of the heat treatment, regardless of the scanning strategy. KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Inconel 718 KW - Synchrotron x-ray diffraction KW - Heat treatment KW - Laser powder bed fusion KW - Cellular microstructure PY - 2026 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-650958 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.11.214 SN - 2238-7854 VL - 41 SP - 593 EP - 608 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-65095 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nadammal, Naresh A1 - Cabeza, Sandra A1 - Mishurova, Tatiana A1 - Thiede, Tobias A1 - Kromm, Arne A1 - Seyfert, Christoph A1 - Farahbod, Lena A1 - Haberland, Christoph A1 - Schneider, Judith Ann A1 - Portella, Pedro Dolabella A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - Effect of hatch length on the development of microstructure, texture and residual stresses in selective laser melted superalloy Inconel 718 N2 - In the present study, samples fabricated by varying the deposition hatch length during selective laser melting of nickel based superalloy Inconel 718 were investigated. Microstructure and texture of these samples was characterized using scanning electron microscopy, combined with electron back-scattered diffraction, and residual stress assessment, using neutron diffraction method. Textured columnar grains oriented along the sample building direction were observed in the shorter hatch length processed sample. A ten-fold increase in the hatch length reduced the texture intensity by a factor of two attributed to the formation of finer grains in the longer hatch length sample. Larger gradients of transverse residual stress in the longer hatch length sample were also observed. Along the build direction, compressive stresses in the shorter hatch length and negligible stresses for the longer hatch length specimen were observed. Changes to the temperature gradient (G) in response to the hatch length variation, influenced the G to growth rate (R) ratio and the product G × R, in agreement with the microstructures and textures formed. For the residual stress development, geometry of the part also played an important role. In summary, tailored isotropy could be induced in Inconel 718 by a careful selection of parameters during selective laser melting. KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Nickel-based superalloy KW - Microstructure and texture KW - Residual stress KW - Electron back-scattered diffraction KW - Neutron diffraction PY - 2017 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264127517308018 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2017.08.049 SN - 0264-1275 VL - 134 SP - 139 EP - 150 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford, UK AN - OPUS4-41606 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schröder, Jakob A1 - Evans, Alexander A1 - Luzin, V. A1 - Abreu Faria, G. A1 - Degener, Sebastian A1 - Polatidis, E. A1 - Čapek, J. A1 - Kromm, Arne A1 - Dovzhenko, G. A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - Texture-based residual stress analysis of laser powder bed fused Inconel 718 parts N2 - Although layer-based additive manufacturing methods such as laser powder bed fusion (PBF-LB) offer an immense geometrical freedom in design, they are typically subject to a build-up of internal stress (i.e. thermal stress) during manufacturing. As a consequence, significant residual stress (RS) is retained in the final part as a footprint of these internal stresses. Furthermore, localized melting and solidification inherently induce columnar-type grain growth accompanied by crystallographic texture. Although diffraction-based methods are commonly used to determine the RS distribution in PBF-LB parts, such features pose metrological challenges in their application. In theory, preferred grain orientation invalidates the hypothesis of isotropic material behavior underlying the common methods to determine RS. In this work, more refined methods are employed to determine RS in PBF-LB/M/IN718 prisms, based on crystallographic texture data. In fact, the employment of direction-dependent elastic constants (i.e. stress factors) for the calculation of RS results in insignificant differences from conventional approaches based on the hypothesis of isotropic mechanical properties. It can be concluded that this result is directly linked to the fact that the {311} lattice planes typically used for RS analysis in nickel-based alloys have high multiplicity and less strong texture intensities compared with other lattice planes. It is also found that the length of the laser scan vectors determines the surface RS distribution in prisms prior to their removal from the baseplate. On removal from the baseplate the surface RS considerably relaxes and/or redistributes; a combination of the geometry and the scanning strategy dictates the sub-surface RS distribution. KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Electron backscattered diffraction KW - Principal stress KW - Residual stress PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-578331 DO - https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600576723004855 SN - 1600-5767 VL - 56 IS - Pt 4 SP - 1076 EP - 1090 AN - OPUS4-57833 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -