TY - THES A1 - Knappe, Patrick T1 - Die A4F-SAXS Online-Kopplung zur Untersuchung von Nanopartikeln und Polymeren N2 - In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Online-Kopplung der Asymmetrischen Fluss- Feldflussfraktionierung (A4F) mit Kleinwinkelröntgenstreuung (SAXS) als leistungsfähiges analytisches Werkzeug vorgestellt und auf aktuelle Problemstellungen in der Nanopartikelanalytik wie auch auf Modellsysteme praxisrelevanter Polymere angewandt. Die A4F bietet die Möglichkeit, Suspensionen oder Lösungen von Teilchen ihrer Größe nach aufzutrennen. Bedingt durch das besondere Trennprinzip werden auf den Analyten nur minimale Scherkräfte wirksam, die im Gegensatz dazu bei anderen chromatographischen Methoden in erheblichem Maße auftreten können. Dies ermöglicht auch die Bearbeitung von diesbezüglich sehr empfindlichen Proben ohne dabei deren Integrität zu manipulieren. Die Kleinwinkelröntgenstreuung ermöglicht die zerstörungsfreie Untersuchung von Strukturmerkmalen in einer Größendomäne von etwa einem bis einhundert Nanometern. Durch die Kopplung mit A4F wird die Komplexität der ausgewählten Systeme maßgeblich verringert, die sonst aufgrund der sehr breiten Größenverteilungen der enthaltenen Teilchen schwer zu charakterisieren sind. Es konnten mit dieser Methodik detaillierte Aussagen über die Probenbeschaffenheit in Hinblick auf Teilchengestalt, -größenverteilung bzw. -konformation getroffen werden. Die Einbindung eines Dynamischen Lichtstreudetektors in den Kopplungsaufbau ließ noch weitergehende Aussagen zu. So wurde gezeigt, dass eine Nanopartikelsuspension sowohl hinsichtlich der Form, Größe und Größenverteilung der Nanopartikelkerne als auch der Stärke der Stabilisatorschicht in einem Online-Experiment charakterisiert werden kann. Diese Parameter sind wichtige Kenngrößen, die sowohl für die Funktionalität als auch Bioverfügbarkeit und Toxizität von Nanopartikeln maßgeblich sind und auf diese Weise zeitsparend und mit hoher Präzision erhalten werden konnten. Desweiteren wurde diese Kopplungsmethode erstmals auf verschiedene Polymersysteme wie Polyvinylpyrrolidon sowie starke und schwache Polyelektrolyte mit Erfolg angewendet. Durch die eingesetzte Größentrennung können Proben in einem sehr weiten Molmassenbereich fraktioniert werden, die häufig zu unerwünschten Wechselwirkungen in trägerbasierten Trennmethoden neigen. Durch die verwendete Röntgenstreuung konnten auch Strukturdetails kleiner Polymer- Größenfraktionen aufgelöst werden, die mit üblichen Standardverfahren nicht mehr zugänglich sind. N2 - In the present thesis the online-coupling of asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation(A4F) with small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) as a versatile analytical tool is introduced and applied to current challenges in nanoparticle analysis as well as to model systems of technically relevant polymers. The A4F provides size separation of sample solutions and suspensions. Due to the separation principle only low shear forces are applied which appear in competing methods. Therefore, this method allows processing of very sensitive sample materials. SAXS allows non-destructive probing of nanoscale structures in the range of about one to one hundred nanometers. By coupling with A4F, the complexity of sample Systems with broad size distributions, which are therefore frequently hard to characterize, is reduced significantly prior to further analysis. Applying this approach, detailed information about sample properties can be gained accurately with respect to the shape, size and size distribution of particles or conformation of macromolecules in short time. Addition of a dynamic light scattering detector to the setup allows a further conclusion. With the latter, a nanoparticles suspension was characterized rapidly and with good precision with respect to the core properties of the particles as well as the thickness of the stabilizer’s shell in a single online run. These parameters are important when dealing not only with functionality but also with the bioavailability or toxicity of nanoparticles. This methodology was also successfully applied to polymer systems for the first time, namely poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)s as well as strong and weak polyelectrolytes. Additionally, due to the applied separation method samples with broad molar mass distributions were processable which otherwise tend to interfere with stationary phasebased chromatography. Furthermore, using SAXS, structural properties can be resolved from smaller polymer size-fractions which are hardly accessible with other standardly used methods. T3 - BAM Dissertationsreihe - 82 KW - A4F (Asymmetrische Fluss-Feldflussfraktionierung) KW - Analytik von Polyelektrolyten KW - Polymeranalytik KW - Nanopartikelanalytik KW - SAXS (Small-Angle X-ray Scattering=Röntgenkleinwinkelstreuung) PY - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-766 SN - 978-3-9814634-6-0 SN - 1613-4249 VL - 82 SP - 1 EP - 140 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-76 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weidner, Steffen A1 - Knappe, Patrick A1 - Panne, Ulrich T1 - MALDI-TOF imaging mass spectrometry of artifacts in 'dried droplet' polymer samples N2 - Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-timeof-flight (MALDI-TOF) imaging of polystyrenes with various molecular masses was applied to study spatial molecular mass distribution of polymers in sample spots prepared by the 'dried droplet' method. When different solvents and target surfaces were examined, a segregation of single homologous polymers was observed depending upon the evaporation rate of the solvent. For the observed Patterns left by the evaporating droplet, a hypothesis is offered taking into account different hydrodynamic interactions and diffusion. The results illustrate that spot preparation using the conventionally 'dried droplet' method is prone to artifacts and should be avoided for reliable and reproducible MALDI mass spectrometry experiments with regards to the Determination of molecular masses and mass distributions. KW - MALDI KW - Mass spectrometry imaging KW - Polymer KW - Droplet PY - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-011-4773-1 SN - 1618-2642 SN - 1618-2650 VL - 401 IS - 1 SP - 127 EP - 134 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-24538 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Thünemann, Andreas A1 - Rolf, Simone A1 - Knappe, Patrick A1 - Weidner, Steffen T1 - In Situ Analysis of a Bimodal Size Distribution of Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles N2 - The dispersed iron oxide nanoparticles of ferrofluids in aqueous solution are difficult to characterize due to their protective polymer coatings. We report on the bimodal size distribution of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles found in the MRI contrast agent Resovist, which is a representative example of commercial nanoparticle-based pharmaceutical formulations. The radii of the majority of the nanoparticles (>99%) range from 4 to 13 nm (less than 1% of the particles display radii up to 21 nm). The maxima of the size distributions are at 5.0 and 9.9 nm. The analysis was performed with in situ characterization of Resovist via online coupling of asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (A4F) with small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) using a standard copper X-ray tube as a radiation source. The outlet of the A4F was directly coupled to a flow capillary on the SAXS instrument. SAXS curves of nanoparticle fractions were recorded at 1-min time intervals. We recommend using the A4F-SAXS coupling as a routine method for analysis of dispersed nanoparticles with sizes in the range of 1-100 nm. It allows a fast and quantitative comparison of different batches without the need for sample preparation. PY - 2009 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/ac802009q SN - 0003-2700 SN - 1520-6882 VL - 81 IS - 1 SP - 296 EP - 301 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington, DC AN - OPUS4-18658 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Knappe, Patrick A1 - Boehmert, L. A1 - Karmutzki, S. A1 - Niemann, B. A1 - Bienert, Ralf A1 - Weidner, Steffen A1 - Thünemann, Andreas A1 - Lampen, A. T1 - Fractionation and Analysis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles by A4F-SAXS Coupling and Testing their Cytotoxicity on Caco-2-Cells T2 - Golm International Symposium on Bioactive Surfaces CY - Potsdam, Germany DA - 2010-05-20 PY - 2010 AN - OPUS4-21279 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Knappe, Patrick A1 - Weidner, Steffen A1 - Thünemann, Andreas T1 - A4F-SAXS Online Coupling in-situ Nanoparticles Analysis T2 - BfR-Seminar zum Thema Nanotoxikologie, Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2010-08-04 PY - 2010 AN - OPUS4-21795 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Knappe, Patrick A1 - Bienert, Ralf A1 - Weidner, Steffen A1 - Thünemann, Andreas T1 - Characterization of poly/N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone)s with broad size distributions N2 - We report on the characterization of the solution structure of poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone)s (PVP) by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and by online coupling of asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (A4F), SAXS and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The commercial products PVP K30 and PVP K90 with nominal molar masses of 40 × 103 and 360 × 103 g mol-1, respectively, were investigated separately and as binary mixture. Detailed information for all polymer fractions is available on the polymer contour lengths and the diffusion coefficients. Key areas of applications for the A4F-SAXS-DLS coupling are seen in comparison to static light scattering for polymers with radii of gyration smaller than 10 nm, for which only SAXS produces precise analytical results on the size of the polymers in solution. KW - Small-angle X-ray scattering KW - SAXS KW - Field-flow fractionation PY - 2010 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2010.02.039 SN - 0032-3861 SN - 1873-2291 VL - 51 IS - 8 SP - 1723 EP - 1727 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-21222 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Knappe, Patrick A1 - Bienert, Ralf A1 - Weidner, Steffen A1 - Rolf, Simone A1 - Thünemann, Andreas T1 - Nanoparticle and Polymer Analysis using Synchrotron Radiation: Coupling Small-Angle Scattering and Field-Flow Fractionation T2 - 2nd Joint BERII and BESSY II Users Meeting CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2010-12-09 PY - 2010 AN - OPUS4-22830 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Böhmert, L. A1 - Girod, Matthias A1 - Hansen, Ulf A1 - Maul, Ronald A1 - Knappe, Patrick A1 - Niemann, B. A1 - Weidner, Steffen A1 - Thünemann, Andreas A1 - Lampen, A. T1 - Analytically monitored digestion of silver nanoparticles and their toxicity on human intestinal cells N2 - Orally ingested nanoparticles may overcome the gastrointestinal barrier, reach the circulatory system, be distributed in the organism and cause adverse health effects. However, ingested nanoparticles have to pass through different physicochemical environments, which may alter their properties before they reach the intestinal cells. In this study, silver nanoparticles are characterised physicochemically during the course of artificial digestion to simulate the biochemical processes occurring during digestion. Their cytotoxicity on intestinal cells was investigated using the Caco-2 cell model. Using field-flow fractionation combined with dynamic light scattering and small-angle X-ray scattering, the authors found that particles only partially aggregate as a result of the digestive process. Cell viabilities were determined by means of CellTiter-Blue® assay, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole-staining and real-time impedance. These measurements reveal small differences between digested and undigested particles (1–100 µg/ml or 1–69 particles/cell). The findings suggest that silver nanoparticles may indeed overcome the gastrointestinal juices in their particulate form without forming large quantities of aggregates. Consequently, the authors presume that the particles can reach the intestinal epithelial cells after ingestion with only a slight reduction in their cytotoxic potential. The study indicates that it is important to determine the impact of body fluids on the nanoparticles of interest to provide a reliable interpretation of their nano-specific cytotoxicity testing in vivo and in vitro. KW - Silver nanoparticles KW - In vitro digestion KW - Field-flow fractionation KW - Small-angle X-ray scattering KW - Dynamic light scattering KW - Caco-2 cells PY - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3109/17435390.2013.815284 SN - 1743-5390 SN - 1743-5404 VL - 8 IS - 6 SP - 631 EP - 642 PB - Informa Healthcare CY - London AN - OPUS4-29926 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Knappe, Patrick A1 - Bienert, Ralf A1 - Weidner, Steffen A1 - Thünemann, Andreas T1 - Poly(acrylic acid): A combined analysis with field-flow fractionation and SAXS N2 - Polyelectrolytes such as PAA and its salts are widely used, but are notoriously difficult to characterize due to their polyelectrolyte properties and broad molecular mass distributions. In this paper, we report on a new PAA analysis by combining asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation and an advanced SAXS technique using an acoustic levitator to minimize background scattering. The proof-of-principle is demonstrated with a mixture of three standard PAAs with different molecular masses. Detailed information on the PAA fractions is available on radii of gyration, polymer contour lengths, and coil conformation. Our method is expected to be applicable for a wide range of water-soluble synthetic and natural polymers and ideal for molecular masses of 5 × 103–2 × 105 g · mol-1. KW - Fractionation of polymers KW - Molar mass distribution KW - Polyelectrolytes KW - Small-angle X-ray scattering KW - Water-soluble polymers PY - 2010 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/macp.201000163 SN - 1022-1352 SN - 1521-3935 VL - 211 IS - 19 SP - 2148 EP - 2153 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-22005 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Knappe, Patrick A1 - Weidner, Steffen A1 - Thünemann, Andreas T1 - A4F-SAXS Online Coupling - In-situ Nanoparticle Analysis T2 - BfR-Seminar zum Thema Nanotoxikologie CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2010-08-04 PY - 2010 AN - OPUS4-21937 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -