TY - CONF A1 - Krebs, Holger T1 - Untersuchungen zur Detonationsübertragung von Zündmitteln auf Sprengstoff bei der Aufbewahrung von Sprengmitteln T2 - Jährlicher Erfahrungsaustausch BAM - Bergaufsicht auf dem Gebiet des Sprengwesens CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2003-05-14 PY - 2003 AN - OPUS4-3984 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krebs, Holger T1 - Gefärdungen beim Einsatz von Mischladegeräten T2 - Sprengtechnikseminar für Behördenvertreter CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 2003-06-05 PY - 2003 AN - OPUS4-3985 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krebs, Holger T1 - Komformitätsnachweis und Zulassung von Sprengmitteln nach dem SprengG T2 - Fachhochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft CY - Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany DA - 2003-03-17 PY - 2003 AN - OPUS4-3986 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krebs, Holger T1 - Konformitätsnachweis und Zulassung von explosionsgefährlichen Stoffen nach dem SprengG T2 - Fachhochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft CY - Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany DA - 2003-09-08 PY - 2003 AN - OPUS4-3987 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krebs, Holger T1 - Sprengtechnische Druckentlastung bei Störfällen T2 - Jahrestagung 2006 für Sicherheit im Bergbau CY - Windischgarsten, Austria DA - 2006-06-07 PY - 2006 AN - OPUS4-13860 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mishra, Kirti Bhushan A1 - Wehrstedt, Klaus-Dieter A1 - Krebs, Holger T1 - Lessons learned from recent fuel storage fires N2 - Industrial fire and explosion hazards due to accidents in fuel storage units have gained a considerable attention in recent years. Both, the regulatory bodies and scientific communities are heavily concerned about the proper safety measures to avoid such calamities in the future. This paper aims to bring some essentials related to the hazards that arose from recent fuel storage fire accidents occurring in Buncefield, UK (2005), Puerto Rico, USA (2009) and Sitapura, India (2009). The potential similarities behind occurrence of these accidents are studied. The applicability of various methods (models) and also computer simulations to estimate the safety distances according to the international standards for both explosion and fire hazard are verified. The overpressures caused by the Vapor Cloud Explosions (VCE) and radiation fluxes emitted by the fires are considered for respective explosion and fire hazard estimations. The prime focus is placed on the regulations laid down by the National Fire Protection Agency of the United States and the European Norms. KW - Industrial fires KW - Storage units KW - Safety measures KW - Explosion KW - Overpressure KW - CFD simulation PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2012.08.003 SN - 0016-2361 SN - 0378-3820 SN - 1873-7153 VL - 107 SP - 166 EP - 172 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-27598 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kurth, Lutz A1 - Krebs, Holger A1 - Theil, Benjamin A1 - Mücke, Olaf A1 - Lohrer, Christian T1 - Assessment of explosives in squibs N2 - Experiments in this study reveal that the initiating capability ofcommonly used squibs is not high enough to initiate PETN in all cases. The fulfilment of the 'new ’ essential safety requirement 4 as set out in the European directive 2013/29/EU and the categorization of squibs as theatrical pyrotechnic articles (T2) can therefore be justified, as the explosive investigated belongs to quite a sensitive type (Initiation with low Impulse energiespossible). Underwater initiating capability tests according to EN 13763-15 led to meaningful results, showing that squibs are usually unable to initiate a secondary explosive. For a general assessment of the initiating capability of squibs and comparable (theatrical) pyrotechnic articles a threshold ränge of an equivalent initiation capability in grams of PETN on the basis of the performed underwater initiating capability tests was determined. It was found that squibs are generally not capable of initiating secondary explosives if the underwater initiating capability fest showed an equivalent Initiation capability below 0.25 g PETN. As a consequence of this result, the underwater initiating capability fest gives an effective and safer alternative to the experimental confirmation of the ‘new ’ESR 4 by direct contact of the article with the secondary explosive and should then be preferred to it. KW - Squibs KW - ESR 4 KW - PETN KW - Underwater initiating capability KW - EN 13763-15 PY - 2013 SN - 1082-3999 IS - 32 SP - 57 EP - 66 CY - Whitewater, Colo. AN - OPUS4-29660 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mishra, Kirti Bhushan A1 - Wehrstedt, Klaus-Dieter A1 - Krebs, Holger T1 - Amuay refinery disaster: The aftermaths and challenges ahead N2 - Amuay refinery disaster (2012) is another recent example of Vapor Cloud Explosion (VCE) and fire accidents preceded by Buncefield (2005), Puerto-Rico (2009) and Jaipur (2009), respectively [9]. The incident has left many safety issues behind which must be repeatedly addressed. Unfortunately, the lessons taught by previous similar events are just not understood carefully. It reveals that the proper safety measures for such facilities were either underestimated or were not accounted seriously. Consequently, the resulting overpressures from explosion and the subsequent thermal radiation from tank fires have once again proved to be disastrous to both mankind and infrastructure. This article highlights the aftermaths of Amuay incident and addresses the challenges put forward by it. Furthermore, a comparative study is performed between such incidents to analyze the similarities and how they could have been avoided. KW - Refinery disaster KW - Vapor cloud explosion KW - Fire KW - Safety distance KW - Overpressure KW - Radiation PY - 2014 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2013.10.025 SN - 0016-2361 SN - 0378-3820 SN - 1873-7153 VL - 119 SP - 198 EP - 203 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-29816 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwarz, Silke A1 - Schäfer, Diana A1 - Krebs, Holger T1 - Vergleich zweier Prüfverfahren zur Bestimmung der Zündstärke von Sprengzündern: Unterwasser-Test und Plate-Dent-Test N2 - Zwei Verfahren, der Unterwasser-Test und der Plate-Dent-Test, wurden hinsichtlich ihrer Eignung zur indirekten Bestimmung der Zündstärke von Zündern untersucht. Die Einflüsse verschiedener Sekundärladungsmassen und unterschiedlichen Hülsenmaterials von Zündern standen hierbei im Vordergrund. Der Unterwasser-Test, bei dem als Maß für die Zündstärke die Stoß- und Blasenenergie eines Zünders ermittelt werden, erwies sich als probate und genaue Bestimmungsmethode. Zünder mit unterschiedlichen Sekundärladungsmassen waren eindeutig differenzierbar. Das Hülsenmaterial hatte nur einen vernachlässigbaren Einfluss auf die Ergebnisse. Der Plate-Dent-Test, bei dem die Abmaße des gebildeten Kraters zur indirekten Bestimmung der Zündstärke herangezogen werden, zeigte gegenteilige Effekte. Ab einem Ladungslänge-Durchmesser-Verhältnis von größer zwei war eine Differenzierung von Zündern verschiedener Sekundärladungsmasse nicht mehr möglich. Außerdem hatte das Hülsenmaterial einen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Kraterbildung. Der Plate-Dent-Test ist somit nur für den direkten Vergleich der Zündstärken baugleicher Zünder z. B. unter variierenden Umweltbedingungen geeignet. N2 - Two procedures – the underwater test and the plate-dent-test – were examined concerning their applicability for the indirect determination of the initiating capability of detonators. At this the focus was on the influence of varying explosive masses and different shell material. At the underwater test the initiating capability is determined indirectly by measurement and calculation of the shock and bubble energy. This method proved to be effective and accurate. Detonators with different secondary charge masses could be distinguished clearly and the shell material had only a negligible influence on the energy release. The plate-dent-test, at which the dimensions of the formed dent are an indirect measure for the initiating capability, showed the contrary effects. A differentiation of detonators was proved to be impossible when a relation of charge length to Diameter greater than two was reached. Furthermore, it could be shown that the shell material had significant influence on the dent formation. Therefore, the plate-dent-test is only suitable for the direct comparison of identical detonators, e. g. under varying environmental conditions. KW - Zünder KW - Prüfung Zündstärke KW - Unterwassertest KW - Plate-Dent-Test PY - 2012 SN - 0941-4584 VL - 34 IS - 2 SP - 26 EP - 31 PB - Deutscher Sprengverband CY - Siegen AN - OPUS4-27042 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mishra, Kirti Bhushan A1 - Wehrstedt, Klaus-Dieter A1 - Krebs, Holger T1 - Lessons learned from recent fuel storage fires N2 - Industrial fire and explosion hazards due to accidents in fuel storage units have gained a considerable attention in the recent times. Both the regulatory bodies and scientific communities are heavily concerned about the proper safety measures to avoid such calamities in future. This paper aims to bring some essentials related to the hazards arose from the recent fuel storage fire accident occurred in Buncefield, UK (2005), Puerto Rico, USA (2009) and Sitapura, India (2009). The potential similarities behind occurrence of these accidents are studied. The applicability of various methods (models) and also computer simulations to estimate the safety distancesaccording to the international standards for both explosion and fire hazard are verified. Theoverpressures caused by the Vapor Cloud Explosion (VCE) and radiation flux emitted by the fireare considered for respective explosion and fire hazard estimations. The prime focus is placedon the regulations laid down by the National Fire Protection Agency of the United States and the European Norms. T2 - ICCEU 2012 - 11th International conference on combustion and energy utilization CY - Coimbra, Portugal DA - 09.05.2012 KW - Industrial fires KW - Storage units KW - Safety measures KW - Explosion KW - Overpressure KW - CFD simulation PY - 2012 SP - 1 EP - 10 AN - OPUS4-26186 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Léonard, Fabien A1 - Zhang, Zhen A1 - Krebs, Holger A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - Structural and Morphological Quantitative 3D Characterisation of Ammonium Nitrate Prills by X-ray Computed Tomography N2 - The mixture of ammonium nitrate (AN) prills and fuel oil (FO), usually referred to as ANFO, is extensively used in the mining industry as a bulk explosive. One of the major performance predictors of ANFO mixtures is the fuel oil retention, which is itself governed by the complex pore structure of the AN prills. In this study, we present how X-ray computed tomography (XCT), and the associated advanced data processing workflow, can be used to fully characterise the structure and morphology of AN prills. We show that structural parameters such as volume fraction of the different phases and morphological parameters such as specific surface area and shape factor can be reliably extracted from the XCT data, and that there is a good agreement with the measured oil retention values. Importantly, oil retention measurements (qualifying the efficiency of ANFO as explosives) correlate well with the specific surface area determined by XCT. XCT can therefore be employed non-destructively; it can accurately evaluate and characterise porosity in ammonium nitrate prills, and even predict their efficiency. KW - ANFO KW - Explosives KW - Surface area KW - Porosity KW - XCT KW - Data processing PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-505395 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13051230 VL - 13 IS - 5 (Special Issue "Micro Non-Destructive Testing and Evaluation") SP - 1230 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-50539 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Léonard, Fabien A1 - Hasenfelder, Uta A1 - Krebs, Holger A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - Assessment of shock tube systems by synchrotron X-ray computed tomography N2 - Shock tube systems are non-electric explosive fuses employed in blasting and demolition applications to trigger the detonation of explosive charges. Their working principle is based on the explosive reaction of a fine explosive powder on the tubing's inner surface, generating a shock wave traveling at a velocity of 2,100 m/s along the length of the tube, without destroying it. One of the key aspects of the manufacturing process of these shock tubes is the size and morphology of the explosive powder grains and their distribution on the inner wall of the tube, in order to propagate the shockwave efficiently and reliably. For the first time, synchrotron X-ray computed tomography has been used to characterize non-destructively the explosive powder grains, typically Al/HMX between 10 and 20 μm in size, in terms of morphology and 3D distribution but also to characterise the presence and location of defects within the shock tube walls. KW - Explosives KW - Nonel KW - Shock wave KW - Blasting KW - Energetic systems PY - 2017 UR - http://www.ndt.net/events/iCT2017/app/content/Paper/61_Leonard.pdf SP - 1 EP - 7 CY - Leuven, Belgium AN - OPUS4-39345 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Léonard, Fabien A1 - Zhang, Zhen A1 - Krebs, Holger A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - Morphological characterisation of explosive powders by XCT: When grain numbers count N2 - Ammonium nitrate (AN) prills are commonly used as an ingredient in industrial explosives and in fertilisers. Conventional techniques (such as BET or mercury intrusion porosimetry) can measure the open porosity and specific surface area of AN prill, but the closed porosity is not obtainable. This work was focused on evaluating X-ray computed tomography (XCT) as a non-destructive technique for the assessment of porosity in AN prills. An advanced data processing workflow was developed so that the segmentation and quantification of the CT data could be performed on the entire 3D volume, yet allowing the measurements (e.g.; volume, area, shape factor…) to be extracted for each individual phase (prill, open porosity, closed porosity) of each individual prill, in order to obtain statistically relevant data. Clear morphological and structural differences were seen and quantified between fertiliser and explosive products. Overall, CT can provide a very wide range of parameters that are not accessible to other techniques, destructive or non-destructive, and thus offers new insights and complementary information. T2 - 10th Conference on Industrial Computed Tomography (iCT 2020) CY - Wels, Austria DA - 04.02.2020 KW - Ammonium nitrate KW - Prill KW - Non-destructive characterisation KW - Porosity KW - Specific surface area PY - 2020 UR - http://www.ndt.net/?id=25118 SN - 1435-4934 VL - 25 IS - 2 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - NDT.net CY - Kirchwald AN - OPUS4-50348 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -