TY - CONF A1 - Häßler, Dustin A1 - Becker, Andreas A1 - Fürst, Richard A1 - Hothan, Sascha ED - Simões da Silva, Luís ED - Vila Real, Paulo ED - Santiago, Aldina ED - Craveiro, Hélder ED - Laim, Luís T1 - Fire resistance testing of steel tension members with hollow section protected by intumescent coating N2 - This book presents the proceedings of the Thirteenth International Conference Structures in Fire. The conference took place at the Department of Civil Engineering, University of Coimbra, Portugal, from 19 to 21 June 2024, under the auspices of the SIF movement. Structural fire safety is a crucial aspect of the design of buildings and infrastructures. Significant advances in research have increased the knowledge on this topic. However, until the 1990s, there were few forums for structural fire engineers to exchange ideas and share research findings. SIF (Structures in Fire) specialised workshop series was conceived in the late 1990s and the “First International SIF Workshop” was held in Copenhagen, Denmark in 2000, followed by workshops in Christchurch, New Zealand (2002), Ottawa, Canada (2004) and Aveiro, Portugal (2006). The series of workshops evolved into conferences and the 2008 event in Singapore was the fifth International Conference on Structures in Fire. This was followed by events in East Lansing, USA (2010), Zurich, Switzerland (2012), Shanghai, China (2014), New Jersey, USA (2016), Belfast, UK (2018), Brisbane, Australia (2020) and Hong Kong, China (2022). Information about previous conferences, including complete proceedings, can be found at www.structuresinfire.com. The main mission of SIF conferences is to provide an opportunity for researchers and engineers from the global structural fire engineering community to participate, share and discuss the recent findings, innovations and developments with their peers in an open and international forum. Following the great success of the previous International Conferences, the University of Coimbra was selected to host the 13th International Conference on Structures in Fire. As with most of the recent conferences, the number of papers submitted far exceeds the number of papers that can be accommodated in the three-day programme, even with two parallel sessions. SIF 2024 received 249 abstracts before the deadline and accepted 172 abstracts after the review process by at least three reviewers from the scientific committee. These proceedings represent 132 full papers, collectively representing the state of the art in fundamental knowledge and practical application of structures in fire. Forty-two countries from around the globe have contributed to them. The papers are grouped into the following research topics: Applications of Structural Fire Engineering, Composite Structures in Fire, Concrete Structures in Fire, Timber Structures in Fire, Masonry Structures in Fire, Steel Structures in Fire, Experimental Research of Structures in Fire, Numerical Modelling of Structures in Fire, Other Topics Related to Structures in Fire. Finally, the Organizing Committee would like to thank the continuous support from the SIF Steering Committee chaired by Prof Jean-Marc Franssen. We also would like to thank to the Scientific Committee chaired by Prof Paulo Vila Real, the authors and all the supporting staff (and volunteer team) from the Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering (ISISE) in Coimbra, for making SIF 2024 a successful conference. DA - 19.06.2024 KW - Fire resistance KW - Fire test KW - Intumescent coating KW - Steel KW - Tension member PY - 2024 DO - https://doi.org/10.30779/cmm_SIF24 SP - 1173 EP - 1183 PB - CMM – Portuguese Steelwork Association AN - OPUS4-60815 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Häßler, Dustin A1 - Mund, Maximilian A1 - Daus, Lars-Hendrik A1 - Hothan, Sascha A1 - Schaumann, Peter A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Durability of intumescent coatings and recommendations for test concepts for a working life of more than 10 years N2 - It is an essential requirement for all building products to ensure durability of their fire safety. Throughout the working life of products, intumescent coatings are aged by certain climatic factors. To predict a lifetime of several years, generally the behaviour of the intumescent coating is extrapolated based on accelerated artificial ageing. The established German and European procedures to assess the durability assume a working life of at least 10 years. For a longer period, additional evidence is required; yet the procedure and the specifications to justify this are not described. In addition to addressing this formal lack, from a scientific point of view it is necessary to investigate the degradation of intumescent coatings in detail and to propose a reliable test concept to assess durability for more than 10 years. This paper summarises the existing knowledge about the ageing of intumescent coatings. The results of various demanding weathering approaches are presented for two intumescent coatings tested in a joint research project. Moreover, formulations with a reduced amount of functionally relevant components were analysed to gain insight into the associated effects. Derived from these research results and knowledge, recommendations are proposed to assess the durability of intumescent coatings for more than 10 years based on a combination of verifications. KW - Ageing KW - Fire protection KW - Intumescent coating KW - Steel construction KW - Working life PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-603852 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2024.104173 SN - 0379-7112 VL - 146 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-60385 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Klimek, André A1 - Stelzner, Ludwig A1 - Hothan, Sascha A1 - Zehfuß, Jochen T1 - Influence of thermal strain on concrete spalling N2 - Understanding the susceptibility to spalling of concrete members in case of fire is important to evaluate the residual load-bearing capacity. The investigations of the spalling phenomenon of a concrete mixture using real scale members are necessary but expensive to carry out. Reducing the specimen size leads to an increase of boundary effects that can result in a reduced spalling or absence of spalling. In this study, fire tests were carried out on unrestrained, single-sided exposed, cuboid shaped specimens (0.6 m x 0.6 m x 0.29 m) as well as unrestrained and steel ring restrained cylindrical specimens (Ø = 0.47 m, h = 0.29 m), which induce different boundary conditions. These fire tests were carried out on two ordinary concrete mixtures. The two mixtures differ only in the type of aggregates (quartz gravel and basalt grit) and were used to investigate the influence of the thermal expansion of the aggregate on the spalling behaviour of the concrete. The results show a significant increase of the spalling depth due to the restrained thermal expansion achieved by the applied steel rings. Additionally, the type of aggregate has a direct influence on the spalling behaviour of a concrete mixture. The reduction of the boundary effects by the steel rings recreate the test conditions in the centre of a large concrete member. Thus, this type of specimen is suitable to determine the susceptibility to spalling of a material (screening-tests) as preliminary investigations to full scale fire tests. KW - Spalling KW - Concrete KW - Fire test KW - Restraint KW - Screening test PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-593350 DO - https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-023-02274-x VL - 57 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-59335 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Fürst, Richard A1 - Häßler, Dustin A1 - Stelzner, Ludwig A1 - Hothan, Sascha T1 - Development of an in situ test method to assess the fire resistance of steel members with applied intumes-cent coating N2 - Intumescent coatings are commonly used in civil engineering to improve the fire resistance of steel constructions. Exposed to fire, the intumescent coating reacts and forms a thermal protective char around the steel member. Thus, the heating of the steel is delayed, and a higher fire resistance can be achieved. Generally, the scope of application and the durability of intumescent coatings are described in national approvals or European Technical Assessment (ETA) documents. Due to environmental conditions, intumescent coatings are subjected to ageing effects, which can reduce their durability and thermal protection performance. Available in situ methods to investigate the performance of applied intumescent coatings, such as visual inspection, flame exposure testing, adhesive tensile tests or chemical analysis, are not fully conclusive. Therefore, in the civil engineering practice, there is an increasing demand to verify the fire resistance of existing steel structures with applied intumescent coatings necessary in several cases, e.g., the working life is exceeded, the visual appearance of the intumescent coating changed or the information about the applied product is missing. The research presented in the paper shows the progress of the ongoing research project "INSIST" at BAM [1], where a new in situ method is being developed to assess the actual fire resistance of existing steel structures with applied intumescent coating. The investigation is based on a development of the in situ test procedure and a mobile prototype furnace. T2 - 10th Symposium Structural Fire Engineering CY - Braunschweig, Germany DA - 24.09.2024 KW - In situ KW - Intumescent coating KW - Steel structures KW - Test procedure PY - 2024 SP - 1 EP - 15 AN - OPUS4-61275 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Fürst, Richard A1 - Häßler, Dustin A1 - Stelzner, Ludwig A1 - Hothan, Sascha T1 - In situ test procedure to determine the fire resistance of exisiting steel structures with aged intumescent coating N2 - Intumescent coatings are commonly used in civil engineering to increase the fire resistance of steel structures. In case of a fire, the intumescent coating reacts and forms a thermally protective char around the steel member. Thus, the heating of the steel is significantly delayed, and as a result, a higher fire resistance can be achieved. Throughout the working life, intumescent coatings are aged by climatic factors. To predict durability for several years, the behaviour of the intumescent coatings is extrapolated based on accelerated artificial ageing. The established German and European assessment procedures to test and predict durability assume a working life of at least 10 years. For an extended period, additional evidence is required; yet the procedure and specifications to justify this are not described. Available in situ methods to assess the thermal performance of intumescent coatings are currently limited in their information content. Therefore, BAM is conducting a research project to develop a minimally invasive in situ test procedure to determine the fire resistance of existing steel structures with applied intumescent coating. The paper will describe the test setup, the developed prototype furnace, and the results of the performed test programme with uncoated and coated steel specimens. Based on this, recommendations for the test procedure are given. T2 - Structures in Fire 2024 CY - Coimbra, Portugal DA - 19.06.2024 KW - In situ KW - Intumescent coating KW - Steel structures KW - Test procedure PY - 2024 SN - 978-989-35292-2-5 DO - https://doi.org/10.30779/cmm_SIF24 SP - 1217 EP - 1228 AN - OPUS4-61258 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Fürst, Richard A1 - Häßler, Dustin A1 - Stelzner, Ludwig A1 - Hothan, Sascha T1 - Development of an in situ test method to assess the fire resistance of steel members with applied intumescent coating N2 - Intumescent coatings are commonly used in civil engineering to improve the fire resistance of steel constructions. Exposed to fire, the intumescent coating reacts and forms a thermal protective char around the steel member. Thus, the heating of the steel is delayed, and a higher fire resistance can be achieved. Generally, the scope of application and the durability of intumescent coatings are described in national approvals or European Technical Assessment (ETA) documents. Due to environmental conditions, intumescent coatings are subjected to ageing effects, which can reduce their durability and thermal protection performance. Available in situ methods to investigate the performance of applied intumescent coatings, such as visual inspection, flame exposure testing, adhesive tensile tests or chemical analysis, are not fully conclusive. Therefore, in the civil engineering practice, there is an increasing demand to verify the fire resistance of existing steel structures with applied intumescent coatings necessary in several cases, e.g., the working life is exceeded, the visual appearance of the intumescent coating changed or the information about the applied product is missing. The research presented in the paper shows the progress of the ongoing research project "INSIST" at BAM, where a new in situ method is being developed to assess the actual fire resistance of existing steel structures with applied intumescent coating. The investigation is based on a development of the in situ test procedure and a mobile prototype furnace. T2 - 10th Symposium Structural Fire Engineering – TU Braunschweig 2024 CY - Braunschweig, Germany DA - 24.09.2024 KW - In situ KW - Intumescent coating KW - Steel structures KW - Test procedure PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61261 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Fürst, Richard A1 - Häßler, Dustin A1 - Stelzner, Ludwig A1 - Hothan, Sascha T1 - In situ test procedure to determine the fire resistance of existing steel structures with aged intumescent coating N2 - BAM is conducting a research project to develop a minimally invasive in situ test procedure to determine the fire resistance of existing steel structures with applied intumescent coating. In presentation and submitted paper is describe the test setup, the developed prototype furnace, and the results of the performed test programme with uncoated and coated steel specimens. Based on this, recommendations for the test procedure are given. T2 - Structures in Fire 2024 CY - Coimbra, Portugal DA - 19.06.2024 KW - In situ KW - Intumescent coating KW - Steel structures KW - Test procedure PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61257 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -