TY - JOUR A1 - Taparli, Ugur Alp A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas A1 - Cieslik, K. A1 - Mory, D. A1 - Griesche, Axel T1 - In situ chemical composition analysis of a tungsten-inert-gas austenitic stainless steel weld measured by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy N2 - The chemical composition of a weld metal determines the resulting solidification mode of stainless steel and the consequent weld metal quality. In this work tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding of EN grade 1.4435 austenitic stainless steel was monitored using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) for the in situ measurement of chemical composition changes. This research aims to prototype a real-time chemical composition analysis system for welding applications and prove the feasibility of such quality control loop. LIBS was used to investigate in situ the monitoring of metal vaporization during TIG welding. We found Mn vapor formation above the weld pool and subsequent condensation of Mn on the weld metal surface using LIBS. Post-weld line scans were conducted by LIBS on various welds produced with different welding currents. Local changes of Ni and Mn were observed at higher welding currents. The results are in good agreement with the literature and proved that LIBS can be used in situ to inspect the TIG welding process. T2 - 10th Euro-Mediterranean Symposium on Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy CY - Brünn, Czechia DA - 08.09.2019 KW - LIBS KW - Welding KW - Austenitic stainless steel KW - Metal vapor KW - In situ measurement PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sab.2020.105826 SN - 0584-8547 VL - 167 SP - 105826 PB - Elsevier B.V. CY - Amsterdam, Niederlande AN - OPUS4-50582 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Beyer, Katrin A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas A1 - Griesche, Axel A1 - Schillinger, B. T1 - Study of hydrogen effusion in austenitic stainless steel by time-resolved in-situ measurements using neutron radiography N2 - The purpose of the present study was to show the feasibility of measuring hydrogen effusion in austenitic stainless steel (1.4301) using neutron radiography at the facility ANTARES of the research reactor FRM II of the Technische Universität München. This method is appropriate to measure in-situ hydrogen effusion for hydrogen concentrations as small as 20 ppmH. Experiments were carried out in the temperature range from room temperature up to 533 K. The measurement principle is based on the parallel comparison of electrochemically hydrogen charged specimen with hydrogen-free reference specimen at the same temperature. This allows the determination of the hydrogen concentration in the specimens as a function of time and temperature. Separate hot carrier gas extraction experiments using the same temperature–time profiles as the radiography experiments have been used to calibrate the grey values of the neutron transmission images into hydrogen concentrations. It can be stated that the hydrogen effusion correlates with the specimen temperature. KW - Hydrogen effusion KW - Austenitic stainless steels KW - Neutron radiography PY - 2011 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2011.02.010 SN - 0168-9002 SN - 0167-5087 VL - 651 IS - 1 SP - 211 EP - 215 PB - North-Holland CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-23401 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Quackatz, Lukas A1 - Griesche, Axel A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas T1 - Spatially resolved EDS, XRF and LIBS measurements of the chemical composition of duplex stainless steel welds: A comparison of methods N2 - Duplex stainless steels (DSS) are used in all industries where corrosion problems play a major role. Examples include the chemical industry, the food industry and shipping industries. DSS have a balanced phase ratio of ferrite (α) and austenite (γ). Unlike single-phase stainless steels, DSS combine the advantages of these and can therefore fit many industry requirements, such as weight saving or high mechanical strength. When these steels are welded, alloying elements can burn off and condense as thin layers on cold surface regions. This loss of chemical elements can lead to changes in the microstructure. With the help of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), chemical element distributions were visualized. The results were compared with those of conventional measurement methods, such as energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS) and X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), and the results from LIBS could be validated. LIBS is suitable as a fast, straightforward measurement method for producing line scans along the weld seam and provides spatially resolved information on accumulation phenomena of burned off alloying elements. LIBS is very well suited for the detection of sub-surface elements due to the exclusively superficial ablation of the material. In addition, the measurement method has been calibrated so that quantitative statements about element concentrations can also be made. T2 - EMSLIBS 2021 CY - Online Meeting DA - 25.11.2021 KW - LIBS KW - TIG welding KW - Duplex stainless steel KW - XRF KW - EDS PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sab.2022.106439 SN - 0584-8547 VL - 193 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Elsevier B.V. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-54837 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Griesche, Axel A1 - Dabah, Eitan A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas A1 - Hilger, A. A1 - Kardjilov, N. A1 - Manke, I. A1 - Schillinger, B. T1 - Measuring hydrogen distributions in iron and steel using neutrons N2 - Neutron tomography has been applied to investigate the mechanism of hydrogen assisted cracking in technical iron and supermartensitic steel. Rectangular technical iron block samples showed blistering due to intense hydrogen charging and the tomographic method revealed in situ the spatial distribution of hydrogen and cracks. Hydrogen accumulated in a small region around cracks and the cracks are filled with hydrogen gas. Cracks close to the surface contained no hydrogen. Hydrogenous tensile test samples of supermartensitic steel were pulled until rupture and showed hydrogen accumulations at the notch base and in the plastically deformed region around the fracture surface. T2 - 10th World Conference on Neutron Radiography (WCNR) CY - Grindelwald, Switzerland DA - 05.10.2014 PY - 2015 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-348022 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2015.07.062 SN - 1875-3892 VL - 69 SP - 445 EP - 450 PB - Elsevier B.V. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-34802 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pfretzschner, Beate A1 - Schaupp, Thomas A1 - Griesche, Axel T1 - Hydrogen in Metals Visualized by Neutron Imaging N2 - Neutron cameras allow visualizing hydrogen distributions with radiographic or tomographic imaging methods in iron (and steel) and many other metals. The necessary contrast between hydrogen and these metals stems from the high difference in the total neutron cross section of both elements. This allows, e.g., the in situ measurement of hydrogen mass flow inside cm thick metal samples with a temporal resolution of at best 10 s using neutron radiography as well as the quantitative measurement of hydrogen accumulations, e.g., at the crack’s inner surfaces in hydrogen embrittled iron samples with neutron tomography. This new quality of the information on a micrometer scale allows new insights for the analysis of hydrogen-assisted damage mechanisms. Further, this method is non-destructive and provides local information in situ and in three dimensions with a spatial resolution of 20 μm - 30 μm. In this contribution, we give a short historical overview of neutron imaging and show examples that demonstrate the spatial and temporal resolution of the neutron radiography and tomography methods in order to visualize and quantify hydrogen accumulations, absorption processes, and diffusion. The examples are taken from the works of researchers dealing with titanium, palladium, zirconium, and iron or steel. More detailed descriptions of the experimental and analytic procedures are given for hydrogen detection using radiography and tomography on iron and steel samples. KW - Hydrogen assisted cracking KW - Neutron imaging PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.5006/3104 SN - 0010-9312 VL - 75 IS - 8 SP - 903 EP - 910 PB - NACE International AN - OPUS4-48775 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Konadu, D. S. A1 - Pistorius, P. G. H. A1 - Du Toit, M. A1 - Griesche, Axel T1 - Solidification cracking susceptibility of ferritic stainless steels using Modified Varestraint Transvarestraint (MVT) method N2 - The Modified Varestraint Transvarestraint (MVT) test was used to investigate the solidification cracking susceptibility of an unstabilised, a Nb-stabilised and two (Ti + Nb) dual-stabilised ferritic stainless steels. Two different welding speeds of 6 and 3 mm/s using autogenous gas tungsten arc welding were employed. At the welding speed of 6 mm/s, the high-content (Ti + Nb) steel was resistant and the Nb-stabilised steel was marginally susceptible to solidification cracking. At the welding speed of 3 mm/s, the Nb and the high (Ti + Nb) steels were found to be marginally susceptible to solidification cracking while the unstabilised and low-content (Ti + Nb) grades were resistant to solidification cracking. The weld metal microstructures transverse to the welding direction revealed columnar grains in all the samples for both welding speeds. The ferritic stainless steels were generally resistant to solidification cracking, except the Nb-stabilised steel, which was marginally susceptible to solidification cracking. KW - Susceptibility KW - Modified Varestraint Transvarestraint KW - Solidification cracking KW - Ferritic stainless steel KW - Microstructure KW - Welding PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12046-019-1175-0 SN - 0973-7677 VL - 44 IS - 9 SP - Article Number: UNSP 194 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-48938 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Laquai, René A1 - Schaupp, Thomas A1 - Griesche, Axel A1 - Müller, Bernd R. A1 - Kupsch, Andreas A1 - Hannemann, Andreas A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - Quantitative analysis of hydrogen-assisted microcracking in duplex stainless steel through X-ray refraction 3D imaging N2 - While the problem of the identification of mechanisms of hydrogen assisted damage has and is being thoroughly studied, the quantitative analysis of such damage still lacks suitable tools. In fact, while, for instance, electron microscopy yields excellent characterization, the quantitative analysis of damage requires at the same time large field-of-views and high spatial resolution. Synchrotron X-ray refraction techniques do possess both features. In this work, we show how synchrotron X-ray refraction computed tomography (SXRCT) can quantify damage induced by hydrogen embrittlement in a lean duplex steel, yielding results that overperform even those achievable by synchrotron X-ray absorption computed tomography. As already reported in literature, but this time using a non-destructive technique, we show that the hydrogen charge does not penetrate to the center of tensile specimens. By the comparison between virgin and hydrogen-charged specimens, we deduce that cracks in the specimen bulk are due to the rolling process rather than hydrogen-assisted. We show that (micro)cracks propagate from the surface of tensile specimens to the interior with increasing applied strain, and we deduce that a significant crack propagation can only be observed short before rupture. KW - 2101 duplex stainless steel KW - Hydrogen embrittlement KW - Synchrotron radiation KW - X-ray refraction KW - Computed tomography KW - Microcracking PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-542811 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202101287 SN - 1438-1656 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-54281 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Serrano-Munoz, Itziar A1 - Pfretzschner, Beate A1 - Kromm, Arne A1 - Nadammal, Naresh A1 - Kardjilov, N. A1 - Markötter, Henning A1 - Neuwirth, T. A1 - Schulz, M. A1 - Griesche, Axel T1 - High-resolution Bragg-edge neutron radiography detects grain morphology in PBF-LB/M IN718 N2 - One of the main advantages of metal additive manufacturing (MAM) techniques is their ability to produce components with site-specific microstructural features. Nevertheless, microstructural defects and lack of repeatability are still major concerns in MAM. In this study, a laser powder bed fusion (PBF-LB/M) IN718 material, produced using two different scan length vectors, is investigated using Bragg-edge neutron 2D imaging (BENI) combined with electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis. BENI is able to detect, on a macroscopic scale, process-induced changes in texture in a large field of view covering the entire sample (20×80 mm2). In addition, high-resolution BENI (HR-BENI), with a pixel size of 12.8 µm, provides a micro-scale examination of the local variations of texture and grain morphology, otherwise undistinguishable using the standard resolution. As such, HR-BENI offers a straightforward and detailed way of screening the integrity of MAM parts at cm-length scales. KW - Bragg-edge neutron 2D imaging (BENI) KW - Metal additive manufacturing (MAM) KW - IN718 PBF-LB/M KW - Crystallographic texture control KW - Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) PY - 2023 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtla.2023.101827 SN - 2589-1529 VL - 30 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-57819 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -