TY - JOUR A1 - Quackatz, Lukas A1 - Westin, Elin Marianne A1 - Griesche, Axel A1 - Kromm, Arne A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas A1 - Treutler, Kai A1 - Wesling, Volker A1 - Wessman, Sten T1 - Assessing ferrite content in duplex stainless weld metal: WRC ‘92 predictions vs. practical measurements N2 - AbstractThe weldability of stainless steels is largely controlled by the chemical composition, and alloys with ferritic or ferritic-austenitic solidification show the highest resistance to hot cracking. As the resulting phase balance also affects the final properties, it may be beneficial to both foresee and measure the weld metal ferrite content. The WRC ‘92 constitution diagram is currently the most accurate prediction tool available, but it does not take the cooling rate into consideration and the precision may be less accurate for stainless steels with high ferrite numbers (FNs). This study aims to assess the reliability of the WRC ‘92 diagram for weld metals with FN  50. The chemical composition was altered through gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) of UNS S32205 with ER347 filler wire that had been coated using physical vapor deposition (PVD) with either niobium (Nb), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), carbon (C), or silicon (Si). The actual ferrite content was evaluated using image analysis, FeriteScope and X-ray diffraction (XRD). While predictions from the WRC ‘92 diagram were deemed acceptable for Ni, Si, and Mn, notable deviations were observed for Nb, Cu, and C. The FeriteScope exhibited a consistent trend with image analysis, albeit with slightly higher FN values, wider scatter, and the conversion factor from FN to vol% is open for discussion. The lowest accuracy and largest spread were obtained using non-contact XRD, rendering it unsuitable for ferrite measurements of welds. These findings underscore the need for improved prediction tools and appropriate measurement methods for assessing ferrite content in duplex weld metals. KW - Duplex stainless steel KW - Welding KW - Phase balance KW - Microscopy KW - Microstructure PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-618777 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-024-01878-3 SN - 1878-6669 VL - 69 IS - 1 SP - 31 EP - 45 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-61877 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Quackatz, Lukas A1 - Griesche, Axel A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas T1 - Spatially resolved EDS, XRF and LIBS measurements of the chemical composition of duplex stainless steel welds: A comparison of methods N2 - Duplex stainless steels (DSS) are used in all industries where corrosion problems play a major role. Examples include the chemical industry, the food industry and shipping industries. DSS have a balanced phase ratio of ferrite (α) and austenite (γ). Unlike single-phase stainless steels, DSS combine the advantages of these and can therefore fit many industry requirements, such as weight saving or high mechanical strength. When these steels are welded, alloying elements can burn off and condense as thin layers on cold surface regions. This loss of chemical elements can lead to changes in the microstructure. With the help of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), chemical element distributions were visualized. The results were compared with those of conventional measurement methods, such as energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS) and X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), and the results from LIBS could be validated. LIBS is suitable as a fast, straightforward measurement method for producing line scans along the weld seam and provides spatially resolved information on accumulation phenomena of burned off alloying elements. LIBS is very well suited for the detection of sub-surface elements due to the exclusively superficial ablation of the material. In addition, the measurement method has been calibrated so that quantitative statements about element concentrations can also be made. T2 - EMSLIBS 2021 CY - Online Meeting DA - 25.11.2021 KW - LIBS KW - TIG welding KW - Duplex stainless steel KW - XRF KW - EDS PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sab.2022.106439 SN - 0584-8547 VL - 193 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Elsevier B.V. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-54837 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -