TY - JOUR A1 - Recknagel, Sebastian A1 - Bresch, Harald A1 - Kipphardt, Heinrich A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute A1 - Koch, Matthias A1 - Rosner, M. T1 - Trends in selected fields of reference material production N2 - For more than 110 years, BAM has been producing reference materials for a wide range of application fields. With the development of new analytical methods and new applications as well as continuously emerging more stringent requirements of laboratory accreditation with regard to quality control and metrological traceability, the demand and requirements for reference materials are increasing. This trend article gives an overview of general developments in the field of reference materials as well as developments in selected fields of application in which BAM is active. This includes inorganic and metal analysis, gas analysis, food and consumer products, and geological samples. In addition to these more traditional fields of application, developments in the areas of optical spectroscopy, particulary fluorescence methods, and nanomaterials are considered. T2 - 150 years BAM: Science with impact CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 01.01.2021 KW - Reference material KW - ISO REMCO KW - Gas analysis KW - Food KW - Nanomaterials KW - Fluorescence PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-548407 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-022-03996-7 SN - 1618-2642 SN - 1618-2650 VL - 414 IS - Topical collection: Analytical methods and applications in the materials and life sciences SP - 4281 EP - 4289 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-54840 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller, M.E.H. A1 - Urban, K. A1 - Köppen, Robert A1 - Siegel, David A1 - Korn, U. A1 - Koch, Matthias T1 - Mycotoxins as antagonistic or supporting agents in the interaction between phytopathogenic Fusarium and Alternaria fungi N2 - The role of mycotoxins in the microbial competition in an ecosystem or on the same host plant is still unclear. Therefore, a laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the influence of mycotoxins on growth and mycotoxin production of Fusarium and Alternaria fungi. Fusarium culmorum Fc13, Fusarium graminearum Fg23 and two Alternaria tenuissima isolates (At18 and At220) were incubated on wheat kernels supplemented with alternariol (AOH), tetramic acid derivates (TeA), deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA) in an in vitro test system. Fungal biomass was quantified by determining ergosterol content. Three Fusarium toxins (DON, nivalenol and ZEA) and three Alternaria toxins (AOH, alternariol methyl ether (AME) and altenuene) were analysed by HPLC-MS/MS. If Alternaria strains grew in wheat kernels spiked with Fusarium mycotoxins, their growth rates were moderately increased, their AOH and AME production was enhanced and they were simultaneously capable of degrading the Fusarium mycotoxins DON and ZEA. In contrast, both Fusarium strains behaved quite differently. The growth rate of Fc13 was not distinctly influenced, while Fg23 increased its growth in wheat kernels spiked with AOH. TeA depressed the ergosterol content in Fc13 as well as in Fg23. The DON production of Fc13 was slightly depressed, whereas the ZEA production was significantly increased. In contrast, Fg23 restricted its ZEA production. Both Fusarium strains were not capable of degrading the Alternaria mycotoxin AOH. Mycotoxins might play an important role in the interfungal competitive processes. They influence growth rates and mycotoxin production of the antagonistic combatants. The observed effects between phytopathogenic Alternaria and Fusarium strains and their mycotoxins aid the understanding of the complexity of microbial competitive behaviour in natural environments. KW - Phytopathogen KW - Trichothecenes KW - Alternaria mycotoxins KW - Multi-mycotoxin analysis KW - Inter-fungal competition PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.3920/WMJ2014.1747 SN - 1875-0710 SN - 1875-0796 VL - 8 IS - 3 SP - 311 EP - 321 PB - Wageningen Academic Publishers CY - Wageningen AN - OPUS4-32849 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sommerfeld, Thomas A1 - Riedel, Juliane A1 - Lisec, Jan A1 - Mauch, Tatjana A1 - Richter, Silke A1 - Koch, Matthias T1 - Development of a certified reference material for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in textiles N2 - Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a large group of emerging organic pollutants that contaminate the environment, food, and consumer products. Textiles and other outdoor products are a major source of PFAS exposure due to their water-repellent impregnations. Determination of PFASs in textiles is increasingly important for enhancing their contribution to the circular economy. While maximum levels and restrictions exist for certain key compounds under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants and the REACH regulation, certified reference materials (CRMs) are not currently available. To address this issue, the first CRM for determining PFASs in outdoor textiles (BAM-B003) was developed. It fully complies with the requirements of ISO 17034 and ISO 33405. This work presents the entire process of CRM development process, including preparation, a homogeneity study, a stability study, and value assignment. Certification was based on an in-house study at BAM using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) with stable isotope dilution analysis (SIDA). The certified mass fractions of 18 PFASs range widely from 0.46 to 69 µg/kg, with a prevalence of PFOA (69 µg/kg), PFOS (41 µg/kg) and PFHxA (35 µg/kg) exceeding legal limits. BAM-B003 is intended for analytical quality control and contributes to improving the chemical safety of textiles and strengthening the circular economy. KW - Reference Material KW - PFAS KW - Textiles PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-641040 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-025-06098-2 SN - 1618-2642 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC AN - OPUS4-64104 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Neuhof, Torsten A1 - Koch, Matthias A1 - Rasenko, Tatjana A1 - Nehls, Irene T1 - Occurrence of zearalenone in wheat kernels infected with Fusarium culmorum N2 - The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of zearalenone in wheat kernels contaminated with this mycotoxin. Kernels from a sample of a wheat harvest affected by Fusarium culmorum were sorted into six groups according to their visual attributes. Milled portions of these groups were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence and diode array detection. The clean-up was performed with an immunoaffinity column after methanol/water (4:1, v/v) extraction. The zearalenone content of the unsorted kernel fraction was 74 µg/kg. The group of healthy-looking kernels was contaminated with only 6 µg/kg of zearalenone. The groups of kernels that appeared shrunken and chalky white, damage routinely caused by Fusarium, were contaminated with 170 and 117 µg/kg, respectively. A remarkably high level of zearalenone contamination, 2,184 µg/kg, was observed for the group of reddish kernels. An association between the presence of the red pigment aurofusarin and high levels of zearalenone was found. Therefore, this pigment may be used as a marker of high zearalenone content. KW - Zearalenone KW - Aurofusarin KW - Immunoaffinity column KW - HPLC-FLD/DAD PY - 2008 DO - https://doi.org/10.3920/WMJ2008.1055 SN - 1875-0710 SN - 1875-0796 VL - 1 IS - 4 SP - 429 EP - 435 PB - Wageningen Academic Publishers CY - Wageningen AN - OPUS4-18329 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sommerfeld, Thomas A1 - Jung, Christian A1 - Riedel, Juliane A1 - Mauch, Tatjana A1 - Sauer, Andreas A1 - Koch, Matthias T1 - Development of a certified reference material for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in rubber toy N2 - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a large group of priority organic pollutants, which contaminate environmental compartments, food, and consumer products as well. Due to their frequent occurrence associated with elevated Levels of PAHs, plastic and rubber parts of consumer products and toys are particular sources of exposure. Although European maximum levels exist for eight carcinogenic PAHs in consumer products and toys according to REACH Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006, certified reference materials (CRM) are still not available. To overcome this lack, the first CRM for the determination of PAHs in rubber toys (BAM-B001) was developed according to the requirements of ISO Guide 35. The whole process of CRM development including preparation, homogeneity and stability studies, and value assignment is presented. The assignment of the certified mass fractions was based upon in-house study at BAM using stable isotope Dilution analysis (SIDA) gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The obtained values were confirmed by the results of two interlaboratory comparison (ILC) studies with more than 50 expert laboratories from Germany and China. The mass fractions of 14 PAHs including all REACH and GS mark regulated compounds were certified ranging between 0.2 and 15.4 mg/ kg accompanied by expanded uncertainties (coverage factor k = 2). In addition, informative values were determined for 4 PAHs, mainly due to higher uncertainties and/or lack of ILC data for confirmation. BAM-B001 is intended for analytical quality control particularly based on the AfPS GS 2019:01 PAK method and contributes to improve the chemical safety of consumer products including toys. KW - PAHs KW - Consumer Products KW - Toys KW - Chemical Safety KW - Certified reference material KW - Quality assurance PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-539920 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-021-03796-5 VL - 414 IS - 15 SP - 4369 EP - 4378 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-53992 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Recknagel, Sebastian A1 - Koch, Matthias A1 - Köppen, Robert A1 - Buttler, Sabine A1 - Penk, Sibylle A1 - Mauch, Tatjana A1 - Sommerfeld, Thomas A1 - Witt, Angelika T1 - Development of certified reference materials for the determination of cadmium and acrylamide in cocoa N2 - Since 1 January 2019 a maximum content of 0.6 mg kg−1 cadmium (Cd) in cocoa powder sold to the final consumer or as an ingredient in sweetened cocoa powder sold to the final consumer (drinking chocolate) is set by the Commission Regulation (EU) No. 488/2014. Monitoring compliance with the specified limit value requires analytical measuring methods and reference materials for quality control. However, suitable certified reference materials intended for quality assurance and quality control purposes are still lacking. Therefore, three cocoa reference materials (ERM®-BD513, ERM®-514 and ERM®-515) were developed according to the requirements of ISO 17034 and the recommendations of ISO Guide 35. The whole process of reference material development, including material preparation, assessment of homogeneity and stability, characterisation and value assignment is presented. The assignment of the certified mass fractions was based upon an interlaboratory comparison study involving 19 expert laboratories for Cd and 12 laboratories for acrylamide. The certified mass fractions and expanded uncertainties (k = 2) of the reference materials were (0.181 ± 0.009) mg kg−1 Cd (ERM®-BD513), (0.541 ± 0.024) mg kg−1 Cd (ERM®-BD514) and (0.690 ± 0.029) mg kg−1 Cd (ERM®-BD515). Acrylamide contents are given for information. KW - Certified reference material KW - Quality assurance KW - Cocoa KW - Cadmium KW - Acrylamide KW - Food analysis PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-508656 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-020-02719-0 SN - 1618-2642 SN - 1618-2650 VL - 412 IS - 19 SP - 4659 EP - 4668 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-50865 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Herter, Sven-Oliver A1 - Koch, Matthias A1 - Haase, Hajo T1 - First Synthesis of Ergotamine-13CD3 and Ergotaminine-13CD3 from Unlabeled Ergotamine N2 - Ergot alkaloids (EAs) formed by Claviceps fungi are one of the most common food contaminants worldwide, affecting cereals such as rye, wheat, and barley. To accurately determine the level of contamination and to monitor EAs maximum levels set by the European Union, the six most common EAs (so-called priority EAs) and their corresponding epimers are quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The quantification of EAs in complex food matrices without appropriate internal tandards is challenging but currently carried out in the standard method EN 7425:2021 due to their commercial unavailability. To address the need for isotopically labeled EAs, we focus on two semi-synthetic approaches for the synthesis of these reference standards. Therefore, we investigate the feasibility of the N6-demethylation of native ergotamine to yield norergotamine, which can subsequently be remethylated with an isotopically labeled methylating reagent, such as iodomethane (13CD3-I), to yield isotopically labeled ergotamine and its C8-epimer ergotaminine. Testing the isotopically labeled ergotamine/-inine against native ergotamine/-inine with HPLC coupled to high-resolution HR-MS/MS proved the structure of ergotamine-13CD3 and ergotaminine-13CD3. Thus, for the first time, we can describe their synthesis from unlabeled, native ergotamine. Furthermore, this approach is promising as a universal way to synthesize other isotopically labeled EAs. KW - Reference Material KW - HPLC-MS/MS KW - Mycotoxins KW - Standards KW - Organic Synthesis KW - Isotope PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-600167 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16040199 VL - 16 IS - 4 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-60016 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Koch, Matthias A1 - Köppen, Robert T1 - Qualitätssicherung für Mykotoxinanalytik: Referenzmaterialien N2 - In den letzten Jahren hat die Europische Union neue Grenzwerte für Schimmelpilzgifte in Lebensmitteln festgelegt, weitere werden diskutiert. Parallel dazu sind neue Referenzmaterialien erforderlich. KW - Mykotoxine KW - Lebensmittel KW - Referenzmaterial KW - ERM PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/nadc.201390283 SN - 1439-9598 SN - 1521-3854 VL - 61 IS - 9 SP - 920 EP - 922 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-29320 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Neuhof, Torsten A1 - Koch, Matthias A1 - Rasenko, Tatjana A1 - Nehls, Irene T1 - Distribution of Trichothecenes, Zearalenone, and Ergosterol in a Fractionated Wheat Harvest Lot N2 - To investigate possible co-occurrences of type B trichothecenes and zearalenone within a Fusarium culmorum-infected wheat harvest lot, kernels were fractionated into six groups by visual criteria. The Fusarium-damaged kernels were subdivided into white, shrunken, and red kernel groups, and the remaining kernels were sorted into healthy, black spotted, and nonspecific groups. The distribution patterns of nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, and ergosterol were determined for possible correlations. Significant correlations between the distribution patterns were found for the mycotoxins and ergosterol for the grouped kernels (r = 0.997-0.999, p < 0.0001). Additionally, remarkably outstanding levels of nivalenol (24-fold more than the mean at 1.16 mg/kg), deoxynivalenol (27-fold more than the mean at 0.16 mg/kg), zearalenone (25-fold more than the mean at 77 µg/kg), and ergosterol (17-fold more than the mean at 13.4 mg/kg) were found in the red kernel group. Further, detailed mycotoxin and ergosterol analyses were carried out on various segments (kernel surface, conidia, bran, and flour) of the red kernels. However, the mycotoxin and ergosterol distribution profiles revealed nonsignificant correlations for these kernel segments, with the exception of deoxynivalenol and nivalenol, which were moderately correlated (r = 0.948, p = 0.035). KW - Mycotoxins KW - Fusarium-damaged kernels KW - Ergosterol KW - Wheat KW - Correlation KW - HPLC-FLD/DAD PY - 2008 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/jf800971q SN - 0021-8561 SN - 1520-5118 VL - 56 IS - 16 SP - 7566 EP - 7571 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Columbus, Ohio AN - OPUS4-18196 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Maul, Ronald A1 - Brodehl, Antje A1 - Koch, Matthias T1 - Mykotoxinkonjugate demaskieren N2 - Wenn in einem Lebensmittel keine Schimmelpilzgifte nachweisbar sind, muss das nicht bedeuten, dass keine enthalten sind. Prozesse der Lebensmittelverarbeitung, etwa das Mälzen in der Brauerei, führen dazu, dass Glucoside oder Sulfate der Toxine entstehen. Sie sind wenig charakterisiert und analytisch bisher kaum fassbar. KW - Mykotoxine KW - Lebensmittel KW - Referenzmaterial KW - ERM PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/nadc.201390282 SN - 1439-9598 SN - 1521-3854 VL - 61 IS - 9 SP - 916 EP - 919 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-29614 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -