TY - CONF A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Gothe, C. A1 - Scheid, Marc A1 - Krause, U. ED - Makhviladze, G. ED - Molkov, V. ED - Bradley, D. ED - Sunderland, P. ED - Tamanini, F. T1 - Determination of explosion behaviour of nano powders with modified 20-L-sphere test N2 - This paper describes a modified experimental setup for the test apparatus 20-L-Sphere (also known as 20-L Siwek Chamber), that enables the test samples to be kept under inert atmospheric conditions nearly until ignition. This setup was designed to allow the determination of safety characteristics of nano powders under most critical circumstances (e.g. minimisation of the influence of oxidation before the test itself). The aim of this modification was to determine, whether or not the current setup and procedures underestimate the explosion violence and ignitability of nano powders. For this purpose, two different methods, the so called inerting method and the modified method (using a special nozzle called mushroom nozzle) are used. Both methods are described in the paper. The work includes experimental results of micrometer dusts to validate the modified method. Moreover first results of nanometer iron and aluminium dusts are presented, which were kept at inert conditions until shortly before the ignition. The tested nano iron was found to react pyrophoric, as soon as it gets in contact with air, while the tested nano aluminium did not generally show such behaviour. Tests with nano aluminium using the inerting method revealed a higher pressure rise in comparison to the standard test procedure. This could suggest a different extent of passivation. To investigate this effect more closely, further testes with more nano powders are required. T2 - ISFEH7 - 7th International seminar on fire & explosion hazards CY - Providence, RI, USA DA - 05.05.2013 KW - Nano material KW - Dust explosion KW - Safety characteristics KW - Nanopowder PY - 2013 SN - 978-981-07-5936-0 SN - 978-981-07-5940-7 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3850/978-981-07-5936-0_13-03 SP - 801 EP - 809 PB - Research publishing AN - OPUS4-28560 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Romahn, T.-M. A1 - Scheid, Marc A1 - Krause, U. ED - Pierucci, S. ED - Klemes, J.J. ED - De Rademaeker, E. ED - Fabiano, B. ED - Buratti, S.S. T1 - Modified setup of 20-L-sphere for the determination of safety characteristics of nano powders N2 - This paper describes a modified experimental setup for the test apparatus 20-L-Sphere (also known as 20-L Siwek Chamber), that enables the test samples to be kept under inert atmospheric conditions nearly until ignition. This setup was designed to allow the determination of safety characteristics of nanopowders under most critical circumstances (e.g. minimisation of the influence of oxidation before the test itself). The aim of this modification was to determine, whether or not the current setup and procedures underestimate the explosion violence and ignitability of nanopowders. The work includes experimental results of micrometer dusts to validate the modified setup. Moreover first results of nanometer iron and Aluminium dusts are presented, which were kept at inert conditions until shortly before the ignition. The tested nano iron was found to react pyrophoric, as soon as it gets in contact with air, while the tested nano Aluminium did not generally show such behaviour. T2 - 14th International symposium on loss prevention and safety promotion in the process industries CY - Florence, Italy DA - 12.05.2013 KW - Dust explosion KW - Nanopowder PY - 2013 SN - 978-88-95608-22-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3303/CET1331135 SN - 1974-9791 N1 - Serientitel: Chemical engineering transactions – Series title: Chemical engineering transactions IS - 31 SP - 805 EP - 810 PB - AIDIC, Associazione Italiana di Ingegneria Chimica CY - Milano AN - OPUS4-28561 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Scheid, Marc A1 - Krause, U. A1 - Gothe, Ch. T1 - Determination of Explosion Behavior of Nano Powders with Modified 20-L-Sphere Test T2 - 7th International Symposium on Fire and Explosion Hazards CY - Providence, RI, USA DA - 2013-05-06 PY - 2013 AN - OPUS4-28528 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Scheid, Marc A1 - Krause, U. A1 - Romahn, T.-M. T1 - Modified Setup of 20-L-Sphere for the Determination of Safety Characteristics of Nano Powders T2 - 14th International Symposium on Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries CY - Florence, Italy DA - 2013-05-13 PY - 2013 AN - OPUS4-28532 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Krause, U. A1 - Romahn, T.-M. T1 - Modified Setup of 20-L-Sphere for the Determination of Safety Characteristics of Nanao Powders T2 - 14th International Symposium on Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries CY - Florence, Italy DA - 2013-05-13 PY - 2013 AN - OPUS4-28536 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Scheid, Marc A1 - Schmidt, Martin T1 - Brand- und Explosionsgefahren bei der Handhabung von Nanostäuben T2 - 60. Sitzung des Arbeitskreises "Brennbare Stäube" CY - Heidelberg, Germany DA - 2013-06-12 PY - 2013 AN - OPUS4-28757 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Scheid, Marc A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Krause, U. T1 - Untersuchung des Explosionsverhaltens von Nano-Stäuben T2 - 3. Magdeburger Brand- und Explosionsschutztag; 2. vfdb-Workshop Brandschutzforschung CY - Magdeburg, Germany DA - 2013-03-21 PY - 2013 AN - OPUS4-28758 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Scheid, Marc T1 - Tests on suitability of a new pyrotechnical igniter for the determination of explosion characteristics of dust clouds in 20-L-sphere and 1-m³-vessel N2 - Safety characteristics are essential for the design of preventive and protective explosion measures. According to international Standards explosion characteristics of dust clouds are determined in 20-L-sphere and l-m3-vessel. The ignition of respective dust samples is realized vvith special pyrotechnical igniters with energy of 1 kJ or 5 kJ vvhich are defined in the testing Standards. However Sobbe in Germany is the only Company at the moment which sells such igniters. The paper presents results of a comparative study between the 5 kJ Sobbe igniter and a 5 kJ igniter manufactured by Sirnex in Czech Republic. The study has been conducted under participation of BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance (IFA). Berufsgenossenschaft Nahrungsmittel und Gastgewerbe (BGN) and Swiss Institute for Promotion of Safety and Security (Swissi). For the study six dusts from different product groups with various explosion severities and ignitabilities were chosen. The tests were carried out in the 20-L-sphere as well as in the l-m3-vessel. Maximum explosion overpressure Pmax, dust explosion constant Kst and lower explosion limit LEL were determined. Furthermore tests with a high speed and a thermal imaging camera were carried out, in order to compare burning time and flame pattern of Sobbe and Simex igniter. KW - Explosion characteristics of dusts KW - 20-L-sphere KW - 1-m³-vessel KW - Pyrotechnical igniter KW - Dust explosion testing KW - Explosionskenngrößen KW - Bestimmungsmethoden KW - 20-l-Kugel KW - 1-m³-Behälter KW - Pyrotechnischer Zünder KW - Sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen PY - 2011 SN - 1347-9466 VL - 72 IS - 6 SP - 174 EP - 178 CY - Tokyo AN - OPUS4-25285 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Scheid, Marc T1 - Brand- und Explosionsschutz bei nanoskaligen Stäuben N2 - Die Nanotechnologie gilt als die Wachstumsbranche der nächsten Jahrzehnte. Während die gesundheitlichen Wirkungen von nanoskaligen Materialien bereits in zahlreichen Studien und Forschungsvorhaben näher untersucht wurden und werden, sind die Erfahrungen und Erkenntnisse über Brand- und Explosionsgefahren von Stäuben im Nanometerbereich bzw. von Partikeln < 1 µm bislang noch kaum erforscht. Die Bestimmung sicherheitstechnischer Kenngrößen von Nanostäuben – die die Grundlage für eine Gefährdungsbeurteilung und das Auslegen von Schutzmaßnahmen bilden – erfolgte bislang nur in sehr geringem Umfang. Die Untersuchungen wurden zudem in Analogie zu den Verfahren für Mikrostäube durchgeführt. Es wurde jedoch weder überprüft, ob die für Mikrostäube etablierten Prüfverfahren für eine sichere Bewertung des Brenn- und Explosionsverhaltens geeignet sind, noch ob durch freigesetzten Staub bei einer entsprechenden Ermittlung der Kenngrößen Gesundheitsrisiken bestehen. Der Beitrag beschreibt den Stand des Wissens im Bereich Brand- und Explosionsschutz für Stäube im Nanometerbereich und berichtet über ein bei der BAM Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung laufendes Projekt zur Beseitigung der momentanen Defizite, gefördert von der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (DGUV) sowie verschiedenen Berufsgenossenschaften. KW - Explosionsschutz KW - Nanomaterialien KW - Sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen PY - 2011 SN - 2191-0073 VL - 1 IS - 9 SP - 10 EP - 14 PB - Springer-VDI-Verl. CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-24336 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Scheid, Marc A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Krause, U. T1 - Wie brand- und explosionsgefährlich sind Nanostäube? N2 - Die Nanotechnologie gilt als die Wachstumsbranche der nächsten Jahrzehnte. Nicht zuletzt ist diese Entwicklung der veränderten Eigenschaften der Materialien im Nanometerbereich zuzuschreiben. Das andersgeartete Verhalten solcher Stoffe und die daraus ableitbare Unkenntnis über die Interaktion dieser Materialien mit ihrer Umgebung erfordert eine intensive Auseinandersetzung mit der Thematik zur Risikoabschätzung. Deshalb wurden und werden z.B. die gesundheitlichen Wirkungen von nanoskaligen Materialien auf den menschlichen Organismus bereits in zahlreichen Studien und Forschungsvorhaben untersucht. Fundierte Erfahrungen und Erkenntnisse über Brand- und Explosionsgefahren bei der Herstellung und Handhabung von nanoskalig hergestellten brennbaren Materialien bzw. von Stoffen mit Partikelgrößen < µlpm liegen hingegen bisher kaum vor. Aufgrund von Erfahrungen mit Stäuben mit Partikelgrößen im Mikrometerbereich ist jedoch bekannt, dass Stoffe mit abnehmender Partikelgröße kritischer einzustufen sind, da beispielsweise ihre Explosionsheftigkeit und Zündempfmdlichkeit zunehmen. Die Explosionseigenschaften brennbarer Stäube werden durch sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen beschrieben. Die Bestimmung sicherheitstechnischer Kenngrößen von Nanostäuben - welche die Grundlage für eine Gefährdungsbeurteilung und das Auslegen von Schutzmaßnahmen für Anlagen bilden - erfolgte bislang nur in geringem Umfang. Diese Untersuchungen wurden zudem großteils in Analogie zu den genormten Verfahren für Mikrostäube durchgeführt. Es wurde dabei jedoch nicht überprüft, ob die für Mikrostäube etablierten Prüfverfahren für eine sichere Bewertung des Brenn- und Explosionsverhaltens geeignet sind. Darüber hinaus kann es durch aus den Prüfapparaturen freigesetzten Staub zu einer Gesundheitsgefährdung der Mitarbeiter kommen. Da bisherige Untersuchungen zum Brand- und Explosionsverhalten von Nanostäuben den Oxidationsgrad der Proben nicht berücksichtigt haben, bestand die Vermutung, dass das Gefahrenpotential von Nanostäuben bislang unterschätzt werden könnte. Deshalb wurde ein modifizierter Prüfaufbau der Prüfapparatur 20-L Kugel entwickelt, um Nanostäube und deren Gefahrenpotential richtig einschätzen und der Kernfrage im Titel dieses Beitrages näher auf den Grund gehen zu können. Insbesondere metallische Nanostäube wurden bei den ersten Tests zur Bestimmung des Brand- und Explosionsverhaltens untersucht. Bei entsprechenden Stäuben ist zu erwarten, dass sich eine mögliche Oberflächenoxidation bzw. Passivierung besonders stark auf das Explosionsverhalten auswirken könnte. Darüber hinaus ist bekannt, dass metallische Stäube pyrophor reagieren oder sich aufgrund der hohen Scherkräfte bereites beim Eindüsen in die Versuchsapparatur entzünden können. Dies kommt gelegentlich bei Metallstäuben mit Medianwerten von wenigen Mikrometern vor. Da bei nanoskaligen Stäuben theoretisch wesentlich größere Oberflächen auftreten, ist davon auszugehen, dass sich dieses Verhalten bei solchen Stäuben verstärken könnte. Dies wurde von Wu et al. in für nanoskalige Eisen und Titanpartikel nachgewiesen. T2 - 11. Fachtagung Anlagen-, Arbeits- und Umweltsicherheit CY - Köthen, Germany DA - 07.11.2013 PY - 2013 SN - 978-3-86011-058-4 IS - P-17 SP - 1 EP - 10 AN - OPUS4-29533 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Scheid, Marc A1 - Krause, U. T1 - Wie brand- und explosionsgefährlich sind Nanostäube? T2 - 11. Fachtagung "Anlagen-, Arbeits- und Umweltsicherheit" CY - Köthen, Germany DA - 2013-11-07 PY - 2013 AN - OPUS4-29495 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Scheid, Marc T1 - Tests on suitability of a new pyrotechnical igniter for the determination of explosion characteristics of dust clouds in 20-L-sphere and 1-m³-vessel T2 - 8th ISHPMIE - International symposium on hazards, prevention, and mitigation of industrial explosions CY - Yokohama, Japan DA - 2010-09-05 KW - Explosion characteristics of dusts KW - 20-L-sphere KW - 1-m³-vessel KW - Pyrotechnical igniter KW - Dust explosion testing PY - 2010 IS - ISH021 SP - 1 EP - 9 AN - OPUS4-22760 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Scheid, Marc A1 - Krietsch, Arne T1 - Brand- und Explosionsgefahren bei der Handhabung von Nanostäuben oder ultrafeinen Partikeln mit Korngrößen < 1 µm T2 - Jahrestreffen des Fachausschusses "Chemie", Arbeitskreis "Explosionsschutz" CY - Heidelberg, Germany DA - 2010-11-25 PY - 2010 AN - OPUS4-22754 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Scheid, Marc A1 - Krietsch, Arne T1 - Tests on suitable of a new pyrotechnical igniter for the determination of explosion characteristics of dust clouds in 20-L-sphere and 1m^3-vessel T2 - Eighth International Symposium on Hazards, Prevention and Mitigation of Industrial Explosions (8th ISHPMIE) CY - Yokohama, Japan DA - 2010-09-05 PY - 2010 AN - OPUS4-22578 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Scheid, Marc T1 - Brand- und Explosionsgefahren beim Umgang mit Nanostäuben und ultrafeinen Partikeln T2 - 58. Sitzung des Arbeitskreises "Brennbare Stäube" CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2011-05-26 PY - 2011 AN - OPUS4-23828 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Scheid, Marc A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Krause, U. T1 - Untersuchung des Explosionsverhaltens von Nano-Stäuben N2 - Dieser Beitrag beschreibt einen modifizierten Versuchsaufbau für die Prüfapparatur 20-L Kugel, der es ermöglicht, die zu untersuchenden Staubproben bis kurz vor deren Entzünden unter Ausschluss von Sauerstoff zu handhaben. Dieser modifizierte Aufbau wurde entwickelt, um die Bestimmung Sicherheitstechnischer Kenngrößen von möglichst unpassivierten Nanostäuben zu gewährleisten. Das Ziel dieser Modifikationen ist es, festzustellen, ob es bei der Standardapparatur und -prüfverfahren zu einer Unterschätzung der Explosionsheftigkeit und Zündempfindlichkeit durch Passivierung von Nanonstäuben vor der eigentlichen Untersuchung kommen könnte. Zu diesem Zweck wurden zwei verschiedene Methoden (das sogenannte Inertisierungsverfahren und das modifizierte Verfahren mit Verteilerschale) verwendet. Beide Methoden sind in diesem Artikel beschrieben. Er umfasst experimentelle Ergebnisse von Mikrostäuben, welche zur Validierung verwendet worden und darüber hinaus erste Ergebnisse mit Eisen und Aluminium Nanostäuben, die bis kurz vor dem Entzünden unter inerten Bedingungen gehandhabt worden. Das getestete Nano Eisen reagiert pyrophor, sobald es mit Luft in Kontakt kam, während bei dem untersuchten Nano Aluminium solches Verhalten nicht generell beobachtet werden konnte. Die Versuche mit Nano Aluminium und dem Inertisierungsverfahren zeigten einen höheren Druckanstieg im Vergleich zum Standard-Prüfverfahren. Dies könnte auf einen unterschiedlichen Grad der Passivierung hindeuten. Um diese Beobachtung näher zu untersuchen, sind weitere Versuche mit einer größeren Anzahl an Stäuben notwendig. T2 - 3. Magdeburger Brand- und Explosionsschutztag / vfdb-Workshop CY - Magdeburg, Germany DA - 21.03.2013 KW - Explosion KW - Brennbare Stäube KW - Nanostäube PY - 2013 SN - 978-3-00-041601-9 SP - 1 EP - 11 AN - OPUS4-28849 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Spitzer, Stefan A1 - Jankuj, V. A1 - Krietsch, Arne T1 - Comparative Study on Standardized Ignition Sources Part 2: Exploration of the Initial Igniting Volume of Standardized Ignition Sources for the Determination of Explosion Characteristics N2 - There are several standardized ignition sources in use for the determination of explosion characteristics of gases, vapors and dusts. In the standards the ignition source is stated, but they vary in stating other characteristics like burning duration, energy or burning volume. Since heat is not visible under normal circumstances a Schlieren-Technique was used to make the full heating volume and not just the flames visible. While an earlier paper of the authors focused on the ignition energy and burning duration of four standardized ignition sources, this paper focuses on the initial igniting volume, the ratio between initial igniting volume and the test-vessel size and other phenomena that were observed with the Schlieren-Technique-. T2 - Loss Prevention CY - Prag, Czechia DA - 06.06.2022 KW - Ignition source KW - Hybrid Mixtures KW - 20L-sphere PY - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3303/CET2290087 SN - 2283-9216 VL - 2022 IS - 90 SP - 517 EP - 522 PB - AIDIC CY - Milano AN - OPUS4-55028 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jankuj, V. A1 - Spitzer, Stefan A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Bernatik, A. T1 - Safety of Alternative Energy Sources: a Review N2 - The article summarizes a short review of the literature focused on safety in the field of alternative energy sources. With an increasing orientation towards sustainable and renewable energy sources, new technologies will come to the fore. These facts must be demonstrated in occupational health and safety. Several studies focused on alternative energy sources are mentioned and show the trends for the future. Especially in the area of hydrogen and battery technologies, systems should pay attention to acquisitions as a normal part of our lives. Safety research is essential for the acceptance of cleaner, efficient, and sustainable future. T2 - Loss Prevention CY - Prag, Czechia DA - 06.06.2022 KW - Safety KW - Alternative Energy Sources PY - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3303/CET2290020 SN - 2283-9216 VL - 90 SP - 115 EP - 120 PB - AIDIC CY - Milano AN - OPUS4-55030 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Spitzer, Stefan A1 - Askar, Enis A1 - Benke, Alexander A1 - Cloney, C. A1 - D’Hyon, S. A1 - Dufaud, O. A1 - Dyduch, Z. A1 - Gabel, D. A1 - Geoerg, P. A1 - Heilmann, V. A1 - Jankuj, V. A1 - Jian, W. A1 - Krause, U. A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Mynarz, M. A1 - Norman, F. A1 - Skrinsky, J. A1 - Taveau, J. A1 - Vignes, A. A1 - Zakel, S. A1 - Zhong, S. T1 - 1st international round robin test on safety characteristics of hybrid mixtures N2 - There is no applicable existing standard for the determination of safety characteristics for hybrid mixtures. While developing a new standard in a joint research project in Germany first results from parameter studies led to a standard procedure that can be adopted by laboratories that are already testing dusts in the so called 20L-sphere with as little additional effort as necessary. In fact, one of the main objectives of this research project was to keep modifications and adjustments from the generally accepted dust testing procedures as easy and minimal as possible so as to limit potential deviations from one laboratory to another. In this first round robin test on hybrid mixtures ever, with methane as gas component and a specific corn starch as dust sample, the practicality of the whole procedure, the scattering of the results and the deviation between the testing apparatuses is investigated. This paper summarizes the experimental procedure adopted and objectives of the first round-robin phase involving three of the four original German companies, plus volunteering laboratories from Australia, Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Poland and P.R. China. The results will have an impact on the new standard and may lead to robust data for later simulation purposes. KW - Hybrid mixtures KW - 20L-sphere KW - Round robin test KW - Turbulent combustion PY - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2022.104947 SN - 0950-4230 VL - 81 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-56516 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhao, P. A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Krause, U. A1 - Duan, Q. A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Wu, Dejian T1 - Experimental study on the minimum explosion concentration of anthracite dust: The roles of O2 mole fraction, inert gas and CH4 addition N2 - The explosion characteristics of anthracite coal dust with/without small amount of CH4 (1.14 vol %) were investigated by using a 20 L spherical explosion apparatus with an emphasis on the roles of oxygen mole fraction and inert gas. Two methods based on overpressure and combustion duration time were used to determine the minimum explosion concentration (MEC) or the lower explosion limit (LEL) of the pure anthracite coal dust and the hybrid coal-methane mixtures, respectively. The experiment results showed that increasing oxygen mole fraction increases the explosion risk of coal dust: with increasing oxygen mole fraction, the explosion pressure (Pex) and the rate of explosion pressure rise ((dp/dt)ex)) increase, while MEC decreases. The explosion risk of anthracite dust was found to be lower after replacing N2 with CO2, suggesting that CO2 has a better inhibition effect on explosion mainly due to its higher specific heat. However, the addition of 1.14% CH4 moderates the inhibition effect of CO2 and the promotion effect of O2 on anthracite dust explosion for some extent, increasing explosion severity and reducing the MEC of anthracite dust. For hybrid anthracite/CH4 mixture explosions, Barknecht’s curve was found to be more accurate and conservative than Chatelier’s line, but neither are sufficient from the safety considerations. The experimental results provide a certain help for the explosion prevention and suppression in carbonaceous dust industries. KW - Lower explosion limit KW - Minimun explosion concentration KW - Explosion charasteristics KW - Hybrid mixture KW - Explosion regimes PY - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2021.104490 VL - 2021 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - Elsevier Ltd. ET - 71 AN - OPUS4-54074 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Reyes Rodriguez, M. A1 - Kristen, A. A1 - Kadoke, D. A1 - Abbas, Z. A1 - Krause, U. T1 - Ignition temperatures and flame velocities of metallic nanomaterials N2 - The production of materials with dimensions in the nanometre range has continued to increase in recent years. In order to ensure safety when handling these products, the hazard potential of such innovative materials must be known. While several studies have already investigated the effects of explosions (such as maximum explosion pressure and maximum pressure rise) of powders with primary particles in the nanometre range, little is known about the ignition temperatures and flame velocities. Therefore, the minimum ignition temperature (MIT) of metallic nano powders (aluminium, iron, copper and zinc) was determined experimentally in a so called Godbert-Greenwald (GG) oven. Furthermore, the flame velocities were determined in a vertical tube. In order to better classify the test results, the tested samples were characterised in detail and the lower explosion limits of the tested dust samples were determined. Values for the burning velocity of aluminium nano powders are higher compared to values of micrometre powd ers (from literature). While MIT of nanometre aluminium powders is within the range of micrometre samples, MIT of zinc and copper nano powders is lower than values reported in literature for respective micrometre samples. KW - Dust explosions KW - Nanomaterial KW - Flame propagation KW - Minimum ignition temperature PY - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2021.104482 SN - 0950-4230 VL - 2021 IS - 71 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-54076 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Abbas, Z. A1 - Gabel, D. A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Krause, U. T1 - Quasi-static dispersion of dusts for the determination of lower explosion limits of hybrid mixtures N2 - Knowledge of explosion limiting concentration of explosible materials is necessary forthe design of explosion protection measures. Currently employed methods of testing MEC of a dust cloud or LEL of a hybrid mixture are based on arbitrary assumptionsand possess technical limitations that often lead to values of MEC/LEL, which are unrealistically low or poorly reproducible. This contribution presents an improved method for experimental determination of MEC of a combustible dust cloud or LEL of a flammable gas or hybrid mixture. The new setup operates under laminar conditions and allows a uniform suspension of dust particles in an open top acrylic glass tube. Dust concentration is measured with the help of infrared sensors installed a few centimeters above and below the ignition source. In order to evaluate the dependence of MEC on flow front velocity, MEC of lycopodium was determined at four flow velocities. The results show that the flow field intensity does not significantly influence the MEC of lycopodium for the flow ranges tested in this work. Moreover, LEL of hybrid mixtures of lycopodium and methane was also tested at flow velocities of 4.7 cm/s, 5.8 cm/s, 7 cm/s and 11 cm/s and compared with the values obtained from other sources. The results suggest that the requirement of high energy pyrotechnical igniter may be relinquished, provided that a truly homogeneous suspension of dust particles could be achieved. Moreover, the effect of relative amount of dust and gas, on the course of ignition and flame propagation in hybrid mixtures at their LEL, was studied by the help of high speed videos. For hybrid mixtures of carbonaceous dusts (like lycopodium) at their LEL, ignition occurs in the gas phase, however, flame propagation is only possible through a two-way interaction of dust and gas during the course of combustion. KW - Dust explosions KW - Gas explosions KW - Lower explosion limit KW - Hybrid mixtures PY - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2021.104640 SN - 0950-4230 VL - 74 SP - 1 EP - 18 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-54077 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Reyes Rodriguez, M. A1 - Kristen, A. A1 - Kadoke, D. A1 - Abbas, Z. A1 - Krause, U. T1 - Ignition temperatures and flame velocities of metallic nanomaterials N2 - The production of materials with dimensions in the nanometre range has continued to increase in recent years. In order to ensure safety when handling these products, the hazard potential of such innovative materials must be known. While several studies have already investigated the effects of explosions (such as maximum explosion pressure and maximum pressure rise) of powders with primary particles in the nanometre range, little is known about the ignition temperatures and flame velocities. Therefore, the minimum ignition temperature (MIT) of metallic nano powders (aluminium, iron, copper and zinc) was determined experimentally in a so called Godbert-Greenwald (GG) oven. Furthermore, the flame velocities were determined in a vertical tube. In order to better classify the test results, the tested samples were characterised in detail and the lower explosion limits of the tested dust samples were determined. Values for the burning velocity of aluminium nano powders are higher compared to values of micrometre powders (from literature). While MIT of nanometre aluminium powders is within the range of micrometre samples, MIT of zinc and copper nano powders is lower than values reported in literature for respective micrometre samples. T2 - 13th Symposium International Symposium on Hazards, Prevention and Mitigation of Industrial Explosions (ISHPMIE) CY - Online meeting DA - 27.07.2021 KW - Dust explosions KW - Nanomaterial KW - Flame propagation KW - Minimum ignition temperature PY - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-540930 SP - 591 EP - 605 PB - Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt AN - OPUS4-54093 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Krause, U. A1 - Gabel, D. A1 - Abbas, Z. A1 - Dufaud, O. T1 - Quasi-static dispersion of dusts for the determination of lower explosion limits of hybrid mixtures N2 - Knowledge of explosion limiting concentration of explosible materials is necessary for the design of explosion protection measures. Currently employed methods of testing MEC of a dust cloud or LEL of a hybrid mixture are based on arbitrary assumptions and possess technical limitations that often lead to values of MEC/LEL, which are unrealistically low or poorly reproducible. This contribution presents an improved method for experimental determination of MEC of a combustible dust cloud or LEL of a flammable gas or hybrid mixture. The new set-up operates under laminar conditions and allows a uniform suspension of dust particles in an open top acrylic glass tube. Dust concentration is measured with the help of infrared sensors installed a few centimeters above and below the ignition source. In order to evaluate the dependence of MEC on flow front velocity, MEC of lycopodium was determined at four flow velocities. The results show that the flow field intensity does not significantly influence the MEC of lycopodium for the flow ranges tested in this work. Moreover, LEL of hybrid mixtures of lycopodium and methane was also tested at flow velocities of 4.7 cm/s, 5.8 cm/s, 7 cm/s and 11 cm/s and compared with the values obtained from other sources. The results suggest that the requirement of high energy pyrotechnical igniter may be relinquished, provided that a truly homogeneous suspension of dust particles could be achieved. Moreover, the effect of relative amount of dust and gas, on the course of ignition and flame propagation in hybrid mixtures at their LEL, was studied by the help of high speed videos. For hybrid mixtures of carbonaceous dusts (like lycopodium) at their LEL, ignition occurs in the gas phase, however, flame propagation is only possible through a two-way interaction of dust and gas during the course of combustion. T2 - 13th Symposium International Symposium on Hazards, Prevention and Mitigation of Industrial Explosions (ISHPMIE) CY - Online meeting DA - 27.07.2020 KW - Dust explosions KW - Gas explosions KW - Lower explosion limit KW - Hybrid mixtures PY - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-540955 SP - 750 EP - 764 PB - Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt AN - OPUS4-54095 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Spitzer, Stefan A1 - Askar, Enis A1 - Benke, Alexander A1 - Janovsky, B. A1 - Krause, U. A1 - Krietsch, Arne T1 - Influence of pre-ignition pressure rise on safety characteristics of dusts and hybrid mixtures N2 - For the determination of the safety characteristics of dusts it is necessary to disperse the dust in the oxidating atmosphere (usually air). In the standard procedures for dusts this is realized by a partially evacuated explosion vessel (20L-sphere) in which the dust gets injected from a dust chamber pressurized with air. Shortly after that injection (60 ms) the dust cloud gets ignited under turbulent conditions, that are otherwise seen as almost ambient with 20 ◦C and about 1 bar (abs). While there has been a lot of research about the influence of the ignition delay time and the level of turbulence in the recent years little attention was paid to the pre–ignition pressure rise and the allowed variations in the standards. In the following work we showed that the allowed ranges for the pressures in the different dust standards influence the safety characteristics of dust alone severely. Even though hybrid mixtures are an emerging risk problem in an interconnected industry there is no standard for the determination of their safety characteristics. In this work it is shown that especially for the preparation of hybrid mixtures of flammable dust and gas the pressures after injection of the dust and the mixing procedure have a large influence on the composition of the tested mixtures and therefore on the safety characteristics. Considering both effects, wrong concentration of gas and wrong initial pressure, the discrepancy of safety characteristics from different facilities will be too big to applicable. The methods to overcome these weaknesses are also presented. KW - Hybrid mixtures KW - 20L-sphere KW - Pre-ignition pressure rise KW - Post-injection pressure drop KW - Safety characteristics KW - Mixing procedure PY - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-537358 VL - 311 SP - 122495 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Niederlande AN - OPUS4-53735 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Spitzer, Stefan A1 - Askar, Enis A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Schröder, Volkmar T1 - Comparative study on standardized ignition sources used for explosion testing N2 - For the determination of safety characteristics of gases, vapors and dusts different types of ignition sources are used in international standards and guidelines. The paper presents test results of a comparative calorimetric and visual study between four different types of ignition sources. The ignition procedures were analyzed visually with a high-speed camera and electric recordings. In addition to that, the influence of the electrode-orientation, -distance as well as ignition energy on the reproducibility of the exploding wire igniter was tested. The exploding wire is already in use for standardized determination of safety characteristics of gases, first tests on the suitability of the exploding wire igniter for dust testing have been carried out but are not standardized yet. Using the exploding wire, the ignition energy can be varied from 2 J to 10 000 J (2 x 5000 J) and thus it could be used for gases, vapors, dusts and hybrid mixtures. Moreover it can be used at high initial pressures and it is the only ignition source with an easily measurable ignition energy release. Furthermore, it does not introduce another chemical reaction into the system. Finally, a proposal for a standard ignition source for explosion tests on hybrid mixtures is derived from the test results. T2 - 13th International Symposium on Hazards, Prevention, and Mitigation of Industrial Explosions CY - Braunschweig, Germany DA - 27.07.2020 KW - Ignition source KW - Exploding wire KW - Hybrid mixtures KW - Safety characteristics determination PY - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2021.104516 SN - 0950-4230 VL - 71 IS - July SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-52548 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - López de Ipina, J.-M. A1 - Arevalillo, A. A1 - Martín, A. A1 - Caillard, B. A1 - Marcoulaki, E. A1 - Aguerre- Charol, O. A1 - van Duuren-Stuurman, B. A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Viitanen, A.-K. A1 - Witters, H. A1 - Vercauteren, S. A1 - Persson, K. A1 - Bard, D. A1 - Evans, G. A1 - Jensen, K.A. A1 - Himly, M. A1 - Scalbi, S. A1 - Papin, A. A1 - Le Bihan, O. A1 - Kanerva, T. A1 - Tirez, K. A1 - Frijns, E. A1 - Niga, P. A1 - Eleftheriadis, K. A1 - Travlos, A. A1 - Geppert, M. A1 - Himly, M. A1 - Radnik, Jörg A1 - Kuchenbecker, Petra A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute A1 - Fraboulet, I. A1 - Bressot, C. A1 - Rissler, J. A1 - Gaucher, R. A1 - Binotto, G. A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Braun, A. A1 - Abenet, S. A1 - Catalan, J. A1 - Verstraelen, S. A1 - Manier, N. A1 - Manzo, S. A1 - Fransman, S. A1 - Queron, J. A1 - Charpentier, D. A1 - Taxell, D. A1 - Säämänen, A. A1 - Brignon, J.-M. A1 - Jovanovic, A. A1 - Bisson, M A1 - Neofytou, P. T1 - EC4Safenano - Catalogue of Services N2 - The publicly available document encapsulates the first version of the Catalogue of Services of the future EC4Safenano Centre (CoS 2019). The CoS 2019 is structured in 12 Service Categories and 27 Service Topics, for each of the 12 categories considered. This architecture configures a 12 x 27 matrix that allows ordering the potential EC4Safenano offer in 324 types of services/groups of services. Each type of service/group of services is described, in a simple and friendly way, by means of a specific service sheet: the EC4Safenano - Service Data Sheet (EC4-SDS). These EC4-SDSs allow structuring and summarizing the information of each service, providing the customer with a concise view of characteristics of the service and also the contact details with the service provider. The CoS 2019 deploys a map of services consisting of a set of 100 EC4-SDSs, covering 7 of the 12 Service Categories and 17 of the 27 Service Topics. The harmonization of services is visualized as a future necessary step in EC4Safenano, in order to strengthen the offer and provide added value to customers with a growing offer of harmonized services in future versions of the CoS. The information contained in this document is structured in 3 main sections, as follows: • Catalogue structure. This section describes in short the main characteristics of the CoS 2019. • Catalogue content. This section represents the core part of the document and encapsulates the set of 100 SDSs displaying the offer proposed by the CoS 2019. • Online Catalogue. This section describes the resources implemented by EC4Safenano to facilitate the on-line consultation of the CoS 2019 by customers and other interested parties. KW - Nano-safety KW - Analytical services KW - Nanomaterials KW - Catalogue of services KW - EC4SafeNano KW - European Centre PY - 2021 UR - https://ec4safenano.eu-vri.eu/Public/Guidance SP - 1 EP - 72 PB - EU-VRi – European Virtual Institute for Integrated Risk Management CY - Stuttgart, Germany AN - OPUS4-52943 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wu, Dejian A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Krause, U. T1 - Effect of oxygen concentration, inert gas and CH4/H2 addition on the minimum ignition energy of coal dusts N2 - MIKE III apparatus tests were conducted to investigate the minimum ignition energy (MIE) of coal dusts in air and O2/CO2 atmospheres with and without small amount of CH4/H2. The O2 mole fraction (XO2) in the gas mixtures varied from 21% to 50% with the CH4/H2 mole fraction from 0 to 2%. Experimental result showed that MIE of coal dusts significantly decreases even by three orders of magnitude in mJ with increasing XO2 and the addition of CH4/H2. Compared with CH4, H2 had a relatively strong promotion effect on the spark ignition of coal dusts. The inhibiting effect of CO2 was found to be much stronger than N2, but this inhibiting effect of CO2 could be eliminated by 9% increment of XO2. The effect on MIE of coal dusts thus followed by the order: 9% increment of XO2 > CO2 replacing N2 > 2% CH4 or H2 addition. Moreover, two empirical models were used to estimate the MIE of hybrid dust-gas mixture (HMIE), and the results showed that calculated data can well reflect the promoting effect of elevated XO2 and flammable gas addition, and the inhibiting effect of inert gas KW - Ignition energy KW - Hybrid mixture KW - Oxygen rich KW - Inerting effect KW - Empirical model PY - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2022.104772 SN - 0950-4230 VL - 77 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-55888 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Spitzer, Stefan A1 - Askar, Enis A1 - Hecht, Kristin A1 - Gabel, D. A1 - Zakel, S. A1 - Krietsch, Arne T1 - Requirements for a Hybrid Dust-Gas-Standard: Influence of the Mixing Procedure on Safety Characteristics of Hybrid Mixtures N2 - While developing a standard for the determination of safety characteristics for hybrid mixtures the authors discovered, that, beside the ignition source, the mixing procedure is the main difference between the single-phase standards for dusts and gases. The preparation of hybrid mixtures containing a flammable gas and a flammable dust in the 20 L-sphere can be realized in different ways. Either the flammable gas is filled only in the sphere or only in the dust container or in both. In previous works, almost always the first method is applied, without giving any information on the accuracy of the gas mixtures. In this work the accuracy of the gas mixtures and the results of the tests applying two methods of mixing were studied. No significant influence of the mixing method itself on the safety characteristics explosion pressure pex and the normalized rate of pressure rise (K-value) was found. Obviously, homogenization of the gas mixtures can be obtained sufficiently by the turbulence that is caused during the injection from the dust container into the explosion chamber within a short time. However, the mixing procedure has a great influence on the accuracy of the gas amount of the mixtures obtained. Without modifying the 20 L-sphere by installing precise pressure sensors, assuring its tightness and performing gas analysis, it must be expected, that the accuracy of the gas mixtures is very low. This has a significant influence on the measured safety characteristics and may lead to unsafe facilities or unnecessary expensive safety measures. KW - Hybrid mixtures KW - 20 L-sphere KW - Pre-ignition pressure rise KW - Post-injection pressure drop KW - Safety characteristics PY - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-554610 VL - 5 IS - 4 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-55461 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jankuj, V. A1 - Mynarz, M. A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Spitzer, Stefan A1 - Leipik, P. T1 - Experimental investigation of the consequences of acetylene pressure cylinder failure under fire conditions N2 - Acetylene pressure cylinders are widely used in the industrial sector for welding, flame cutting, or heating. Sometimes during work, not only with acetylene cylinders, fires occur and in this case the risk of destruction increases and the behavior of such an exposed cylinder is unpredictable. The purpose of this study is to identify those critical conditions when acetylene cylinders burst and explode in fires. In the present study, acetylene cylinders were exposed to fire conditions. For this purpose, a woodpile as a source of fire was chosen, tested, and evaluated. In addition to the fire condition, this option guaranteed reproducibility and similar conditions for all tests. The individual cylinders were equipped with thermocouples measuring the shell temperature, and half of them were prepared in order to measure the temperatures inside the cylinder. An important factor was the measurement of the amount of pressure that was achieved during the destruction of the cylinder. For this purpose, a pressure transducer was attached to the outlet of the cylinder valve. Exposed to direct fire, they can explode in 10 min, which was confirmed. The critical pressure of 40 bar has been reached in 6 min, followed by destruction after 7 min in fire. Cylinders with internal thermocouples were destroyed when lower pressure was achieved. This confirms the fact that any change of the pressure cylinder affects the original properties. After the tests, the fragments of the selected cylinders were subjected to material tests. The results obtained in these tests are the main source of information for understanding the behavior of acetylene cylinders in fire and the possibility of increasing the safety of intervening rescue services in an emergency. KW - Acetylene KW - Pressure Cylinders KW - Fire KW - Explosion KW - Fireball PY - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2022.104874 VL - 80 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-55755 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Scheid, Marc A1 - Krause, U. T1 - Burning and Explosion Properties of Metallic Nano Powders T2 - Hazards 24 CY - Edinburgh, Scotland DA - 2014-05-07 PY - 2014 AN - OPUS4-30692 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Holzschuh, Otto A1 - Papirer, Thierry T1 - IGNITION AND EXPLOSION PROPERTIES OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF NANO-MATERIALS T2 - International Conference on Safe production and use of nanomaterials, Nanosafe 2014 CY - Grenoble, Frankreich DA - 2014-11-18 PY - 2014 AN - OPUS4-32114 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Scheid, Marc A1 - Krause, U. T1 - Erkenntnisse zum Brand- und Explosionsverhalten nanoskalig hergestellter Materialien T2 - VDI-Fachtagung "Sichere Handhabung brennbarer Stäube" CY - Nürnberg, Deutschland DA - 2014-10-21 PY - 2014 AN - OPUS4-32117 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Schmidt, Martin T1 - Brand- und Explosionsgefahren von Nanomaterialien N2 - Nanotechnologie gilt als die Wachstumsbranche der nächsten Jahrzehnte. Nicht zuletzt ist diese Entwicklung den veränderten Eigenschaften der Materialien im Nanometerbereich zuzuschreiben. Das anders geartete Verhalten solcher Stoffe und die daraus ableitbare Unkenntnis über die Interaktion dieser Materialien mit ihrer Umgebung erfordert zur Risikoabschätzung eine intensive Auseinandersetzung mit der Thematik. Aufgrund von Erfahrungen mit Stäuben mit Partikelgrößen im Mikrometerbereich ist bekannt, dass Stoffe mit abnehmender Partikelgröße kritischer einzustufen sind, da ihre Explosionsheftigkeit und Zündempfindlichkeit durch die Zunahme der reaktiven Oberfläche des Staubs zunimmt. Nachfolgend werden Ergebnisse von Versuchen mit nanoskalig hergestellten Metallstäuben präsentiert. Der Fokus dieser Studie lag darauf, möglichst das kritischste Brand- und Explosionsverhalten solcher Stäube zu erfassen T2 - VDI-Fachtagung - Sichere Handhabung brennbarer Stäube CY - Nürnberg, Germany DA - 21.10.2014 KW - Brand- und Explosionsschutz KW - Nanostäube KW - Sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen PY - 2014 SN - 978-3-18-092225-6 SN - 0083-5560 N1 - Serientitel: VDI-Berichte – Series title: VDI-Berichte IS - 2225 SP - 17 EP - 32 PB - VDI-Verl. CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-31934 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Scheid, Marc A1 - Schmidt, Martin T1 - Burning and explosion properties of metallic nano powders N2 - This paper describes experiences and results of experiments with several metallic dusts within the nanometer range. The nano dusts (aluminium, .iron, zinc, titanium and copper) were tested in a modified experimental Setup for the test apparatus 20-L sphere (also known as 20-L Siwek Chamber), that enables the test samples to be kept under inert atmospheric conditions nearly until ignition. This setup was already introduced in earlier papers by the authors. It was designed to allow the determination of safety characteristics of nano powders under most critical circumstances (e.g. minimisation of the influence of oxidation before the test itself). Furthermore the influence of passivation on explosion behaviour is investigated and additional tests with deposited dust were carried out to describe the burning behaviour of all dusts. For a better characterisation all samples were tested with a simultaneous thermal analysis (STA). To minimise the influence of oxidation all samples were handled at inert conditions until shortly before ignition or start of the test respectively. T2 - Hazards 24 Symposium CY - Edinburgh, UK DA - 07.05.2014 KW - Nano powder KW - Explosion protection KW - Nano materials PY - 2014 SN - 978-0-85295-582-6 N1 - Serientitel: IChemE Symposium Series – Series title: IChemE Symposium Series VL - 159 SP - 1 EP - 9 AN - OPUS4-30903 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Schmidt, Martin T1 - Brand- und Explosionsgefahren bei der Handhabung von Nanostäuben T2 - 61. Sitzung des Industriearbeiterkreises "Brennbare Stäube" CY - Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany DA - 2014-06-24 PY - 2014 AN - OPUS4-30926 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Scheid, Marc A1 - Krause, Ulrich T1 - Explosion Behaviour of Metallic Nano Powders T2 - Tenth International Symposium on Hazards, Prevention and Mitigation of Industrial Explosions (X ISHPMIE) CY - Bergen, Norway DA - 2014-06-10 PY - 2014 AN - OPUS4-30927 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Scheid, Marc A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Krause, U. T1 - Explosion behaviour of metallic nano powders N2 - This paper describes experiences and results of experiments with several metallic dusts within the nanometer range. The nano dusts (aluminium, iron, zinc, titanium and copper) were tested in a modified experimental setup for the test apparatus 20 L-sphere (also known as 20-L Siwek Chamber), that enables the test samples to be kept under inert atmospheric conditions nearly until ignition. This setup was already introduced in earlier papers by the authors. It was designed to allow the determination of safety characteristics of nano powders under most critical circumstances (e.g. minimisation of the influence of oxidation before the test itself). Furthermore the influence of passivation on explosion behaviour is investigated and additional tests with deposited dust were carried out to describe the burning behaviour of all dusts. For a better characterisation all samples were tested with a simultaneous thermal analysis (STA). To minimise the influence of oxidation all samples were handled at inert conditions until shortly before ignition or start of the test respectively. T2 - X ISHPMIE - 10th International symposium on hazards, prevention, and mitigation of industrial explosions CY - Bergen, Norway DA - 10.06.2014 KW - Dust explosion KW - Nano dust KW - Ignition KW - Explosion protection PY - 2014 SN - 978-82-999683-0-0 SP - 1475 EP - 1485 AN - OPUS4-30938 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Krause, U. T1 - Brand- und Explosionseigenschaften von nanoskalig hergestellten Stäuben N2 - Nanotechnologie gilt als die Wachstumsbranche der nächsten Jahrzehnte. Nicht zuletzt ist diese Entwicklung den veränderten Eigenschaften der Materialien im Nanometerbereich zuzuschreiben. Das anders geartete Verhalten solcher Stoffe und die daraus ableitbare Unkenntnis über die Interaktion dieser Materialien mit ihrer Umgebung erfordert zur Risikoabschätzung eine intensive Auseinandersetzung mit der Thematik. Aufgrund von Erfahrungen mit Stäuben mit Partikelgrößen im Mikrometerbereich ist bekannt, dass Stoffe mit abnehmender Partikelgröße kritischer einzustufen sind, da ihre Explosionsheftigkeit und Zündempfindlichkeit durch die Zunahme der reaktiven Oberfläche des Staubs zunimmt. Nachfolgend werden Ergebnisse von Versuchen mit nanoskalig hergestellten Metallstäuben präsentiert. Der Fokus dieser Studie lag darauf, möglichst das kritischste Brand- und Explosionsverhalten solcher Stäube zu erfassen. KW - Staubexplosion KW - Nanostäube KW - Sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen PY - 2014 SN - 2191-0073 VL - 4 IS - 9 SP - 44 EP - 49 PB - Springer-VDI-Verl. CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-31395 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Schmidt, Martin T1 - Ignition and Burning Behaviour of Coals, Gas Emissions T2 - Final Meeting Sino-German Coal Fire Research Initiative, Phase B CY - Beijing, China DA - 2010-03-24 PY - 2010 AN - OPUS4-21124 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Suhendra, Suhendra A1 - Helmis, Mario T1 - Laboratory investigations on the ignition and burning process of coal: Fire characteristics and gas emissions T2 - 2nd International conference on coal fire research (ICCFR2) CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2010-05-19 KW - Spontaneous combustions KW - Coal fires KW - Gas emissions KW - Fire propagation PY - 2010 SN - 978-3-86012-397-3 SP - 147 EP - 152 AN - OPUS4-21461 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Schmidt, Martin T1 - Eight Years of Sino-German Coal Fire Research T2 - Seminar at BRE Centre for Fire Safety Engineering CY - Edinburgh, Scotland DA - 2010-08-13 PY - 2010 AN - OPUS4-21903 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Scheid, Marc A1 - Lasry, M. A1 - Suter, G. A1 - Teske, H.-J. A1 - Stahmer, K.W. A1 - Arnold, A. A1 - Nemcak, O. A1 - Cesana, C. A1 - Siwek, R. ED - Suter, G. ED - de Rademaeker, E. T1 - Validation of alternative igniters for the determination of explosion characteristics of dust clouds in 20-l-sphere and 1-m³-vessel T2 - 13th International symposium on loss prevention and safety promotion in the process industries CY - Brugge, Belgium DA - 2010-06-06 KW - Brenn- und Explosionskenngrößen KW - Bestimmungsmethoden KW - 20-l-Kugel KW - 1-m³-Behälter PY - 2010 SN - 978-90-76019-291 VL - 2 SP - 227 EP - 233 CY - Brugge, Belgium AN - OPUS4-22620 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Suhendra, Suhendra A1 - Helmis, Mario T1 - Laboratory Investigations on the Ignition and Burning Process of Coal: Fire Characteristics and Gas Emissions T2 - 2nd International Conference on Coal Fire Research ICCFR2 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2010-05-19 PY - 2010 AN - OPUS4-21389 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Scheid, Marc A1 - Krietsch, Arne T1 - Untersuchungen zur Eignung eines alternativen pyrotechnischen Zünders zur Bestimmung von sicherheitstechnischen Kenngrößen in 20-l-Kugel und 1-m³-Behälter T2 - 57. Sitzung des Arbeiskreises "Brennbare Stäube" CY - Freiberg, Germany DA - 2010-06-23 PY - 2010 AN - OPUS4-21743 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Scheid, Marc T1 - Experimentelle Untersuchung zum Einfluss eines neuen pyrotechnischen Zünders auf die ermittelten STK T2 - Interschutz - Internationale Leitmesse für Rettung, Brand- und Katastrophenschutz und Sicherheit CY - Leipzig, Germany DA - 2010-06-07 PY - 2010 AN - OPUS4-21746 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Scheid, Marc A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Lasry, M. A1 - Suter, G. A1 - Teske, H.-J. A1 - Stahmer, K. W. A1 - Arnold, A. A1 - Nemcak, O. A1 - Cesana, C. A1 - Siwek, R. T1 - Validation of alternative igniters for the determination explosion characteristics of dust clouds in 20-l-sphere and 1-m³-vessel T2 - 13th International Symposium on Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries CY - Bruges, Belgium DA - 2010-06-06 PY - 2010 AN - OPUS4-21747 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Scheid, Marc A1 - Krietsch, Arne T1 - Brand- und Explosionsgefahren bei der Handhabung nanokaliger Stäube T2 - Vortrag beim Treffen des Arbeitskreises "Erfahrungsaustausch Ex-Schutz-Dokument" des Fachausschuss Metall und Oberflächenbehandlung der DGUV/BG Holz und Metall CY - Alfeld, Germany DA - 2011-05-12 PY - 2011 AN - OPUS4-23697 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Scheid, Marc A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Krause, U. T1 - Explosion behaviour of metallic nano powders N2 - This paper describes experiences and results of experiments with several metallic dusts within the nanometer range. The nano dusts (aluminium, iron, zinc, titanium and copper) were tested in a modified experimental setup for the test apparatus 20 L-sphere (also known as 20-L Siwek Chamber), that enables the test samples to be kept under inert atmospheric conditions nearly until ignition. This setup was already introduced in earlier papers by the authors. It was designed to allow the determination of safety characteristics of nano powders under most critical circumstances (e.g. minimisation of the influence of oxidation before the test itself). Furthermore the influence of passivation on explosion behaviour is investigated and additional tests with deposited dust were carried out to describe the burning behaviour of all dusts. For a better characterisation all samples were tested with a simultaneous thermal analysis (STA). To minimise the influence of oxidation all samples were handled at inert conditions until shortly before ignition or start of the test respectively. KW - Dust explosion KW - Nano powder KW - Ignition KW - Explosion protection PY - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2015.03.016 SN - 0950-4230 SN - 1873-3352 VL - 36 SP - 237 EP - 243 PB - Butterworth CY - Guildford, Surrey AN - OPUS4-33026 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Schmidt, Martin T1 - Nanoskalig hergestellte Materialien - Neueste Erkenntnisse T2 - 12. Fachtagung Anlagen-, Arbeits- und Umweltsicherheit CY - Köthen DA - 2015-11-05 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-34788 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Santandrea, A. A1 - Vignes, A. A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Brunello, D. A1 - Perrin, L. A1 - Laurent, A. A1 - Dufaud, O. T1 - Evaluating the explosion severity of nanopowders: International standards versus reality N2 - The maximum explosion overpressure and the maximum rate of pressure rise, which characterize thedust explosion severity, are commonly measured in apparatuses and under specific conditions defined byinternational standards. However, those standards conditions, designed for micropowders, may not befully adapted to nanoparticles. Investigations were conducted on different nanopowders (nanocellulose,carbon black, aluminum) to illustrate their specific behaviors and highlight the potential inadequacyof the standards. The influence of the sample preparation was explored. Various testing procedureswere compared, focusing on the dust cloud turbulence and homogeneity. Dust dispersion experimentsevidenced the importance of the characterization of the dust cloud after dispersion, due to the frag-mentation of agglomerates, using metrics relevant with nanoparticles reactivity (e.g. surface diameterinstead of volume diameter). Moreover, the overdriving phenomenon (when the experimental resultsbecome dependent of the ignition energy), already identified for micropowders, can be exacerbated fornanoparticles due to their low minimum ignition energy and to the high energy used under standardconditions. It was evidenced that for highly sensitive nanopowders, pre-ignition phenomenon can occur.Finally, during severe explosions and due to a too long opening delay of the ‘fast acting valve’, the flamecan go back to the dust container. KW - Dust explosions KW - Gas explosions KW - Minimum ignition temperature KW - Hybrid mixtures PY - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2020.04.011 VL - 138 SP - 279 EP - 291 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-50944 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Schmidt, Martin T1 - Nanoskalig hergestellte Materialien - neueste Erkenntnisse N2 - Die steigende Produktion und Nachfrage von Materialien mit Primärpartikelgrößen im Nanometerbereich (insbesondere wegen der veränderten Eigenschaften) erfordert eine intensive Auseinandersetzung mit der Thematik zur Risikoabschätzung. Sogenannte Nanostäube können aus brennbaren Ausgangsmaterialien bestehen. Beispiele für brennbare Nanostäube, die in großen Mengen hergestellt werden, sind Metallstäube, Ruße (Carbon Black) oder andere Kohlenstoffverbindungen, welche u. a. für die Herstellung von Gummi, Kunststoffen, Beschichtungsstoffen oder Farben verwendet werden. Aufgrund von Erfahrungen mit Stäuben mit Partikelgrößen im Mikrometerbereich ist bekannt, dass Stoffe mit abnehmender Partikelgröße kritischer einzustufen sind, da z.B. maximaler Explosionsdruck, zeitlicher Druckanstieg und Zündempfindlichkeit durch die Zunahme der reaktiven Oberfläche des Staubes zunimmt. Alle Erkenntnisse zum Ablauf von Staubexplosionen, aus der Auswertung von Schadensereignissen sowie aus der Bestimmung sicherheitstechnischer Kenngrößen und hierbei gefundene Abhängigkeiten basieren auf Schadensereignissen bzw. Untersuchungen von Stäuben mit Korngrößen im Bereich von Mikrometern. Inwieweit sich die Erkenntnisse auf feinere Partikel bis hin zum Nanometerbereich übertragen lassen, wurde im Rahmen der durchgeführten Arbeiten näher untersucht. In diesem Beitrag werden die wesentlichen Ergebnisse kurz dargestellt und basieren auf den Arbeiten im Zuge der Dissertationsschrift zum Brand- und Explosionsverhalten von Nanostäuben. T2 - 12. Fachtagung Anlagen-, Arbeits- und Umweltsicherheit CY - Köthen, Germany DA - 05.11.2015 KW - Explosionsschutz KW - Brennbare Stäube KW - Nanomaterialien KW - Nanostäube PY - 2015 SN - 978-3-86011-091-1 SP - F-01 EP - 1-10 AN - OPUS4-34943 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Scheid, Marc A1 - Krause, U. T1 - Brand- und Explosionsgefahren von nanoskaligen Metallstäuben T2 - Jahrestreffen der ProcessNet-Fachgruppe "Agglomerations- und Schüttguttechnik" mit Beteiligung der Fachgemeinschaft "Anlagen- und Prozesssicherheit" CY - Magdeburg, Germany DA - 2014-03-10 PY - 2014 AN - OPUS4-30445 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Kwangvitayanon, Yolada A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Klippel, Alexander A1 - Schröder, Volkmar A1 - Scheid, M. T1 - Validation of the new ignition source 'exploding wire' for dust explosion testing in the 20-L-sphere N2 - The safety characteristics Maximum Explosion Pressure pniB, Maximum Explosion Pressure Rise (dp/dt)™* and Lower Explosion Limit LEL are determined in closed vessels such as the 20-L-sphere according to international Standards. Dust ignition is carried out using pyrotechnical igniters which are defined in the Standards. Due to various disadvantages of pyrotechnical igniters the need for alternative ignition sources arises again and again. Studies at the Federal Institute for Material Research and Testing (BAM) with ignition units which were able to generate ignition energies up to 2000 J showed that the so-called “exploding wire” or “fuse wire“ is suitable as an alternative ignition source. The paper presents further test results for the Validation of the exploding wire for the determination of Pm» and (dp/dt)mx in the 20-L-sphere. The tests were performed with a new ignition unit and improved electrodes which allowed ignition energies up to 10000 J. The paper also analyses propagation of flame and electrical arc on basis of high speed camera recordings. Turbulence measurements with a LDA System in the 20-L-sphere allowed investigation whether the activation of the ignition sources has an influence on the turbulence field generated during dust dispersion and whether the influence differs depending on the ignition source. T2 - Hazards 24 Symposium CY - Edinburgh, UK DA - 07.05.2014 KW - Dust explosion testing KW - Exploding wire KW - Explosion characteristics KW - Ignition source PY - 2014 SN - 978-0-85295-582-6 N1 - Serientitel: IChemE Symposium Series – Series title: IChemE Symposium Series VL - 159 SP - 1 EP - 7 AN - OPUS4-31145 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Dufaud, O. A1 - Santandrea, A. A1 - Vignes, A. A1 - Perrin, L. A1 - Laurent, A. T1 - Some keys considerations when evaluating explosion severity of nanopowders N2 - Protection from explosion events requires the determination of key safety parameters like lower explosion limit. maximum Explosion over-pressure. and maximum rate of pressure rise. These Parameters are routinely obtained through standard tests performed typically either in a 20 L -sphere or a 1 m3-container. But several aspects are worth a closer investigation. Firstly, the test apparatus must be able to disperse a fairly uniform dust cloud. However. previous investigations showed that actually the current dispersion System can be improved. Secondly, the influence of humidity on the explosivity is not considered in current standards. lt is just stated that the relative humidity should be checked and noted down. though some provisions exist in American standards. Thirdly. the ignition delay time is sometimes modified to study the impact of the dust cloud turbulence on flame propagation but is often misunderstood. Maybe these aspects have not been thoroughly considered for micron powders. However. in the case of nanopowders. the importance of these influencing factors was shown in order to duly evaluate explosion parameters. Experimental evidences confirm these aspects and alternative solutions will be presented. T2 - Loss Prevention Symposium 2019 CY - Delft, Netherlands DA - 16.06.2019 KW - Nanopowders KW - Dust explosion KW - Safety characteristics PY - 2019 SN - 978-88-95608-72-3 SN - 2283-9216 VL - 75 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - AIDIC AN - OPUS4-49547 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Reyes Rodriguez, M. A1 - Kristen, A. A1 - Kadoke, Daniel A1 - Abbas, Z. A1 - Krause, U. T1 - Zündverhalten und Flammenausbreitung metallischer Nanostäube N2 - Die Produktion von Materialien mit Abmessungen im Nanometerbereich hat in den letzten Jahren immer weiter zugenommen. Um die Sicherheit beim Umgang mit diesen Produkten zu gewährleisten, muss das Gefahrenpotenzial solcher innovativen Materialien bekannt sein. Während bereits in mehreren Studien die Auswirkungen von Explosionen (wie z.B. maximaler Explosionsdruck und maximaler zeitlicher Druckanstieg) von Stäuben mit Primärpartikeln im Nanometerbereich untersucht wurden, ist darüber hinaus bislang wenig über die Zündtemperaturen und die Flammenausbreitungsgeschwindigkeiten solcher Pulver bekannt. Problematisch bei der Untersuchung der Flammengeschwindigkeiten von Staubexplosionen allgemein ist, dass die Stäube vor dem Entzünden dispergiert werden müssen. Auf diese Weise wird eine gute Verteilung der Partikel im entsprechenden Prüfvolumen sichergestellt. Dies führt jedoch dazu, dass zum Zündzeitpunkt in den Standardprüfapparaturen hohe Turbulenzbedingungen vorherrschen. Aus wissenschaftlicher Sicht wäre es jedoch wünschenswert, die laminare Flammenausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit bestimmen zu können. Im Beitrag werden Ergebnisse von Versuchen mit verschiedenen metallischen Materialien und Partikelgrößenverteilungen vorgestellt. Ziel dieser Versuche war es, die Turbulenzbedingungen zum Zündzeitpunkt durch einen speziellen Versuchsaufbau möglichst zu minimieren. Die Flammenausbreitung wurde experimentell in einem vertikalen Rohr untersucht, das an einer Seite offen ist. Das Rohr wird auf einen metallischen Boden gestellt, der gleichzeitig die Staubprobe vorhält und die Luftzufuhr in das Rohr ermöglicht. Eine poröse Platte befindet sich innerhalb des metallischen Bodens, um die Turbulenzen im Luftstrom zu reduzieren. Die Zündquelle wird durch einen Hochspannungsfunken von zwei Elektroden bereitgestellt, die sich auf einem Drittel der Rohrlänge befinden. Die Staubkonzentration wird optisch (durch Lichtdämpfung) mit zwei Konzentrationssonden gemessen, die jeweils unter den Elektroden (unten) und über ihnen (oben) angeordnet sind. Die Flammenausbreitung wurde mit einer Hochgeschwindigkeitskamera aufgezeichnet. Zur besseren Einordnung der Versuchsergebnisse wurden die untersuchten Proben eingehend charakterisiert und die Zündtemperaturen und unteren Explosionsgrenzen der untersuchten Staubproben bestimmt. T2 - 14. Fachtagung Anlagen-, Arbeits- und Umweltschutz CY - Köthen, Germany DA - 07.11.2019 KW - Nanomaterialien KW - Flammengeschwindigkeit KW - Mindestzündtemperatur KW - Brand- und Explosionsschutz PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-50106 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Vignes, A. A1 - Dufaud, O. A1 - Santandréa, A. A1 - Perrin, L. A1 - Bouillard, J. T1 - Course of Explosion Behaviour of Metallic Powders - from Micron to Nanosize N2 - This work presents an overview about the explosion behaviour of metallic powders from micron to nanosize. Aluminium, magnesium, titanium, iron and zinc were considered and their explosion safety parameters were analysed as a function of their mean primary particle size either determined by BET measurements, particle size distribution. To depict the course of explosion behaviour for these metals, extensive literature review has been performed and additional experimental tests were also performed. Generally, decreasing the particle size in a metallic powder leads to a higher explosion severity. It appears that this statement is true till a critical Diameter below which the explosion severity (pmax, dp/dtmax) decreases for all the considered powders. This critical size can be explained by theoretical considerations on the nature of thermal transfer in the flame, namely by analysing the Cassel model. Finally, semi-empirical models were also developed for aluminium to highlight the specific micrometre and nanometre behaviour and the influence of turbulence, particle burning time, Diameter and concentration. The influence of these key parameters needs to be further assessed in a future work in order to better understand the mechanisms involved and to extend the scope to other powdered materials. KW - Dust explosion KW - Metallic powders KW - Nanopowder KW - Nanomaterials PY - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120767 VL - 379 SP - 120767-1 EP - 120767-9 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-48711 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Spitzer, Stefan A1 - Askar, Enis A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Schröder, Volkmar T1 - Entwicklungen zu Bestimmungsverfahren für sicherheitstechnische Kenngrössen hybrider Gemische N2 - Zur Bestimmung sicherheitstechnischer Kenngrößen (STK) von hybriden Gemischen (Gemisch aus mindestens zwei brennbaren Phasen, wie z.B. Staub/Gas- oder Gas/Dampf-Gemisch) existieren bislang keine einheitlichen, genormten Prüfmethoden. Die Normen und Regelwerke zur Bestimmung der STK von einphasigen brennbaren Systemen (Staub, Gas, Dampf) unterscheiden sich teilweise erheblich. Beispielsweise sind in den jeweiligen Normen für Stäube, Gase und Dämpfe unterschiedliche Zündquellen und Zündenergien definiert. Des Weiteren unterscheiden sich die in den Normen definierten Prüfabläufe bei der Gemischherstellung. Bei der Entwicklung einer einheitlichen Norm für hybride Gemische muss der Einfluss dieser beiden Parameter ermittelt werden, um die Vergleichbarkeit mit den STK der einzelnen Komponenten Gas, Staub und Dampf gewährleisten zu können und bisherige Erkenntnisse zu hybriden Gemischen interpretieren und bewerten zu können. T2 - VDI-Fachtagung "Sichere Handhabung brennbarer Stäube" CY - Online meeting DA - 04.11.2020 KW - Explodierender Draht KW - Sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen KW - Hybride Gemische PY - 2020 SN - 978-3-18-092376-5 SN - 0083-5560 VL - 2376 SP - 3 EP - 15 PB - VDI Verlag GmbH CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-51789 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Spitzer, Stefan A1 - Askar, Enis A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Schröder, Volkmar T1 - Comparative study on standardized ignition sources used for explosion testing N2 - For the determination of safety characteristics of gases, vapors and dusts different types of ignition sources are used in international standards and guidelines. Table 1 compares technical relevant ignition sources with their main features. The paper presents test results of a comparative calorimetric and visual study between four different types of ignition sources. The ignition procedures were analyzed visually with a high-speed camera and electric recordings. In addition to that, the influence of the electrode-orientation, -distance as well as ignition energy on the reproducibility of the exploding wire igniter was tested. The exploding wire is already in use for standardized determination of safety characteristics of gases, first tests on the suitability of the exploding wire igniter for dust testing have been carried out by Scheid et al. Using the exploding wire, the ignition energy can be varied from 2 to 10 000 J (2 x 5 000 J) and thus it could be used for gases, vapors, dusts and hybrid mixtures. Moreover it can be used at high initial pressures and it is the only ignition source with an easily measurable ignition energy release. Furthermore, it does not introduce another chemical reaction into the system. Finally, a proposal for a standard ignition source for explosion tests on hybrid mixtures is derived from the test results. T2 - 13th International Symposium on Hazards, Prevention and Mitigation of Industrial Explosions CY - Online meeting DA - 27.07.2020 KW - Ignition source KW - Exploding Wire KW - Hybrid mixtures KW - Safety characteristics determination PY - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-517908 UR - https://oar.ptb.de/files/download/5f3e662f4c93901010006dbf VL - 13 SP - 864 EP - 875 PB - PTB Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig AN - OPUS4-51790 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Zakel, S. A1 - Schröder, Volkmar A1 - Askar, Enis A1 - Gabel, D. A1 - Hirsch, W. A1 - Kleinert, J. A1 - Krause, U. A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Meistes, J. A1 - Sachtleben, A. A1 - Schmidt, Martin T1 - Sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen des Explosionsschutzes von hybriden Stoffgemischen - Normungsfähige Bestimmungsverfahren N2 - In diesem Verbundvorhaben werden standardisierte Messverfahren für hybride Gemische erarbeitet, die der Bestimmung sicherheitstechnischer Kenngrößen des Explosionsschutzes dienen. Unter einem hybriden Gemisch wird dabei ein mehrphasiges System aus Brenngas oder brennbarem Dampf, sowie Luft und brennbarem Staub verstanden. Die Veröffentlichung der Ergebnisse erfolgt in einem Abschlussbericht und als DIN-Spezifikation (DIN SPEC). Diese DIN SPEC versetzt Prüfinstitute und Industrie in die Lage, Explosionsgefahren beim Betrieb technischer Anlagen mit hybriden Gemischen einzuschätzen und damit Prozesse sowohl sicherer als auch effizienter zu steuern. Dieses Projekt wird im Rahmen des WIPANOProgramms (Wissens- und Technologietransfer durch Patente und Normen) vom BMWi gefördert. T2 - 14. Fachtagung Anlagen-, Arbeits- und Umweltsicherheit CY - Köthen, Germany DA - 07.11.2019 KW - Explosionsschutz KW - Sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen KW - Hybride Gemische KW - Normung PY - 2019 SN - 978-3-89746-220-5 SP - 73 CY - Frankfurt am Main AN - OPUS4-49954 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krietsch, Arne T1 - Brand- und Explosionsgefahren von "Nanostäuben" N2 - In vielen Bereichen der Industrie und im verarbeitenden Gewerbe werden eine Vielzahl brennbarer Stäube gezielt oder ungewollt produziert, verarbeitet, transportiert oder anderweitig verwendet. Je nach Material- und Staubeigenschaften weisen diese eine teilweise sehr hohe Reaktivität auf. Es gilt weiterhin als allgemein bekannt, dass die Partikelgröße einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf das Brand- und Explosionsverhalten von Stäuben ausübt. Mit Abnahme der Partikelgröße nehmen die gefährlichen Auswirkungen im Falle einer Explosion und die Zündempfindlichkeit der Stäube zu. Aufgrund der veränderten Eigenschaften im Nanometerbereich hat die Produktion solcher Stäube mit sehr geringen Primärpartikelgrößen in den letzten Jahren zugenommen. Diese Entwicklung wird sich in den folgenden Jahren fortsetzen. Über das Brand- und Explosionsverhalten solcher Stäube war bis vor wenigen Jahren jedoch kaum bis wenig bekannt. T2 - 5. Management Circle Konferenz - Explosionsschutz CY - Düsseldorf, Germany DA - 12.04.2016 KW - Staubexplosion KW - Nanomaterialien KW - Brennbare Stäube PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-40195 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Schendler, Thomas T1 - Wesentliche Erkenntnisse zum Brand- und Explosionsverhalten nanoskalig hergestellter Stäube N2 - In vielen Bereichen der Industrie und im verarbeitenden Gewerbe werden eine Vielzahl brennbarer Stäube gezielt oder ungewollt produziert, verarbeitet, transportiert oder anderweitig verwendet. Je nach Material- und Staubeigenschaften weisen diese eine teilweise sehr hohe Reaktivität auf. Es gilt weiterhin als allgemein bekannt, dass die Partikelgröße einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf das Brand- und Explosionsverhalten von Stäuben ausübt. Mit Abnahme der Partikelgröße nehmen die gefährlichen Auswirkungen im Falle einer Explosion und die Zündempfindlichkeit der Stäube zu. Aufgrund der veränderten Eigenschaften im Nanometerbereich hat die Produktion solcher Stäube mit sehr geringen Primärpartikelgrößen in den letzten Jahren zugenommen. Diese Entwicklung wird sich in den folgenden Jahren fortsetzen. Über das Brand- und Explosionsverhalten solcher Stäube war bis vor wenigen Jahren jedoch kaum bis wenig bekannt. T2 - Jahreskonferenz der Berufsgenossenschaft Rohstoffe und chemische Industrie (BG RCI) CY - Bremen, Germany DA - 03.05.2016 KW - Staubexplosion KW - Nanomaterilien KW - Brennbare Stäube PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-40196 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Vignes, A. T1 - Verlauf der Explosionskenngrößen von Metallstäuben – von Mikro bis Nano N2 - Aufgrund von Erfahrungen mit Stäuben mit Partikelgrößen im Mikrometerbereich ist bekannt, dass Stoffe mit abnehmender Partikelgröße kritischer einzustufen sind, da z.B. maximaler Explosionsdruck (pmax), maximaler zeitlicher Druckanstieg (dp/dtmax) und Zündempfindlichkeit durch die Zunahme der reaktiven Oberfläche des Staubes zunehmen. Eine Übersicht des Verlaufes der Explosionsauswirkungen metallischer Stäube vom Mikrometerbereich bis in den Nanometerbereich konnte bislang nur vereinzelt durch wenige Ergebnisse gegeben werden. Dieser Beitrag präsentiert einen detaillierten Überblick über das Explosionsverhalten von Metallstäuben vom Mikrometer- bis in den Nanometerbereich. Hierfür wurden verschiedene Metallstäube untersucht und deren Explosionsauswirkungen in Abhängigkeit der mittleren Primärteilchengröße entweder durch BET-Messungen, Partikelgrößenverteilung oder REM-Mikroskopie bestimmt. Um den Verlauf des Explosionsverhaltens für diese Metalle darzustellen, wurde einerseits eine umfangreiche Literaturrecherche durchgeführt. Darüber hinaus wurden die im Rahmen deutscher und französischer Forschungsprogramme durchgeführten experimentellen Untersuchungen genutzt, um insbesondere die Datenlage für nanoskalig hergestellte Stäube zu verbessern. Auch bei Metallstäuben im Allgemeinen führt eine Verringerung der Teilchengröße zu einem kritischeren Verhalten der Stäube. Es scheint jedoch, dass diese Aussage nur bis zu einem kritischen Durchmesser gilt, unterhalb dessen die Auswirkungen einer Explosion (pmax, dp/dtmax) für alle betrachteten Stäube wieder abnehmen. Diese kritische Größe kann durch theoretische Überlegungen zur Art der thermischen Übertragung in der Flamme erklärt werden. Der Einfluss der Schlüsselparameter wird in diesem Beitrag ebenfalls diskutiert, um die Mechanismen besser zu verstehen und das Verständnis letztendlich auch auf andere pulverförmige Materialien auszudehnen. T2 - 13. Fachtagung "Anlagen-, Arbeits- und Umweltsicherheit" CY - Köthen, Germany DA - 16.11.2017 KW - Staubexplosion KW - Brennbare Stäube KW - Metallstäube KW - Nanomaterialien PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-43510 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Spitzer, Stefan A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Jankuj, Vojtech T1 - Experimental Parameter Study and Inherent Scattering of Safety Characteristics of Dusts N2 - Safety characteristics are widely used in industrial processes to avoid explosive atmospheres (primary explosionprotection) or to mitigate the consequences of an explosion (constructive explosion protection). Several laboratory parameters influence the determined values when performing the test series such as the beginning pressure and the pre-ignition pressure rise, the ignition source, the ignition energy, the burning duration and volume or the concentration of the combustible substance. In the different standards for the determination of safety characteristics of dusts there is no statement about the scattering or the deviation when parameters are chosen or occur on the borders of their allowed range. Thus, two laboratories might determine values that are hardly comparable for the same given substance. This article summarizes some of the influential factors that cause a deviation and shows the inherent scattering of dust tests when all other parameters are kept constant. It also provides some advice how to minimize the deviation and the scattering with little effort. T2 - FEx23 CY - Bologna, Italy DA - 08.10.2023 KW - Safety characteristics KW - Inherent Scattering KW - Dust Explosions PY - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3303/CET23104001 VL - 104 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - AIDIC CY - Milano AN - OPUS4-58872 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Spitzer, Stefan A1 - Jankuj, V. A1 - Hecht, K. A1 - Krietsch, Arne T1 - Igniting volume of four ignition sources N2 - Several standardized ignition sources are used to determine the safety characteristics of gases, vapours and dusts. Standards indicate the source of ignition but vary in specifying other features such as the burning duration, energy or the volume in which the energy is released. Since heat is not visible under normal conditions, a schlieren technique was used to visualize the entire igniting volume and not just the flames. This article focuses on the igniting volume, compares it among the four standardized ignition sources and displays its relationship to the size of the test vessel. Differences in the ignition behaviour of the ignition sources might lead to the determination of erroneous safety characteristics and with that to the unsafe operation of processes. KW - Hybrid mixtures KW - 20L-sphere KW - Ignition sources KW - Exploding wire PY - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2022.12.076 SN - 0957-5820 VL - 170 SP - 1200 EP - 1207 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-56855 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wu, Dejian A1 - Zhao, P. A1 - Spitzer, Stefan A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Amyotte, P. A1 - Krause, U. T1 - A review on hybrid mixture explosions: Safety parameters, explosion regimes and criteria, flame characteristics N2 - The hybrid mixture of combustible dusts and flammable gases/vapours widely exist in various industries, including mining, petrochemical, metallurgical, textile and pharmaceutical. It may pose a higher explosion risk than gas/vapor or dust/mist explosions since the hybrid explosions can still be initiated even though both the gas and the dust concentration are lower than their lower explosion limit (LEL) values. Understanding the explosion threat of hybrid mixtures not only contributes to the inherent safety and sustainability of industrial process design, but promotes the efficiency of loss prevention and mitigation. To date, however, there is no test standard with reliable explosion criteria available to determine the safety parameters of all types of hybrid mixture explosions, nor the flame propagation and quenching mechanism or theoretical explanation behind these parameters. This review presents a state-of-the-art overview of the comprehensive understanding of hybrid mixture explosions mainly in an experimental study level; thereby, the main limitations and challenges to be faced are explored. The discussed main contents include the experimental measurement for the safety parameters of hybrid mixtures (i.e., explosion sensitivity and severity parameters) via typical test apparatuses, explosion regime and criterion of hybrid mixtures, the detailed flame propagation/quenching characteristics behind the explosion severities/sensitivities of hybrid mixtures. This work aims to summarize the essential basics of experimental studies, and to provide the perspectives based on the current research gaps to understand the explosion hazards of hybrid mixtures in-depth. KW - Hybrid mixtures KW - Explosion protection KW - Safety characteristics PY - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2022.104969 SN - 0950-4230 VL - 82 SP - 1 EP - 54 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-56856 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Spitzer, Stefan A1 - Askar, Enis A1 - Hecht, Kristin A1 - Gabel, Dieter A1 - Geoerg, Paul A1 - Krause, Ulrich A1 - Dufaud, Olivier A1 - Krietsch, Arne ED - Amyotte, Paul T1 - The maximum rate of pressure rise of hybrid mixtures N2 - The maximum rate of pressure rise (dp/dt)𝑚𝑎𝑥 and the corresponding K-value of hybrid mixtures containing flammable gases and dusts are important for constructive explosion protection measures. Since the safety characteristics of dusts and gases are determined under different conditions, there has been considerable confusion about the influence of flammable gas on the (dp/dt) of dusts and vice versa. While some investigations showed comparably higher values for hybrid mixtures, others stated that the highest value for the gas component alone is the worst case. The first part of this paper focuses on the confusion around the different statements about (dp/dt)𝑚𝑎𝑥 of hybrid mixtures and where they come from. In the second part of this paper experimental results are presented that illustrate how to clarify the different findings of past research and show what to expect as a real worst-case-value for hybrid mixtures. KW - Hybrid Mixtures KW - 20L-sphere KW - Turbulent combustion KW - Maximum rate of pressure rise PY - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2023.105178 SN - 0950-4230 SN - 1873-3352 VL - 86 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-58435 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Su, Bin A1 - Luo, Zhenmin A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Wu, Dejian A1 - Wang, Tao A1 - Zhou, Shangyong A1 - Deng, Jun T1 - Quantitative investigation of explosion behavior and spectral radiant characteristics of free radicals for syngas/air mixtures N2 - The combustion characteristics and explosive hazard of syngas (H2/CO)/air mixtures are affected by its exact composition and equivalence ratios. In this paper, the explosion pressure and spectral radiant intensity of free radicals were quantitatively examined for syngas with different H2 proportions ([H2 in syngas] = 0, 30, 50, 70, 100 vol%) and equivalence ratios (φ = 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 2.0, 2.5). The results show that the explosion process of syngas/air mixtures can be separated into the initial slow combustion stage, the violent deflagration stage and the deflagration ending stage. The peaks of explosion pressure, pressure rise rate, OH*spectral intensity and rise rate of spectral intensity first increase and then decrease with increasing the equivalence ratio, and they reduce gradually with the decrease of H2 proportion in syngas. The H2 content in syngas greatly affects the heat release and the concentration of excited state OH*, especially for the syngas/air mixtures with smaller proportion of H2. Additionally, the presence of H2 greatly increases the deflagration index and spectral radiant index of OH* for syngas/air mixtures. The average rise rates of explosion pressure and spectral intensity of free radicals are introduced and the coupling model between them is established based on the first law of thermodynamics and the principle of chain reaction. The established model is furthermore verified by the experimental results. It is indicated that there is a linear relationship between average rise rates of explosion pressure and spectral intensity (OH*). The results can be used to improve the combustion efficiency of syngas and to guide theoretically the prevention, mitigation and control of syngas explosions. KW - Syngas KW - Hydrogen KW - Explosion pressure KW - Free radicals KW - Spectral intensity PY - 2024 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.10.280 SN - 0360-3199 VL - 50 IS - Part A SP - 1359 EP - 1368 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-59482 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Bresch, Harald A1 - Dörfel, Ilona A1 - Steinborn, Gabriele A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Langner, Jeanette A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Österle, Werner A1 - Seeger, Stefan T1 - Physical-chemical characterization of NM105(P25) N2 - NM 105, Ti02 (P25) could not be ignited as dust layer and dispersed in air as dust/air-mixture as well. This dust is not dust explosible and the burning behaviour corresponds to Burning Class 1 (no Ignition). The results have shown that the tested sample is thus not combustible at all, because it is already oxidized completely. KW - OECD KW - WPMN KW - TiO2 KW - NM105 KW - P25 KW - Sponsorship programme PY - 2012 SP - 1 EP - 18 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-27322 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -