TY - JOUR A1 - Kotthoff, Lisa A1 - O’Callaghan, S.-L. A1 - Lisec, Jan A1 - Schwerdtle, T. A1 - Koch, Matthias T1 - Structural annotation of electro- and photochemically generated transformation products of moxidectin using high-resolution mass spectrometry N2 - Moxidectin (MOX) is a widely used anthelmintic drug for the treatment of internal and external parasites in food-producing and companion animals. Transformation products (TPs) of MOX, formed through metabolic degradation or acid hydrolysis, May pose a potential environmental risk, but only few were identified so far. In this study, we therefore systematically characterized electro- and photochemically generatedMOX TPs using high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Oxidative electrochemical (EC) TPs were generated in an electrochemical reactor and photochemical (PC) TPs by irradiation with UV-C light. Subsequent HRMS measurements were performed to identify accuratemasses and deduce occurring modification reactions of derived TPs in a suspected target analysis. In total, 26 EC TPs and 59 PC TPs were found. The main modification reactions were hydroxylation, (de-)hydration, and derivative formation with methanol for EC experiments and isomeric changes, (de-)hydration, and changes at the methoxime moiety for PC experiments. In addition, several combinations of different modification reactions were identified. For 17 TPs, we could predict chemical structures through interpretation of acquired MS/MS data. Most modifications could be linked to two specific regions of MOX. Some previously described metabolic reactions like hydroxylation or O-demethylation were confirmed in our EC and PC experiments as reaction type, but the corresponding TPs were not identical to known metabolites or degradation products. The obtained knowledge regarding novel TPs and reactions will aid to elucidate the degradation pathway of MOX which is currently unknown. KW - Moxidectin KW - Transformation products KW - Electrochemical Reactor PY - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-020-02572-1 VL - 412 IS - 13 SP - 3141 EP - 3152 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-50721 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kotthoff, Lisa A1 - Koch, Matthias A1 - Schwerdtle, T. T1 - Kopplung von Elektrochemie mit LC/MS zur Simulation von Transformationsprodukten - Untersuchung von Monensin N2 - Die Identifizierung von Transformationsprodukten (TPs) von Tierarzneimittelwirkstoffen ist wichtig für Gesundheit, Lebensmittel und Umwelt. Monensin (MON) gehört zu den Ionophoren Antibiotika und wird genutzt zum Schutz und zur Behandlung von Kokzidiose bei Geflügel, vorwiegend prophylaktisch in der Geflügelmast. Rückstände können in tierischen Produkten (Geflügel und Eier) aber auch in der Umwelt (Tiermist, Gewässer, Böden) gefunden werden. Verschiedene Transformationsprozesse können auftreten, beginnend bei der Biotransformation in lebenden Organismen bis hin zu biotischen und abiotischen Prozessen in der Umwelt. Die Kopplung von Elektrochemie und Massenspektrometrie, kurz EC/HRMS, als rein instrumenteller Ansatz zur Simulation von Transformationsprodukten ist seit vielen Jahren in der pharmazeutischen Forschung etabliert. Hierbei wird mithilfe einer elektrochemischen Durchflusszelle der oxidative Metabolismus einer Substanz simuliert und zugleich analysiert. Unter Verwendung von EC/HRMS und LC-HRMS wurde MON elektrochemisch bei Potentialen bis zu 2.5 V vs Pd/H2 oxidiert und die entstehenden TPs mit Metabolismustests mit Rattenlebermikrosomen verglichen. Als Ergebnis wurden verschiedene TPs von MON gefunden und Strukturvorschläge wurden erstellt. Ein Überblick über die detektierten und identifizierten TPs wird dargestellt. T2 - Lebensmittelsicherheit in Deutschland - was bleibt? CY - Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany DA - 04.06.2019 KW - Transformationsprodukte KW - Elektrochemie KW - Ionophore Antibiotika KW - Hochauflösende Massenspektrometrie PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48155 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kotthoff, Lisa A1 - Schwerdtle, T. A1 - Koch, Matthias T1 - Electrochemistry coupled to LC/HRMS to investigate transformation products of the veterinary drug monensin N2 - The knowledge of transformation pathways and identification of transformation products (TPs) of veterinary drugs is important for health, food and environmental matters. Monensin (MON) is an ionophore antibiotic widely used to cure and prevent coccidiosis by chicken especially in broiler farming. Residues can be found in food products (chicken and eggs) and in the environment (manure, soil, water). Several transformation processes can alter the parent compound MON, ranging from biotransformation in living organism to biotic/abiotic and microbial processes in environmental matters. The main objective of this work was to investigate the potential of electrochemistry (EC) to simulate oxidative transformation processes of MON and to predict TPs. An electrochemical reactor was used consisting of a flow-through cell with a glassy carbon working electrode. Derived TPs were analyzed by online coupling of EC and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and LC/HRMS offline measurements. Among the generated TPs already known as well as unknown TPs of MON could be found. Additionally, MON was subjected also to other transformation experiments like metabolism tests with rat microsomes or the pH-dependent hydrolysis. As a result, different targeted and suspected TPs could be identified by analysis with LC/HRMS. An overview of detected/identified TPs from this study will be presented in comparison to literature known metabolites and TPs. T2 - ElCheMS 2019 – 5th Workshop on Electrochemistry/Mass Spectrometry 2019 CY - Münster, Germany DA - 11.06.2019 KW - Transformation product KW - Electrochemistry KW - High-resolution MS KW - Ionophore antibiotic PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48209 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kotthoff, Lisa A1 - Lisec, Jan A1 - Schwerdtle, T. A1 - Koch, Matthias T1 - Prediction of transformation products of monensin by electrochemistry compared to microsomal assay and hydrolysis N2 - The knowledge of transformation pathways and identification of transformation products (TPs) of veterinary drugs is important for animal health, food, and environmental matters. The active agent Monensin (MON) belongs to the ionophore antibiotics and is widely used as a veterinary drug against coccidiosis in broiler farming. However, no electrochemically (EC) generated TPs of MON have been described so far. In this study, the online coupling of EC and mass spectrometry (MS) was used for the generation of oxidative TPs. EC-conditions were optimized with respect to working electrode material, solvent, modifier, and potential polarity. Subsequent LC/HRMS (liquid chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry) and MS/MS experiments were performed to identify the structures of derived TPs by a suspected target analysis. The obtained EC-results were compared to TPs observed in metabolism tests with microsomes and hydrolysis experiments of MON. Five previously undescribed TPs of MON were identified in our EC/MS based study and one TP, which was already known from literature and found by a microsomal assay, could be confirmed. Two and three further TPs were found as products in microsomal tests and following hydrolysis, respectively. We found decarboxylation, O-demethylation and acid-catalyzed ring-opening reactions to be the major mechanisms of MON transformation. KW - Transformation products KW - Monensin KW - Veterinary drugs KW - Electrochemistry KW - Hydrolysis KW - LC/HRMS PY - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-485689 SN - 1420-3049 VL - 24 IS - 15 SP - 2732, 1 EP - 12 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-48568 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kotthoff, Lisa A1 - Keller, Julia A1 - Lörchner, Dominique A1 - Mekonnen, Tessema F. A1 - Koch, Matthias T1 - Transformation products of organic contaminants and residues - Overview of current simulation methods N2 - The formation of transformation products (TPs) from contaminants and residues is becoming an increasing focus of scientific community. All organic compounds can form different TPs, thus demonstrating the complexity and interdisciplinarity of this topic. The properties of TPs could stand in relation to the unchanged substance or be more harmful and persistent. To get important information about the generated TPs, methods are needed to simulate natural and manmade transformation processes. Current tools are based on metabolism studies, photochemical methods, electrochemical methods, and Fenton's reagent. Finally, most transformation processes are based on redox reactions. This review aims to compare these methods for structurally different compounds. The groups of pesticides, pharmaceuticals, brominated flame retardants, and mycotoxins were selected as important residues/contaminants relating to their worldwide occurrence and impact to health, food, and environmental safety issues. Thus, there is an increasing need for investigation of transformation processes and identification of TPs by fast and reliable methods. KW - Transformation product KW - Electrochemistry KW - Photochemistry KW - Fenton’s reagent PY - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-474108 SN - 1420-3049 VL - 24 IS - 4 SP - 753, 1 EP - 23 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-47410 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kotthoff, Lisa A1 - Schwerdtle, T. A1 - Koch, Matthias T1 - Investigation of the veterinary drug monensin: Simulation and identification of transformation products N2 - The knowledge of transformation pathways and identification of transformation products (TPs) of veterinary drugs is important for health, food and environmental matters. Monensin (MON) is an ionophore antibiotic widely used to cure and prevent coccidiosis by chicken especially in broiler farming. Residues are not only found in food products (chicken and eggs) but also in the environment (manure, soil or water). Several transformation processes can alter the parent compound MON, ranging from biotransformation in living organism to biotic/abiotic and microbial processes in environmental matters. The main objective of this work was to investigate the potential of electrochemistry (EC) to simulate oxidative transformation processes and to predict TPs of MON. An electrochemical reactor was used consisting of a flow-through cell with a glassy carbon working electrode. Derived TPs were analyzed by online coupling of EC and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and LC-HRMS offline measurements. Among the generated TPs already known as well as unknown TPs of MON could be found. Additionally, MON was subjected also to other transformation methods such as Fenton reaction, photochemical and hydrolysis experiments as well as metabolism tests with microsomes. As a result, different targeted and suspected TPs could be identified by analysis with LC-HRMS. An overview of detected/identified TPs from this study will be presented in comparison to literature known metabolites and TPs. T2 - ANAKON 2019 CY - Münster, Germany DA - 25.03.2019 KW - Transformation Products KW - Electrochemistry KW - High-resolution MS PY - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-476813 AN - OPUS4-47681 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kotthoff, Lisa A1 - Schwerdtle, T. A1 - Koch, Matthias T1 - Investigation of ionophore antibiotics and their transformation products by using electrochemistry coupled to LC-MS N2 - Ionophore antibiotics are used to cure and prevent coccidiosis by chicken especially in broiler farming. The residues are found not only in food products (chicken and eggs) but also in the environment (manure, soil or water). In this work the ionophores monensin (MON), salinomycin (SAL), maduramicin (MAD) and lasalocid (LAS) are investigated aiming to study their transformation products (TPs) through biotransformation processes. Biotransformation can be divided into two phases, phase I: oxidation, reduction or hydrolysis and Phase II: conjugation reactions. It is necessary to further examine the biotransformation pathways to determine TPs to be able to detect residues more specifically in different matrices. The technique of electrochemistry (EC) offers the opportunity to simulate biotransformation processes and to generate TPs for further analysis. The combination of EC with liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (EC-LC-MS) provide a fast and simple tool to separate and determine the EC-generated TPs. The electrochemical flow through cell is coupled to the (LC)-MS system, allowing the reaction mixture to be separated by a RP-18 column and then analyzed in the MS. The oxidation products are generated at different potentials between 0.0 – 2.5 V vs. Pd/H2 using glassy carbon or boron doped diamond as working electrode materials . The results show a broad spectrum of different TPs depending on used solvents and working electrode materials. Among the generated TPs already known as well as unknown TPs of the drugs can be found. Further investigations on structure elucidation of unkown TPs are planned. T2 - World Conference on Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry CY - Barcelona, Spain DA - 23.07.2018 KW - Transformation Product KW - Electrochemistry KW - Ionophore Antibiotics PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45600 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kotthoff, Lisa A1 - Koch, Matthias A1 - Schwerdtle, T. T1 - Untersuchung von Biotransformationsprozessen von Ionophoren Antbiotika mittels online-Kopplung Elektrochemie LC-MS N2 - Ionophore Antibiotika werden zum Schutz gegen Kokzidiose eingesetzt, hauptsächlich in der Geflügelmast. Rückstände dieser Substanzen und deren Transformationsprodukte (TP) gelangen über den Metabolismus zum einen in das Geflügelfleisch, aber auch durch Ausscheidung in die Umwelt, da Tiermist als Dünger verwendet wird. Ziel dieser Forschungsarbeit ist es, die TP-Bildung von vier verschiedenen Ionophoren Antibiotika (Monensin (MON), Salinomycin (SAL), Maduramicin (MAD) und Lasalocid (LAS)) zu untersuchen. TPs werden durch den Biotransformationsprozess (Metabolismus) gebildet, dieser Prozess kann in zwei Phasen eingeteilt werden. Während in Phase I Oxidations-, Reduktions- oder Hydrolysereaktionen auftreten, ist Phase II von Konjugationsreaktionen geprägt. Durch diesen Prozess werden die Substanzen besser ausscheidbar. Natürliche Redox-Vorgänge, wie sie bei der Biotransformation (Phase I) auftreten, können mit elektrochemischen (EC) Systemen simuliert werden. In einer EC-Durchflusszelle findet die Reaktion abhängig vom angelegten Potential statt. Im positiven Potentialbereich (0.0 bis 3.0 V; vs. Pd/H2) werden die Analyten oxidiert und somit oxidative TPs generiert. Durch die online-Kopplung mit Flüssigkeitschromatografie (LC) und Massenspektrometrie (MS) wird zunächst eine säulenchromatografische Trennung der generierten TPs erhalten, gefolgt von der massenspektrometischen Detektion. Durch die online-Kopplung von EC-(LC)-MS ergibt sich eine schnelle Analysemöglichkeit von der TP-Erzeugung ausgewählter Substanzen bis hin zur Detektion, wodurch gleichzeitig eine Identifizierung möglich ist. Die ausgewählten Ionophoren Antibiotika wurden mittels EC-(LC)-MS auf auftretende TPs untersucht. Die ersten Ergebnisse zeigen ein breites Spektrum unterschiedlicher TPs abhängig von gewählten EC-Parametern wie Lösemittel, Modifier und insbesondere vom Arbeitselektrodenmaterial der EC-Durchflusszelle. Unter den erhaltenen TPs sind sowohl bekannte als auch unbekannte TPs vertreten, so dass weitere Untersuchungen zur Strukturaufklärung und vergleichende Tests zu Phase I Metaboliten (z.B. durch Metabolismus-Studien mit Mikrosomen) geplant sind. T2 - 47. Deutscher Lebensmittelchemikertag CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 17.09.2018 KW - Transformationsprodukte KW - Elektrochemie KW - Ionophore Antibiotika PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46007 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Choi, Youungeun A1 - Kotthoff, Lisa A1 - Olejko, L. A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute A1 - Bald, Ilko T1 - DNA origami-based Förster resonance energy-transfer nanoarrays and their application as ratiometric sensors N2 - DNA origami nanostructures provide a platform where dye molecules can be arranged with nanoscale accuracy allowing to assemble multiple fluorophores without dye–dye aggregation. Aiming to develop a bright and sensitive ratiometric sensor system, we systematically studied the optical properties of nanoarrays of dyes built on DNA origami platforms using a DNA template that provides a high versatility of label choice at minimum cost. The dyes are arranged at distances, at which they efficiently interact by Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). To optimize array brightness, the FRET efficiencies between the donor fluorescein (FAM) and the acceptor cyanine 3 were determined for different sizes of the array and for different arrangements of the dye molecules within the array. By utilizing nanoarrays providing optimum FRET efficiency and brightness, we subsequently designed a ratiometric pH nanosensor using coumarin 343 as a pH-inert FRET donor and FAM as a pH-responsive acceptor. Our results indicate that the sensitivity of a ratiometric sensor can be improved simply by arranging the dyes into a well-defined array. The dyes used here can be easily replaced by other analyte-responsive dyes, demonstrating the huge potential of DNA nanotechnology for light harvesting, signal enhancement, and sensing schemes in life sciences. KW - DNA origami KW - FRET KW - Sensing KW - Ratiometric sensing KW - Fluorescence PY - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b03585 SN - 1944-8244 SN - 1944-8252 VL - 10 IS - 27 SP - 23295 EP - 23302 PB - ACS AN - OPUS4-46002 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -