TY - JOUR A1 - Kauss, Norman A1 - Heyn, A. A1 - Michael, O. A1 - Schymura, M. A1 - Rosemann, P. T1 - Application limits and sensitisation behaviour of the manganese- and nitrogen-alloyed austenitic stainless steel P2000 (X13CrMnMoN18-14-3) N2 - Nickel‐free high‐nitrogen‐alloyed stainless steels like the P2000 (X13CrMnMoN18‐14‐3) were developed to enhance the strength and corrosion resistance of austenitic stainless steels like 304 and 316 while keeping the typical high ductility. The mechanical and corrosive properties of P2000 were investigated and compared with 304 and 316 to highlight the application opportunities of this new alloy. The microstructure of the solution‐annealed condition was characterised by electron backscatter diffraction and the mechanical properties were studied by uniaxial tensile tests, Charpy impact tests and hardness measurements. The passivation behaviour was analysed using the electrochemical potentiodynamic reactivation, whereas the pitting corrosion resistance was compared by pitting potentials and pitting temperatures. However, secondary thermal influences or suboptimal heat treatment can impair the corrosion resistance due to the precipitation of secondary phases and the resulting sensitisation. Thermodynamic calculations and artificial ageing treatment in the range of 500–900°C for up to 100 h were used to determine critical time–temperature parameters for sensitisation. The microstructure of the various aged states was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and compared with the degrading corrosion resistance characterised by the KorroPad method. KW - Austenitic stainless steel KW - Electrochemical methods KW - High‐nitrogen steel KW - Mechanical properties KW - Corrosion resistance PY - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-527925 VL - 71 IS - 10 SP - 1656 EP - 1667 PB - Wiley-VCH GmbH AN - OPUS4-52792 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Babutzka, Martin A1 - Heyn, A. T1 - Corrosion investigations by using gel-type electrolytes N2 - This contribution will show that gel-type electrolytes influence protective layers on zinc coatings considerably less than typical bulk electrolytes. Different zinc coatings are investigated, their naturally formed protective layers are electrochemically characterized and corrosion relevant values are determined by using a gel pad based on polysaccharide. From the results it is evident that gel-type electrolytes represent a viable and promising field in corrosion research. T2 - EUROCORR European Corrosion Congress 2016 CY - Montpellier, France DA - 11.09.2016 KW - Corrosion investigations KW - Gel-type electrolytes KW - Zinc coatings PY - 2016 SP - Paper P-56097 AN - OPUS4-37546 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, Thoralf A1 - Burkert, Andreas A1 - Heyn, A. A1 - Balzer, Martin A1 - Fenker, M. T1 - Investigation on the improved corrosion behavior of TiMgN hard coating on steel substrate T2 - EUROCORR 2015 - European corrosion congress CY - Graz, Austria DA - 06.09.2015 KW - Hard coatings KW - TiMgN KW - Corrosion PY - 2015 SP - paper 11.1_693 AN - OPUS4-34618 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Babutzka, Martin A1 - Burkert, Andreas A1 - Heyn, A. T1 - Korrosionsuntersuchungen mit gelartigen Elektrolyten zur Beschreibung der Korrosionsschutzwirkung von Zinküberzügen N2 - Ein neuer Ansatz bei elektrochemischen Korrosionsuntersuchungen kann durch den Einsatz von gelartigen Elektrolyten als Alternative zu wässrigen Prüfelektrolyten beschritten werden. Gelartige Elektrolyte ermöglichen minimalinvasive Untersuchungen an natürlich gebildeten Zinkdeckschichten. Dadurch können korrosionsrelevante Kennwerte ermittelt werden, die Aussagen zur Deckschichtbildung und zur Stabilität der gebildeten Deckschichten unter verschiedenen klimatischen Bedingungen erlauben. In diesem Beitrag wird anhand verschiedener Deckschichtzustände an Zink der Mehrwert von Untersuchungen mit gelartigen Elektrolyten für die Korrosionsforschung verdeutlicht. T2 - 16. Tagung "Korrosionsschutz in der maritimen Technik" CY - Hamburg, Germany DA - 25.01.2017 KW - Deckschichtbildung KW - Layer formation KW - Gelartige Elektrolyte KW - Gel-type electrolytes KW - Korrosionsprüfung KW - Corrosion testing KW - Zinkdeckschichten KW - Zinc coatings PY - 2017 SN - 978-3-935406-64-2 VL - 16 SP - 35 EP - 44 AN - OPUS4-39041 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Babutzka, Martin A1 - Heyn, A. T1 - Corrosion investigations by using gel-type electrolytes N2 - Limitations are encountered regarding the electrolyte when studying atmospheric corrosion reactions on materials that form protective layers on their surface or tend to passivate. For example, the reconstruction of a thin wet film, as well as the interpretation of electrochemical measurements in so-called bulk solutions (a "mass" of electrolyte), often proves to be difficult in view of corrosion behavior under atmospheric conditions. A new approach to this problem in corrosion research includes the use of gel-type electrolytes as an alternative to bulk electrolytes. Gel-type electrolytes form a thin wet film on the surface of the material, whereby the naturally formed protective layer is affected similar to atmospheric conditions and can be examined in an almost non-destructive way. Through electrochemical instrumentation specific values such as polarization resistances and corrosion currents can be determined providing information on kinetics of surface layer formation and stability of surface layers formed under the influence of a thin wet film. Thus, new test methods can be developed that supply a better understanding of corrosion processes in specific atmospheres. In this article different zinc coatings and aluminium alloys were investigated, their naturally formed protective layers were electrochemically characterized and corrosion relevant values were determined by using a gel pad based on polysaccharide. Corrosion relevant values allowed the differentiation of various coating systems and could describe the current protective effect provided by the coating. It is shown that gel-type electrolytes influence protective layers and coatings considerably less than corresponding bulk electrolytes and that an atmospheric wet film is approached by these test conditions. From the results it is evident that gel-type electrolytes represent a viable and promising field in corrosion research. T2 - 18th Chemnitz Seminar on Materials Engineering – 18. Werkstofftechnisches Kolloquium CY - Chemnitz, Germany KW - Corrosion investigations KW - Gel-type electrolytes KW - Zinc coatings PY - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-366680 VL - 118 SP - 17 PB - IOP Publishing CY - Bristol, UK AN - OPUS4-36668 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Babutzka, Martin A1 - Burkert, Andreas A1 - Heyn, A. T1 - Corrosion investigations on zinc coatings by using gel-type electrolytes N2 - In the presentation different zinc coatings are presented and investigated. Their naturally formed protective layers are electrochemically characterized and corrosion relevant values are determined by using a gel pad based on polysaccharide. The corrosion relevant values allow the differentiation of various zinc coating systems and can describe the current protective effect provided by the coating. It is shown that gel-type electrolytes influence protective layers and coatings considerably less than corresponding bulk electrolytes. From the results it is evident that gel-type electrolytes represent a viable and promising field in corrosion research. T2 - 7th Kurt-Schwabe-Symposium CY - Mittweida, Germany DA - 04.09.2016 KW - zinc coatings KW - gel-type electrolytes KW - corrosion invetsigations PY - 2016 SP - 19 AN - OPUS4-37411 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Babutzka, Martin A1 - Burkert, Andreas A1 - Heyn, A. T1 - Korrosionsuntersuchungen mit gelartigen Elektrolyten an natürlich gebildeten Zinkdeckschichten N2 - Ein neuer Ansatz bei elektrochemischen Korrosionsuntersuchungen kann durch den Einsatz von gelartigen Elektrolyten als Alternative zu wässrigen Prüfelektrolyten beschritten werden. Gelartige Elektrolyte ermöglichen minimalinvasive Untersuchungen an natürlich gebildeten Zinkdeckschichten. Dadurch können korrosionsrelevante Kennwerte ermittelt werden, die Aussagen zur Deckschichtbildung und zur Stabilität der gebildeten Deckschichten erlauben. In diesem Beitrag wird anhand verschiedener Deckschichtzustände an Zink der Mehrwert von gelartigen Elektrolyten für die Korrosionsforschung verdeutlicht. N2 - A new approach in electrochemical corrosion testing includes the use of gel-type electrolytes as an alternative to aqueous test electrolytes. Gel-type electrolytes enable minimally invasive studies of naturally formed zinc coatings. Thus, corrosion-relevant parameters can be determined that allow conclusions on layer formation and layer stability. This contribution will clarify the value of gel-type electrolytes for corrosion research at the example of various coatings on zinc. T2 - Tagung Werkstoffprüfung 2016 CY - Neu-Ulm, Germany DA - 01.12.2016 KW - Zinkdeckschichten KW - Zinc coatings KW - Korrosionsprüfung KW - Corrosion testing KW - Gelartige Elektrolyte KW - Gel-type electrolytes KW - Deckschichtbildung KW - Layer formation PY - 2016 SN - 978-3-514-00830-4 SP - 125 EP - 130 PB - Verlag Stahleisen GmbH CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-38578 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Heyn, A. A1 - Müller, Thoralf A1 - Balzer, M. A1 - Fenker, M. A1 - Kappl, H. T1 - Korrosionsschutzmechanismen bei TiMgN-Hartstoffschichten auf Stahl N2 - Die Präsentation behandelt ein abgeschlossenes DFG Projekt welches die Fragestellung um das Korrosionsverhalten von TiMgN-Hartstoffschichten beleuchtet. Am Beginn des Vorhabens und in dessen weiterem Verlauf standen zahlreiche Ergebnisse die belegen, dass durch den Einbau von Mg in TiN-Hartstoffschichten das Korrosionsverhalten der beschichteten Stahlproben verbessert wird. Es gilt vorab festzuhalten, dass durch die TiMgN-Schicht eine großflächige Abschirmung des Stahls vor dem umgebenden Medium gegeben ist. Jedoch liegt bei nicht auszuschließenden Defekten bis zum Stahl, bedingt durch die Herstellung und/oder dem späteren Gebrauch, eine Gefährdung durch lokale Korrosion vor. Bei Kontakt mit wässriger, chloridhaltiger Lösung benetzt die Oberfläche und verbindet die TiMgN-Schicht über die Defekte mit dem dort freiliegenden Stahlsubstrat über den Elektrolyten. Zur Wirkungsweise des Korrosionsschutzes durch Mg in TiMgN konnten zum Ende des Vorhabens drei grundsätzliche Mechanismen identifiziert werden. T2 - 20. Werkstofftechnisches Kolloquium CY - Chemnitz, Germany DA - 14.03.2018 KW - Korrosion KW - Hartstoffschichten KW - PVD KW - Magnesium KW - TiN PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44538 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Heyn, A. A1 - Müller, Thoralf A1 - Balzer, M. A1 - Fenker, M. A1 - Kappl, H. T1 - Corrosion protection mechanisms of TiMgN hard coatings on steel N2 - . Hard coated steel components are used in a wide application range, mostly for protective, wear resistant and decorative purposes. Despite of these coatings being regarded as relatively dense, there is always a high risk of localized corrosion when a coated low alloyed steel component encounters a surrounding high humidity atmosphere or even an aqueous medium. An approach to enhance the corrosion properties is the addition of magnesium to physical vapor deposited hard coatings, like TiN. It has been found that there is a remarkable increase in corrosion resistance in dependence of magnesium content of the TiMgN coating and its surface properties. In this work the authors will explain the underlying corrosion protection mechanisms by means of electrochemical and analytical studies. The positive impact of magnesium in the coating relates on its preferred dissolution vs. steel. This causes the potential to shift to more negative direction with respect to the steel substrate and additionally leads to a temporarily passivation of the steel due to alkalization of the surrounding electrolyte by formation of magnesium hydroxide. T2 - 20. Werkstofftechnisches Kolloquium CY - Chemnitz, Germany DA - 14.03.2018 KW - Corrosion KW - Titanium nitride KW - PVD hard coating KW - Magnesium PY - 2018 SN - 978-3-00-058901-0 SN - 1439-1597 VL - 72 SP - 74 EP - 83 PB - Eigenverlag CY - Chemnitz AN - OPUS4-44526 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Heyn, A. A1 - Müller, Thoralf A1 - Balzer, M. A1 - Fenker, M. A1 - Kappl, H. T1 - Korrosionsschutzmechanismen bei TiMgN-Hartstoffschichten auf Stahl N2 - Die Präsentation behandelt ein abgeschlossenes DFG Projekt welches die Fragestellung um das Korrosionsverhalten von TiMgN-Hartstoffschichten beleuchtet. Am Beginn des Vorhabens und in dessen weiterem Verlauf standen zahlreiche Ergebnisse die belegen, dass durch den Einbau von Mg in TiN-Hartstoffschichten das Korrosionsverhalten der beschichteten Stahlproben verbessert wird. Es gilt vorab festzuhalten, dass durch die TiMgN-Schicht eine großflächige Abschirmung des Stahls vor dem umgebenden Medium gegeben ist. Jedoch liegt bei nicht auszuschließenden Defekten bis zum Stahl, bedingt durch die Herstellung und/oder dem späteren Gebrauch, eine Gefährdung durch lokale Korrosion vor. Bei Kontakt mit wässriger, chloridhaltiger Lösung benetzt die Oberfläche und verbindet die TiMgN-Schicht über die Defekte mit dem dort freiliegenden Stahlsubstrat über den Elektrolyten. Zur Wirkungsweise des Korrosionsschutzes durch Mg in TiMgN konnten zum Ende des Vorhabens drei grundsätzliche Mechanismen identifiziert werden. T2 - Forschungsseminar des MDZWP e.V. CY - Magdeburg, Germany DA - 13.03.2018 KW - Korrosion KW - Hartstoffschichten KW - Magnesium KW - PVD KW - TiN PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44527 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Babutzka, Martin A1 - Burkert, Andreas A1 - Heyn, A. T1 - Corrosion investigations on zinc coatings by using gel-type electrolytes N2 - A new approach to the assessment of the corrosion behaviour of zinc coatings under atmospheric conditions can be achieved using gel-type electrolytes as an alternative to standard aqueous test electrolytes. Gel-type electrolytes allow minimally invasive corrosion investigations on zinc coatings. They also provide the possibility to carry out corrosion investigations onsite. By using gel-type electrolytes corrosion-relevant characteristic values such as corrosion currents and polarization resistances can be determined. These allow to describe the formation and the stability of the formed corrosion product layers under various climatic conditions. With this knowledge, a prediction of the zinc coating life cycle is possible. In this contribution, the value of gel-type electrolytes for corrosion research on zinc coatings is presented. T2 - Intergalva 2018 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 17.06.2018 KW - Deckschichtbildung KW - Layer formation KW - Gelartige Elektrolyte KW - Gel-type electrolytes KW - Korrosionsprüfung KW - Corrosion testing KW - Zinkdeckschichten KW - Zinc coatings PY - 2018 SP - 385 EP - 392 AN - OPUS4-45245 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kauss, N. A1 - Heyn, A. A1 - Rosemann, Paul T1 - How to Detect Sensitivity on Aged Lean-Duplex Stainless Steel With Electrochemical Methods N2 - The influence of isothermal ageing on microstructure, sensitisation and pitting corrosion resistance of the lean duplex stainless steel (LDSS) X2CrNiN23-4 was investigated with various electrochemical methods. The aging at 600 °C (from 0.1 h up to 20 h) lead to the formation of precipitations at the ferrite-ferrite (α/α) and ferrite-austenite (α/γ) grain boundaries, inducing sensitisation due to chromium depletion. The degree of sensitisation was evaluated with the double loop electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation method (DL-EPR) according to ASTM G108 and correlated with critical pitting potentials (Epit) as well as critical pitting temperature (CPT) measured in an electrolyte according to ASTM G48 using electrochemical noise. Up to an ageing time of 1 h, the sensitisation did rise significantly, stabilising at a nearly constant level with a slight drop at 20 h. This behaviour correlated perfectly with the potentiodynamically determined pitting potentials Epit and sensitisation. The CPT showed a higher sensitivity at short ageing times compared to the DL-EPR and Epit. Finally, the KorroPad method was applied to visualise the sensitisation induced reduction of pitting corrosion resistance. The “KorroPad” is an agar-based gel-electrolyte containing 0.1 mol/l sodium chloride (NaCl) and 0.1 mol/l potassium ferricyanide III (K3[Fe(CN)6]), invented at the Federal Institute of Materials Research and Testing in Berlin (Germany) to detect surfaces of stainless steel prone to pitting corrosion. The standard configuration of the KorroPad showed no differentiation for the various aging conditions. Increasing the concentration of both NaCl and potassium ferrocyanide III to 0.5 M shifts the detection limit of the KorroPad method to stainless steels with higher corrosion resistance, producing the same trends detected by standard electrochemical pitting corrosion values (Epit, CPT) and sensitisation (DL-EPR). By that, the KorroPad method was successfully adjusted to the lean-duplex stainless steel X2CrNiN23-4, enabling short-time testing to detect sensitization. T2 - Electrochemical Methods in Corrosion Research 2018 CY - Cambridge, UK DA - 22.07.2018 KW - Corrosion testing KW - Duplex stainless steels KW - Corrosion KW - KorroPad KW - Pitting corrosion KW - EPR KW - Electrochemical noise KW - Stainless steel PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45615 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heyn, A. A1 - Müller, Thoralf A1 - Balzer, M. A1 - Fenker, M. A1 - Kappl, H. T1 - Corrosion protection mechanisms of TiMgN hard coatings on steel N2 - Hard coated steel components are used in a wide application range, mostly for protective, wear resistant and decorative purposes. Despite of these coatings being regarded as relatively dense, there is always a high risk of localized corrosion when a coated low alloyed steel component encounters a surrounding high humidity atmosphere or even an aqueous medium. An approach to enhance the corrosion properties is the addition of magnesium to physical vapor deposited hard coatings, like TiN. It has been found that there is a remarkable increase in corrosion resistance in dependence of magnesium content of the TiMgN coating and its surface properties. In this work the authors will explain the underlying corrosion protection mechanisms by means of electrochemical and analytical studies. The positive impact of magnesium in the coating relates on its preferred dissolution vs. steel. This causes the potential to shift to more negative direction with respect to the steel substrate and additionally leads to a temporarily passivation of the steel due to alkalization of the surrounding electrolyte by formation of magnesium hydroxide. T2 - 20. Werkstofftechnisches Kolloquium CY - Chemnitz, Germany DA - 14.03.2018 KW - Corrosion KW - Titanium nitride KW - PVD hard coating KW - magnesium PY - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-457117 SN - 1757-8981 VL - 373 IS - 1 SP - 012009, 1 EP - 10 PB - IOP Publishing Ltd AN - OPUS4-45711 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Balzer, M. A1 - Fenker, M. A1 - Kappl, H. A1 - Müller, Thoralf A1 - Heyn, A. A1 - Heiss, A. A1 - Richter, A. T1 - Corrosion protection of steel substrates by magnetron sputtered TiMgN hard coatings: Structure, mechanical properties and growth defect related salt spray test results N2 - Hard and wear resistant coatings deposited by PVD techniques have been characterized for decades for their capabilities to protect steel substrates from corrosion. In the present work the effect of Mg incorporated into TiN coatings is described in terms of the corrosion behavior as well as the mechanical and structural properties. TiN and TiMgN films with Mg contents between 10 and 35 at.% were deposited onto mirror polished 100Cr6 (1.3505) steel samples with 2.5 and 5 μm thickness by using DC magnetron sputtering. The corrosion protection capabilities of the coatings were characterized by neutral salt spray (NSS) test, considering the amounts and sizes of growth defects inherent in each coated sample as determined by a recently developed optical scan method (Large Area High Resolution mapping). The defect data were statistically analyzed for improved interpretation of NSS test results. Chosen growth defects were additionally analyzed by focused ion beam technique. Furthermore the coating composition and morphology, the hardness and the tribological behavior were characterized. Polished steel samples coated with 2.5 μm TiMgN containing about 35 at.% Mg were in the plane free of corrosion after 24 h in a NSS test. TiMgN with 10 or 20 at.% Mg only provided a slightly improved corrosion protection in relation to pure TiN coatings, which was limited to certain types of growth defects. The highest Mg containing coatings exhibited a decreased hardness down to 1200 or 1800 HV depending on type of deposition (HV 1200: Ti- and Mg-target with rotating substrate holder, 1800: Mg-plugged Ti-target with static substrate holder), but also showed a strongly improved wear resistance against Al2O3 related to pure TiN. By analyzing the NSS test results it was found that the corrosion behavior of the coated samples did not only depend strongly on the Mg content, but also on the sample individual defect concentrations. Therefore this subject is extensively discussed. KW - Physical vapour deposition (PVD) KW - Corrosion KW - Growth defects KW - Pinholes KW - Magnesium KW - TiMgN PY - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.05.037 SN - 0257-8972 VL - 349 IS - 9 SP - 82 EP - 92 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-45712 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Babutzka, Martin A1 - Heyn, A. ED - Lampke, T. ED - Wagner, G. ED - Wagner, M.F.-X. T1 - Korrosionsuntersuchungen mit gelartigen Elektrolyten N2 - Bei elektrochemischen Untersuchungen von atmosphärischen Korrosionsreaktionen an deckschicht- und passivschichtbildenden Werkstoffen stößt man elektrolytseitig an Grenzen. So erweisen sich sowohl das Nachempfinden eines dünnen Feuchtfilms als auch die Interpretation von elektrochemischen Messungen in so genannten Bulk-Lösungen (eine „Masse“ an Elektrolyt) hinsichtlich des Korrosionsverhaltens unter atmosphärischen Bedingungen häufig als schwierig. Eine neue Herangehensweise an diese Problemstellung in der Korrosionsforschung beinhaltet den Einsatz von gelartigen Elektrolyten als Alternative zu den Bulk-Elektrolyten. Gelartige Elektrolyte bilden einen dünnen Feuchtfilm auf der Werkstoffoberfläche aus, wodurch die natürlich gebildete Deckschicht ähnlich wie an Atmosphäre beeinflusst wird und nahezu zerstörungsfrei untersucht werden kann. Durch eine elektrochemische Instrumentierung können geeignete Kennwerte wie Polarisationswiderstände und Korrosionsströme ermittelt werden, die Aussagen zur Kinetik der Deckschichtbildung und zur Stabilität der gebildeten Deckschichten unter Einwirkung eines dünnen Feuchtfilms ermöglichen. Anhand von auf Polysaccharid basierenden Gelpads werden im vorliegenden Beitrag verschiedene Zinkschichtsysteme und Aluminiumlegierungen untersucht, die natürlich gebildeten Deckschichten elektrochemisch charakterisiert und korrosionsrelevante Kennwerte bestimmt. Die ermittelten Kennwerte erlauben eine Differenzierung verschiedener Schichtsysteme und beschreiben die momentane Schutzwirkung der Deckschichten unter atmosphärischen Bedingungen. T2 - 18. Werkstofftechnisches Kolloquium der TU Chemnitz CY - Chemnitz, Germany DA - 10.03.2016 KW - Korrosionsuntersuchungen KW - Corrosion investigations KW - Verzinkungen KW - Zing coatings KW - gelartige Elektrolyte KW - Gel-type electrolytes PY - 2016 SN - 978-3-00-052212-3 SN - 1439-1597 VL - 59 SP - 313 EP - 323 PB - TU Chemnitz, Fakultät für Maschinenbau, Institut für Werkstoffwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik CY - Chemnitz AN - OPUS4-35637 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kauss, Norman A1 - Heyn, A. A1 - Halle, T. A1 - Rosemann, Paul T1 - Detection of sensitisation on aged lean duplex stainless steel with different electrochemical methods N2 - Ageing at 600 °C (from 0.1 h up to 20 h) leads to the formation of precipitations at the ferrite-ferrite (α/α) and ferrite-austenite (α/γ) grain boundaries of the lean duplex stainless steel (LDSS) X2CrNiN22-2. This leads to sensitisation due to chromium depletion and decreased pitting corrosion resistance proven by the results of various electrochemical methods (DL-EPR and determination of CPT, Epit). These results were compared with the KorroPad method, which uses an agar-based gel-electrolyte for the detection of stainless steel surfaces prone to pitting corrosion. However, the standard configuration of the KorroPad showed no differentiation for the various ageing conditions. Therefore, modified versions of the KorroPad with two, five and ten times higher NaCl and potassium ferrocyanide III (K3[Fe(CN)6]) concentrations were successfully used to visualise the behaviour detected by DL-EPR, Epit and CPT. Therefore, the KorroPad method can also detect a microstructure related reduction of pitting corrosion resistance, which can drastically reduce the experimental effort to generate sensitisation diagrams for stainless steels. KW - Lean duplex KW - Stainless steel KW - Sensitisation KW - Polarisation KW - Critical pitting temperature KW - Pitting corrosion KW - KorroPad KW - Ageing treatment PY - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2019.05.081 SN - 0013-4686 SN - 1873-3859 VL - 317 SP - 17 EP - 24 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-48374 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Babutzka, Martin A1 - Burkert, Andreas A1 - Heise, Svenja A1 - Heyn, A. T1 - Korrosionsuntersuchungen mit gelartigen Elektrolyten an Zink - Eine innovative Prüfmethodik N2 - Ein neuer Ansatz bei elektrochemischen Korrosionsuntersuchungen kann durch den Einsatz von gelartigen Elektrolyten als Alternative zu wässrigen Prüfelektrolyten beschritten werden. Gelartige Elektrolyte ermöglichen minimalinvasive Untersuchungen an natürlich gebildeten Zinkdeckschichten. Dadurch können korrosionsrelevante Kennwerte ermittelt werden, die Aussagen zur Deckschichtbildung und zur Stabilität von atmosphärisch gebildeten Deckschichten erlauben. In diesem Beitrag wird anhand verschiedener Untersuchungen an Reinzink der Mehrwert von gelartigen Elektrolyten für die Korrosionsforschung und -prüfung verdeutlicht. Darüber hinaus werden neue Erkenntnisse zur Deckschichtbildung von Zink unter atmosphärischen Bedingungen vorgestellt. T2 - GfKORR-Jahrestagung 2019 CY - Frankfurt a. M. DA - 12.11.2019 KW - Zink KW - Gelartige Elektrolyte KW - Korrosionsuntersuchungen KW - Deckschichtbildung PY - 2019 SN - 978-3-935406-71-0 SP - 53 EP - 64 AN - OPUS4-49642 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heyn, A. A1 - Rosemann, Paul A1 - Babutzka, Martin A1 - Bender, S. T1 - Electrochemical noise of unalloyed steel in mixtures of water-based binders and pigments N2 - The development of organic coatings for corrosion protection is an elaborate process with a multitude of often interminable investigations and tests of protection properties. Electrochemical methods support the processes of development to a great extent and help to understand mechanisms of action and failure. They are usually carried out on applied coating systems with a completed formulation. An examination possibility is presented in this publication that enables the characterization of waterbased coatings with different formulation variations in the liquid (aqueous) state with the aid of electrochemical noise technique. Thus, selection of binders, pigments, and other additives is supported essentially and made more efficient in a very early Phase of formulation development. The paper shows that a unique insight into the dynamic processes of a metal in contact with an aqueous coating dispersion is possible using the example of the development of zinc-free corrosion-inhibiting pigments for waterbased coatings. In addition, it is presented in which way the results correlate with the performance of applied coatings. KW - Organic coatings KW - Electrochemical noise KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion protection KW - Corrosion protection pigments PY - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.201709671 SN - 0947-5117 SN - 1521-4176 VL - 68 IS - 12 SP - 1295 EP - 1301 PB - Wiley-VCH Verlag CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-43319 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Babutzka, Martin A1 - Heyn, A. T1 - Dynamic tafel factor adaption for the evaluation of instantaneous corrosion rates on zinc by using gel-type electrolytes N2 - The paper presents a new method for the determination and evaluation of tafel factors using gel-type electrolytes and electrochemical frequency modulation technique (EFM). This relatively new electrochemical method offers the possibility to determine both polarization resistances and tafel factors within one measurement and in short measuring intervals. Starting from a comprehensive parameter study it is shown that a direct relationship between the two values exists that can be described mathematically. This contribution presents the determined tafel factors for the system gel-type electrolyte/zinc and discusses their applicability and their limits. T2 - 19th Chemnitz Seminar on Materials Engineering – 19. Werkstofftechnisches Kolloquium CY - Chemnitz, Germany DA - 16.03.2017 KW - Gel-type electrolytes KW - Gelartige Elektrolyte KW - Zinc KW - Zink KW - Stern Geary constant KW - Stern-Geary-Konstante PY - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-394324 UR - http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/181/1/012021/pdf SN - 1757-899X SN - 1757-8981 VL - 181 IS - Conference 1 SP - Article UNSP 012021, 1 EP - 11 PB - IOP Publishing CY - Bristol, UK AN - OPUS4-39432 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Babutzka, Martin A1 - Heyn, A. ED - Lampke, T. ED - Wagner, G. ED - Wagner, M.F.-X. T1 - Dynamic tafel factor adaption for the evaluation of instantaneous corrosion rates on zinc by using gel-type electrolytes N2 - The paper presents a new method for the determination and evaluation of tafel factors using gel-type electrolytes and electrochemical frequency modulation technique (EFM). This relatively new electrochemical method offers the possibility to determine both polarization resistances and tafel factors within one measurement and in short measuring intervals. Starting from a comprehensive parameter study it is shown that a direct relationship between the two values exists that can be described mathematically. This contribution presents the determined tafel factors for the system gel-type electrolyte/zinc and discusses their applicability and their limits. T2 - 19. Werkstofftechnisches Kolloquium der TU Chemnitz CY - Chemnitz, Germany DA - 16.03.2017 KW - Gel-type electrolytes KW - Gelartige Elektrolyte KW - Zinc KW - Zink KW - Stern Geary constant KW - Stern-Geary-Konstante PY - 2017 SN - 978-3-00-055705-7 SN - 1439-1597 VL - 61 SP - 189 EP - 199 PB - TU Chemnitz, Fakultät für Maschinenbau, Institut für Werkstoffwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik CY - Chemnitz AN - OPUS4-39434 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Heyn, A. A1 - Rosemann, Paul A1 - Babutzka, Martin A1 - Bender, S. T1 - Elektrochemisches Rauschen von unlegiertem Stahl in wasserbasierten Bindemittel-Pigment-Gemischen N2 - Die Entwicklung von Beschichtungen für den Korrosionsschutz ist ein aufwändiger Prozess mit einer Vielzahl von oftmals langwierigen Untersuchungen und Prüfungen der Schutzeigenschaften. Elektrochemische Methoden unterstützen die Entwicklungsprozesse in hohem Maße und helfen beim Verstehen von Wirk- und Schadensmechanismen. Sie werden meistens an fertig formulierten und applizierten Beschichtungssystemen vorgenommen. Es wird eine Untersuchungsmöglichkeit vorgestellt, bei der sich wasserbasierte Beschichtungsstoffe in unterschiedlichen Formulierungsvarianten bereits im flüssigen Zustand mit Hilfe des elektrochemischen Rauschens charakterisieren lassen. Damit ist es möglich, bereits in einer sehr frühen Phase der Formulierungsentwicklung die Auswahl von Bindemitteln, Pigmenten und weiteren Zusatzstoffen entscheidend zu unterstützen und effizienter zu gestalten. Am Beispiel der Entwicklung von zinkfreien Korrosionsschutzpigmenten für wasserbasierte Beschichtungen wird gezeigt, dass ein einzigartiger Einblick in die dynamischen Prozesse bei Kontakt eines Metalls mit der wässrigen Beschichtungsdispersion möglich ist und wie dies mit der Performance der Beschichtungen korreliert. T2 - 16. Sommerkurs Werkstoffe und Fügen CY - Magdeburg, Germany DA - 08.09.2017 KW - Beschichtung KW - Korrosion KW - Elektrochemisches Rauschen KW - Korrosionsschutzpigmente KW - Korrosionsschutz PY - 2017 SN - 978-3-944722-58-0 U6 - https://doi.org/10.24352/UB.OVGU-2017-75 SP - 139 EP - 148 AN - OPUS4-41893 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Babutzka, Martin A1 - Burkert, Andreas A1 - Heyn, A. T1 - Korrosionsuntersuchungen mit gelartigen Elektrolyten zur Beschreibung der Korrosionsschutzwirkung von Zinküberzügen N2 - Ein neuer Ansatz bei elektrochemischen Korrosionsuntersuchungen kann durch den Einsatz von gelartigen Elektrolyten als Alternative zu wässrigen Prüfelektrolyten beschritten werden. Gelartige Elektrolyte ermöglichen minimalinvasive Untersuchungen an natürlich gebildeten Zinkdeckschichten. Dadurch können korrosionsrelevante Kennwerte ermittelt werden, die Aussagen zur Deckschichtbildung und zur Stabilität der gebildeten Deckschichten erlauben. In diesem Beitrag wird anhand verschiedener Deckschichtzustände an Zink der Mehrwert von gelartigen Elektrolyten für die Korrosionsforschung verdeutlicht. T2 - 16. Sommerkurs Werkstoffe und Fügen am Institut für Werkstoff- und Fügetechnik CY - Magdeburg, Germany DA - 08.09.2017 KW - Deckschichtbildung KW - Gelartige Elektrolyte KW - Korrosionsprüfung KW - Zinkdeckschichten KW - Corrosion testing KW - Gel-type electrolytes KW - Layer formation KW - Zinc coatings PY - 2017 SN - 978-3-944722-58-0 U6 - https://doi.org/10.24352/UB.OVGU-2017-75 SP - 119 EP - 127 AN - OPUS4-41898 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Babutzka, Martin A1 - Heyn, A. A1 - Rosemann, Paul T1 - Influence of austenitizing and tempering on the corrosion behavior and sensitization of martensitic stainless steel X50CrMoV15 N2 - Electrochemical tests, hardness measurements, and microstructure analysis are performed to study the influence of austenitizing, quenching, and tempering parameters on the corrosion resistance of the martensitic stainless steel grade X50CrMoV15 (1.4116). Different heat treatment states were studied using an adapted EPR-Test to evaluate the chromium distribution and depletion caused by the formation and dissolution of chromium rich carbides. The EPR results were correlated with pitting corrosion behavior, demonstrating the strong effect of heat treatment parameters on the susceptibility of martensitic stainless steels to corrosion phenomena. KW - Martensitic stainless steel KW - Electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation KW - Heat treatment KW - Pitting corrosion PY - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.201810170 SN - 0947-5117 SN - 1521-4176 VL - 69 IS - 10 SP - 1338 EP - 1349 PB - Wiley-VCH Verlag CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-46138 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heyn, A. A1 - Meist, M. A1 - Michael, O. A1 - Babutzka, M. A1 - Valet, Svenja A1 - Ebell, Gino T1 - Electrochemical characterization of surfaces of galvanized steels under different exposure conditions using gel electrolytes N2 - The corrosion behavior of galvanized steels and zinc components under atmospheric exposure depends mostly on the corrosion product‐based cover layer formation under the prevailing conditions. The use of agar‐based gel electrolytes makes it possible to use electrochemical methods to obtain a characteristic value from these cover layers that describe their current and future protective capacity. It is shown here that different states of galvanized steel can be distinguished very well under laboratory conditions and that this method is also suitable for use under practical conditions. Based on the characteristic values and assuming future time of wetness, it is very easy to draw up a forecast for the future corrosion rate, which provides plausible values. KW - Materials Chemistry KW - Metals and Alloys KW - Surfaces, Coatings and Films KW - Mechanical Engineering KW - Mechanics of Materials KW - Environmental Chemistry KW - Corrosion KW - Znc PY - 2024 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-599234 SP - 1 EP - 16 PB - Wiley VHC-Verlag AN - OPUS4-59923 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -