TY - JOUR A1 - Schneider, Ronald A1 - Simon, Patrick A1 - Herrmann, Ralf A1 - Hille, Falk A1 - Baeßler, Matthias T1 - Bestandteile Digitaler Zwillinge im Erhaltungsmanagement von Verkehrsbrücken T1 - Components of digital twins in the operation and maintenance management of traffic bridges N2 - Digitale Zwillinge werden zukünftig ein integraler Bestandteil des Erhaltungsmanagements von Verkehrsbrücken sein. In diesem Beitrag wird argumentiert, dass sie nicht nur als digitale Abbilder physikalischer Bauwerke verstanden werden sollten, sondern als eine umfassende digitale Methode, die durch die Integration von Datenerfassung, Erhaltungsmaßnahmen, Datenmanagement, Bauwerksbewertung und Entscheidungsunterstützung die Bauwerksüberwachung und ‐erhaltung verbessert. In diesem Zusammenhang wird betont, dass der Übergang von der reaktiven zur prädiktiven Erhaltung durch den Einsatz von Digitalen Zwillingen nur dann realisierbar ist, wenn neben den erforderlichen diagnostischen und prognostischen Zustandsanalysen auch Methoden zur Optimierung von Entscheidungen über Datenerfassung und Erhaltungsmaßnahmen implementiert werden. Zur Veranschaulichung der Diskussion werden in diesem Beitrag exemplarisch zwei Bestandteile eines Digitalen Zwillings für das Erhaltungsmanagement von Verkehrsbrücken am Beispiel einer Eisenbahnbrücke demonstriert. Dabei wird zum einen gezeigt, wie Monitoringdaten mittels eines Datenmanagementsystems strukturiert verwaltet und für angeknüpfte Analysen bereitgestellt werden. Zum anderen erfolgt im Rahmen einer bauwerksspezifischen Einwirkungsermittlung eine Zugidentifikation anhand von gemessenen Schwellenschwingungen. N2 - Digital twins will become an integral part of the operation and maintenance management of traffic bridges in the future. This paper argues that they should not only be understood as digital representations of physical structures but as a digital methodology that enhances the operation and maintenance of bridges through the integration of data collection, maintenance actions, data management, structural assessment, and decision support. In this context, it is emphasized that the transition from reactive to predictive maintenance using digital twins can only be achieved if, in addition to the necessary diagnostic and prognostic condition analyses, methods for optimizing decisions on data collection and maintenance actions are also implemented. To illustrate this discussion, two key components of a digital twin for the operation and maintenance management of traffic bridges are demonstrated using a railway bridge as an example. First, it is shown how monitoring data can be systematically managed and made available for subsequent analyses through a data management system. Second, train identification based on measured sleeper vibrations is conducted as part of an object-specific load assessment. KW - Digitale Zwillinge KW - Erhaltung KW - Inspektion KW - Monitoring KW - Brücken PY - 2025 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/bate.202400101 SN - 1437-0999 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - Ernst & Sohn CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-62837 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hille, Falk A1 - Schneider, Ronald A1 - Simon, Patrick A1 - Herrmann, Ralf A1 - Baeßler, Matthias ED - Döhler, Michael ED - Mélot, Adrien ED - Aenlle Lopez, Manuel T1 - System identification and model calibration of a steel road bridge N2 - The Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), in cooperation with the Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), is working on a framework for integrating frequently updated structural models into an asset management process for bridge structures. A multi-span steel road bridge was selected as a test case for the development of this framework. In order for the structural model to represent the real behavior of the bridge with sufficient accuracy, model calibration is required. In this case, we have planned to calibrate the model based on the dynamic response of the bridge. To determine its dynamic properties, a multi-setup operational modal analysis was performed on one of the bridge spans. In parallel, a structural model of the span was developed based on the available design and service life information. Both eigenfrequencies and mode shapes were used as reference parameters to calibrate the model. A sensitivity analysis was performed to identify the most influential design parameters. Subsequently, a genetic algorithm was applied for minimizing the difference between measured and simulated characteristic responses. In the proposed paper, we summarize the measurements as well as the determination of the modal response of the bridge and describe the process of calibration of the structural model using the identified dynamic response. T2 - 11th International Operational Modal Analysis Conference (IOMAC 2025) CY - Rennes, France DA - 20.05.2025 KW - Bridge structure KW - Operational modal analysis KW - Model calibration PY - 2025 SN - 978-84-09-75120-4 SP - 114 EP - 121 PB - International Group of Operational Modal Analysis CY - Gijón, Spain AN - OPUS4-64416 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schneider, Ronald A1 - Simon, Patrick A1 - Hille, Falk A1 - Herrmann, Ralf A1 - Baeßler, Matthias T1 - Vibration-based system identification of a large steel box girder bridge N2 - The Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) collaborates with TNO to develop a software framework for automated calibration of structural models based on monitoring data. The ultimate goal is to include such models in the asset management process of engineering structures. As a basis for developing the framework, a multi-span road bridge consisting of ten simply supported steel box girders was selected as a test case. Our group measured output-only vibration data from one box girder under ambient conditions. From the data, we determined eigenfrequencies and mode shapes. In parallel, we developed a preliminary structural model of the box girder for the purpose of predicting its modal properties. In this contribution, we provide an overview of the measurement campaign, the operational modal analysis, the structural modeling and qualitatively compare the identified with the predicted modes. As an outlook, we discuss the further steps in the calibration process and future applications of the calibrated model. T2 - XII International Conference on Structural Dynamics (EURODYN 2023) CY - Delft, The Netherlands DA - 02.07.2023 KW - Verkehrsinfrastukturen KW - SHM KW - Model updating KW - System identification KW - Operational modal analysis PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-605041 DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2647/18/182039 SN - 1742-6596 VL - 2647 IS - 18 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - IOP Publishing CY - Bristol AN - OPUS4-60504 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Eichner, Lukas A1 - Gerards-Wünsche, Paul A1 - Happel, Karina A1 - Weise, Sigurd A1 - Haake, Gerrit A1 - Sieber, Lars A1 - Flederer, Holger A1 - Schneider, Ronald A1 - Herrmann, Ralf A1 - Hille, Falk A1 - Baeßler, Matthias A1 - Huhn, Holger A1 - Küchler, Andreas T1 - Digitales Datenmanagement für die Instandhaltung von Offshore-Windparks T1 - Digital data management for maintenance in offshore wind farms N2 - Im Forschungsprojekt DiMoWind-Inspect wurde untersucht, welche Grundvoraussetzungen geschaffen werden müssen, um digitale Methoden für die Instandhaltung von Offshore-Windenergieanlagen einsetzen zu können. Daten aus allen Lebensphasen der Anlagen werden derzeit nur selten effizient dafür genutzt, um die sinnvollsten Instandhaltungsmaßnahmen am richtigen Ort, zum richtigen Zeitpunkt und mit den geringsten Kosten durchzuführen. Eine im Vorhaben entwickelte einheitliche Strukturierung der bisher häufig unstrukturierten Bau- und Instandhaltungsdaten ermöglicht ihre übergreifende, anwenderspezifische Verfügbarkeit. Hierfür werden Prinzipien des Referenzkennzeichnungssystems RDS-PP adaptiert. Es wird aufgezeigt, wie neben Bauteilen auch zusätzliche Informationen wie Instandhaltungsmaßnahmen oder Mängel strukturiert werden können. Dem Ansatz des Building Information Modeling folgend werden die Bauwerkskomponenten direkt mit den Informationen aus Inspektionen und weiteren Instandhaltungsmaßnahmen verknüpft. So können Informationen aus dem Betrieb über den Zustand der Struktur verarbeitet und für die maßgebenden Berechnungen und Nachweise zur Verfügung gestellt werden. Als Anwendungsfall wird ein zweistufiges Konzept vorgestellt, das zur Bewertung der Ermüdungslebensdauer eines korrosionsgeschädigten Konstruktionsdetails der Gründungsstruktur einer Offshore-Windenergieanlage mit Informationen aus der Instandhaltung eingesetzt wird. N2 - The DiMoWind-Inspect research project explored the essential requirements for implementing digital methods in the maintenance of offshore wind turbines. Currently, data from all stages of the turbines' lifecycles are underutilized, leading to suboptimal maintenance actions being taken in terms of location, timing, and cost. A consistent structuring of previously often unstructured construction and maintenance data developed in the project enables their cross-disciplinary, user-specific availability. To accomplish this, the principles of the Reference Designation System for Power Plants RDS-PP are applied. In this way, additional information, such as maintenance measures or defects, can be structured alongside components. The components of the structures are directly linked with information from inspections and other maintenance activities, following the Building Information Modeling approach. This allows for processing operational information about the condition of the structure and providing it for relevant calculations and assessments. As a use case, a two-stage concept is presented, utilizing maintenance information to assess the fatigue life of a corrosion-damaged structural detail in the support structure of an offshore wind turbine. KW - Building Information Modeling KW - Datenmanagement KW - Instandhaltung KW - Offshore-Windenergie KW - Referenzkennzeichnungssystem PY - 2024 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/bate.202400026 VL - 101 IS - 10 SP - 558 EP - 567 PB - Ernst & Sohn CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-60765 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lehmann, F. A1 - Hille, Falk T1 - Dauerüberwachung von Ingenieurbauwerken - Das neue Merkblatt B 09 der DGZfP T1 - Permanent monitoring of engineering structures The new leaflet B 09 of the DGZFP N2 - Messtechnische Systeme zur Dauerüberwachung von Bauwerken ermöglichen Einblicke in deren reale Trag- und Verformungsverhalten. Die Planung und technische Umsetzung solcher Maßnahmen erfordern für die erfolgreiche Erfüllung der Aufgabenstellungen eine hohe Fachkompetenz, sowohl auf der planerischen Seite, als auch für die fachliche Bewertung von angebotenen Monitoringlösungen. Als Hilfestellung dafür wurde von der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (DGZfP) das Merkblatt „Dauerüberwachung von Ingenieurbauwerken“ erarbeitet, welches nun verfügbar ist. In diesem Beitrag werden die Inhalte des neuen Merkblatts vorgestellt und dieses in die vorhandene Literatur eingeordnet. KW - Structural Health Monitoring KW - Brücken KW - Windenergieanlagen KW - Merkblatt KW - Bauwerksüberwachung KW - Richtlinie PY - 2023 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/best.202200122 VL - 118 IS - 4 SP - 275 EP - 280 PB - Ernst & Sohn AN - OPUS4-57302 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gerards-Wünsche, Paul A1 - Ratkovac, Mirjana A1 - Schneider, Ronald A1 - Hille, Falk A1 - Baeßler, Matthias T1 - A framework for assessing the reliability of crack luminescence – an automated fatigue crack detection system N2 - The new crack luminescence method offers the possibility of making fatigue surface cracks in metallic materials more visible during inspections through a special coating system. This coating system consists of two layers, whereby the first layer has fluorescent properties and emits visible light as soon as it is irradiated by UV light. The top layer is black and is designed to prevent the fluorescent layer from emitting if no crack develops in the underlying material. The technique proved particularly useful in a wide variety of fatigue tests of steel components under laboratory conditions. Moreover, it has the potential to be used in various industrial applications. To enable industrial deployment and integration into maintenance strategies, a concept study is developed in this contribution, resulting in a qualification framework that can serve as a foundation for determining the reliability of the crack luminescence system in terms of a probability of detection curve. Within this study, factors causing measurement variability and uncertainty are being determined and their influences assessed. Due to the extension of the system by a moving computer vision system for automated crack detection using artificial intelligence, additional long-term effects associated with structural health monitoring systems need to be incorporated into an extended probability of detection study as part of the technical justification. Finally, important aspects and findings related to design of experiments are discussed, and a framework for reliability assessment of a new optical crack monitoring method is presented, emphasizing the influence of various uncertainty parameters, including long-term effects such as system ageing. T2 - SPIE Conference Smart Structures + Nondestructive Evaluation 2023 CY - Long Beach, CA, USA DA - 24.03.2023 KW - Structural Health Monitoring KW - Non-Destructive Evaluation KW - Probability of Detection KW - Reliability KW - Artificial Intelligence KW - Computer Vision KW - Crack Luminescence KW - Wind PY - 2023 SN - 978-1-5106-6086-1 DO - https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2658390 SP - 1 EP - 15 AN - OPUS4-57244 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pirskawetz, Stephan A1 - Steinbock, O. A1 - Hille, Falk A1 - Schmidt, S. A1 - Hofmann, Detlef T1 - Erfahrungen aus dem Rückbau der Brücke am Altstädter Bahnhof in der Stadt Brandenburg - Teil 2: Schadensmonitoring bei zerstörenden Versuchen N2 - Im Dezember 2019 wurden bei einer turnusmäßigen Inspektion der B 1-Brücke am Altstädter Bahnhof in Brandenburg an der Havel massive und schnell voranschreitende Schäden festgestellt. Als Ursache für die Risse entlang der Längsträger wurde das Versagen eines signifikanten Anteils der Spanndrähte der konzentrierten Spannglieder vermutet. Die Brücke wurde umgehend für den Verkehr gesperrt und im Mai 2021 gesprengt. Im Vorfeld der Sprengung wurden durch das Bundesministerium für Digitales und Verkehr (BMDV) weiterführende Untersuchungen zum Schadensbild veranlasst, welche vom Landesbetrieb Straßenwesen Brandenburg koordiniert und in den Bauablauf integriert wurden. Das von der Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft (HTW) Dresden erstellte Versuchskonzept ist Bestandteil des vorangestellten ersten Teils des Beitrags [1]. Hier im zweiten Teil werden ausgewählte Ergebnisse der umfangreichen versuchsbegleitenden Mess- und Monitoringmaßnahmen beschrieben, welche in Kooperation der HTW Dresden, der Bilfinger Noell GmbH sowie der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) durchgeführt wurden. N2 - A routine inspection of the B1 bridge at the Altstädter Bahnhof in Brandenburg an der Havel in December 2019 revealed massive and rapidly progressing damage. The cause of the cracks along the longitudinal girders was suspected to be the failure of a significant portion of the prestressing wires of the concentrated tendons. The bridge was immediately closed to traffic and demolished in May 2021. Prior to the demolition, the Federal Ministry for Digital and Transport (BMDV) initiated further investigations into the damage pattern, which were coordinated and integrated into the deconstruction process by the Landesbetrieb Straßenwesen Brandenburg. The test concept was developed by the Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft Dresden (HTW) and is described in the previous article (Part 1). The article at present (Part 2) describes selected results of the extensive measurement and monitoring measures accompanying the tests. The Tests were carried out in cooperation with the HTW Dresden, Bilfinger Noell GmbH and the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM). KW - Spannbetonbrücke KW - Spannstahlbruch KW - Schallemission KW - Fotogrammetrie KW - Faseroptik KW - Stochastische Subspacebasierte Schadensdetektion PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/best.202200052 SN - 1437-1006 VL - 117 IS - 8 SP - 581 EP - 589 PB - Ernst & Sohn CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-55513 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Viefhues, Eva A1 - Döhler, M. A1 - Hille, Falk A1 - Mevel, L. T1 - Statistical subspace-based damage detection with estimated reference N2 - The statistical subspace-based damage detection technique has shown promising theoretical and practical results for vibration-based structural health monitoring. It evaluates a subspacebased residual function with efficient hypothesis testing tools, and has the ability of detecting small changes in chosen system parameters. In the residual function, a Hankel matrix of Output covariances estimated from test data is confronted to its left null space associated to a reference model. The hypothesis test takes into account the covariance of the residual for decision making. Ideally, the reference model is assumed to be perfectly known without any uncertainty, which is not a realistic assumption. In practice, the left null space is usually estimated from a reference data set to avoid model errors in the residual computation. Then, the associated uncertainties may be non-negligible, in particular when the available reference data is of limited length. In this paper, it is investigated how the statistical distribution of the residual is affected when the reference null space is estimated. The asymptotic residual distribution is derived, where its refined covariance term considers also the uncertainty related to the reference null space estimate. The associated damage detection test closes a theoretical gap for real-world applications and leads to increased robustness of the method in practice. The importance of including the estimation uncertainty of the reference null space is shown in a numerical study and on experimental data of a progressively damaged steel frame. KW - Damage detection KW - Uncertainty quantification KW - Statistical tests KW - Ambient excitation KW - Vibration measurement PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2021.108241 SN - 0888-3270 VL - 164 SP - 108241 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-52998 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Viefhues, Eva A1 - Döhler, M. A1 - Hille, Falk A1 - Mevel, L. T1 - Fault detection for linear parameter varying systems under changes in the process noise covariance N2 - Detecting changes in the eigenstructure of linear systems is a comprehensively investigated subject. In particular, change detection methods based on hypothesis testing using Gaussian residuals have been developed previously. In such residuals, a reference model is confronted to data from the current system. In this paper, linear output-only systems depending on a varying external physical parameter are considered. These systems are driven by process noise, whose covariance may also vary between measurements. To deal with the varying parameter, an interpolation approach is pursued, where a limited number of reference models – each estimated from data measured in a reference state – are interpolated to approximate an adequate reference model for the current parameter. The problem becomes more complex when the different points of interpolation correspond to different noise conditions. Then conflicts may arise between the detection of changes in the eigenstructure due to a fault and the detection of changes due to different noise conditions. For this case, a new change detection approach is developed based on the interpolation of the eigenstructure at the reference points. The resulting approach is capable of change detection when both the external physical parameter and the process noise conditions are varying. This approach is validated on a numerical simulation of a mechanical system. T2 - 21st IFAC World Congress CY - Online meeting DA - 13.07.2020 KW - Linear parameter varying systems KW - Fault detectionchanging KW - Process noise KW - Subspace-based residual KW - Model interpolation PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-524652 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2020.12.868 SN - 2405-8963 VL - 53 IS - 2 SP - 13668 EP - 13673 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-52465 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hille, Falk A1 - Sowietzki, D. A1 - Makris, R. T1 - Luminescence-based early detection of fatigue cracks N2 - Classic non-destructive fatigue crack detection methods reveal the state of the fatigue damage evolution at the moment of application, generally not under operational conditions. The here introduced crack luminescence method realizes a clear visibility of the occurred and growing crack in loaded components during operation. Different established experiments show that due to the sensitive coating a crack Formation can be detected even in early stage under the premise the crack reached the surface. The coating consists of two layers with different properties and functions. The bottom layer emits light as fluorescence under UV radiation. The top layer covers the fluorescing one and prevents the emitting of light in case of no damage at the surface. In case of surface crack occurrence, the luminescent light is clearly noticeable by visual observations and also by standard camera equipment which makes automated crack detection possible as well. It is expected that crack luminescence can increase structural safety as well as reduce costs and time for inspections and preventive maintenance. KW - Coating KW - Fatigue KW - Crack damage detection KW - Luminescence PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-510517 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.338 SN - 2214-7853 SP - 1 EP - 5 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-51051 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -