TY - JOUR A1 - Gorbushina, Anna A1 - Broughton, W.J. T1 - Microbiology of the atmosphere-rock interface: How biological interactions and physical stresses modulate a sophisticated microbial ecosystem N2 - Life at the atmosphere-lithosphere boundary is an ancient terrestrial niche that is sparsely covered by thin subaerial biofilms. The microbial inhabitants of these biofilms (a) have adapted to all types of terrestrial/subaerial stresses (e.g., desiccation, extreme temperatures, low nutrient availability, intense solar radiation), (b) interact with minerals that serve as both a dwelling and a source of mineral nutrients, and (c) provoke weathering of rocks and soil formation. Subaerial communities comprise heterotrophic and phototrophic microorganisms that support each other's lifestyle. Major lineages of eubacteria associated with the early colonization of land (e.g., Actinobacteria, Cyanobacteria) are present in these habitats along with eukaryotes such as microscopic green algae and ascomycetous fungi. The subaerial biofilm inhabitants have adapted to desiccation, solar radiation, and other environmental challenges by developing protective, melanized cell walls, assuming microcolonial architectures and symbiotic lifestyles. How these changes occurred, their significance in soil formation, and their potential as markers of climate change are discussed below. KW - Cyanobacteria KW - Geobiology KW - Microcolonial fungi KW - Rock inhabiting KW - Fungi-phototroph symbioses KW - Soil formation KW - Subaerial biofilms KW - Weathering PY - 2009 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.micro.091208.073349 SN - 0066-4227 VL - 63 SP - 431 EP - 450 PB - Annual Reviews Inc. CY - Palo Alto, CA, USA AN - OPUS4-20243 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ruibal, C. A1 - Gueidan, C. A1 - Selbmann, L. A1 - Gorbushina, Anna A1 - Crous, P.W. A1 - Groenewald, J.Z. A1 - Muggia, L. A1 - Grube, M. A1 - Isola, D. A1 - Schoch, C.L. A1 - Staley, J.T. A1 - Lutzoni, F. A1 - De Hoog, G.S. T1 - Phylogeny of rock-inhabiting fungi related to Dothideomycetes N2 - The class Dothideomycetes (along with Eurotiomycetes) includes numerous rock-inhabiting fungi (RIF), a group of ascomycetes that tolerates surprisingly well harsh conditions prevailing on rock surfaces. Despite their convergent morphology and physiology, RIF are phylogenetically highly diverse in Dothideomycetes. However, the positions of main groups of RIF in this class remain unclear due to the lack of a strong phylogenetic framework. Moreover, connections between rock-dwelling habit and other lifestyles found in Dothideomycetes such as plant pathogens, saprobes and lichen-forming fungi are still unexplored. Based on multigene phylogenetic analyses, we report that RIF belong to Capnodiales (particularly to the family Teratosphaeriaceae s.l.), Dothideales, Pleosporales, and Myriangiales, as well as some uncharacterised groups with affinities to Dothideomycetes. Moreover, one lineage consisting exclusively of RIF proved to be closely related to Arthoniomycetes, the sister class of Dothideomycetes. The broad phylogenetic amplitude of RIF in Dothideomycetes suggests that total species richness in this class remains underestimated. Composition of some RIF-rich lineages suggests that rock surfaces are reservoirs for plant-associated fungi or saprobes, although other data also agree with rocks as a primary substrate for ancient fungal lineages. According to the current sampling, long distance dispersal seems to be common for RIF. Dothideomycetes lineages comprising lichens also include RIF, suggesting a possible link between rock-dwelling habit and lichenisation. KW - Arthoniomycetes KW - Capnodiales KW - Dothideomycetes KW - Evolution KW - Extremotolerance KW - Multigene phylogeny KW - Rock-inhabiting fungi PY - 2009 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-219821 SN - 0166-0616 VL - 64 IS - 1 SP - 123 EP - 133 PB - Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures CY - Utrecht, The Netherlands AN - OPUS4-21982 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Krumbein, W.E. A1 - Gorbushina, Anna ED - Timmis, K.N. T1 - Global relations between the Redox cycles of carbon, iron, and sulfur N2 - Solar energy has been transformed into useful redox differences or disequilibria within the Earth´s crust since the onset of anoxygenic and oxygenic photosynthesis in the Precambrian. Inorganic oxidized carbon is transformed into reduced carbon compounds by capturing and storing solar energy. During this process, many different organic compounds are formed including carbohydrates, proteins, hydrocarbons, and various other complex organic metabolic products and their diagenetic polymerization products (melanin, humic substances, petroleum, coal, and kerogen). Many of these solar energy-enriched compounds, however, are oxidized immediately or during the diagenetic transformation of sediments. The oxidation agents are oxygen, sulfate, iron, and other oxidized compounds, which in turn are partly enriched with the original solar energy. On a global biogeochemical scale, however, sulfur and iron are the most important elements. Geological evidence shows that biogeochemical cycles tend to yield stable ratios between the most oxidized forms of carbon (carbon dioxide and calcium/magnesium carbonate) and the most reduced forms (diamond, coal, methane, and hydrocarbons). Throughout the Earth’s history and evolution, this equilibrium ratio is around 1:4, maximally 1:5. When too much carbon is stored in the crust in the form of reduced compounds or vice versa, climatic and biogeomorphogenetic consequences upset the equilibrium. The biosphere reacts in a way to return to the optimal ratio. Excellent examples for this fluctuating equilibrium are the Carboniferous (too much organic carbon stored), the Permian (too little organic carbon stored), and the Tertiary with a generally equivalent production of hydrocarbons and carbonates. At present, we are in a period in which there is a global biogeochemical need to oxidize reduced carbon compounds as fast as possible in order to avoid even more dramatic global climate shifts. The highly evolved human genome seems to be the tool for this shift. Enormous amounts of reduced carbon are turned into the oxidized form as carbon dioxide, which by various biogeochemical pathways is quickly transformed into carbonate, another oxidized form of carbon that can be stabilized and stored in the sedimentary record. Fast recycling of excessively stored solar energy may enable the survival of a global biosphere under highly stressed conditions. KW - Geochemistry KW - Biologically influenced mineral fluxes PY - 2010 SN - 978-3-540-77584-3 SN - 978-3-540-77587-4 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-77587-4_10 IS - Chapter 10 SP - 157 EP - 169 PB - Springer CY - Berlin Heidelberg AN - OPUS4-21983 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Beckmann, S. A1 - Krüger, M. A1 - Engelen, B. A1 - Gorbushina, Anna A1 - Cypionka, H. T1 - Role of bacteria, archaea and fungi involved in methane realease in abandoned coal mines N2 - Worldwide, abandoned coal mines release substantial amounts of methane, which is largely of biogenic origin. The aim of this study was to understand the microbial processes involved in mine-gas formation. Therefore, coal and timber samples and anaerobic enrichments from two abandoned coal mines in Germany were subjected to DGGE analyses and quantitative PCR. The primers used were specific for Bacteria, Archaea, Fungi, and the key functional genes for sulfate reduction (dsrA) and methanogenesis (mcrA). A broad spectrum of facultative anaerobic bacteria and acetogens belonging to all five groups (α-ε) of the Proteobacteria, as well as the Bacteroidetes, Tenericutes, Actinobacteria, Chlorobi and Chloroflexi were detected. Archaea were represented by acetoclastic Methanosarcinales and Crenarchaeota with an unknown metabolism. Fungi formed thick biofilms particularly on timber, and were identified as typical wood degraders belonging to the Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes. The community analysis as well as the environmental conditions and the metabolites detected in a previous study are consistent with the following scenario of methane release: Weathering of coal and timber is initiated by wood-degrading Fungi and Bacteria under a suboxic atmosphere. In the lower, oxygen-depleted layers Fungi and Bacteria perform incomplete oxidation and release reduced substrates which can be channeled into methanogenesis. Acetate appeared to be the main precursor of the biogenic methane in the investigated coal mines. KW - Mine gas KW - Community analysis or microbial diversity KW - Quantitative PCR KW - DGGE KW - Acetoclastic methanogenesis KW - Fermentative bacteria KW - Methanosarcinales PY - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/01490451.2010.503258 SN - 0149-0451 VL - 28 IS - 4 SP - 347 EP - 358 PB - Crane, Russak & Co. CY - New York, NY, USA AN - OPUS4-23841 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gorbushina, Anna A1 - Kempe, A. A1 - Rodenacker, K. A1 - Jütting, U. A1 - Altermann, W. A1 - Stark, R.W. A1 - Heckl, W.M. A1 - Krumbein, W.E. T1 - Quantitative 3-dimensional image analysis of mineral surface modifications - chemical, mechanical and biological N2 - Three principally different mechanisms contribute to the wear-down process of mineral aggregates in sedimentary environments: (1) mechanical abrasion by forces of wind and water and by floating or saltating neighbouring grains, (2) chemical attack and dissolution by fluids, and (3) physical bioerosion and chemical biocorrosion. It is however, difficult to attribute the specific surface changes to specific environments and processes. Quartz sand grains from subaerial and subaquatic environments were analysed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) for traces of natural and experimental aeolian, aquatic and biological wear-down processes. Quantitative topographical parameters of surface alterations were extracted from topography data by non-linear methods derived from digital image analysis. These parameters were examined by multivariate statistic, yielding three well-distinguishable groups. Morphological surface alterations dominated by subaerial, subaquatic and by biological impact could be differentiated. The method may also be used for the detection of aeolian, subaquatic, and biological modification of sedimentary grains and rock surfaces in extraterrestrial environments, and for assessment of environmental damage on monuments and buildings. KW - Sediment grain corrosion KW - Chemical grain pitting KW - Biological grain pitting KW - Aquatic grain corrosion KW - Biopitting KW - Weathering KW - Surface analysis KW - Nano-structure of grain and mineral surfaces PY - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/01490451.2010.490077 SN - 0149-0451 VL - 28 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - Crane, Russak & Co. CY - New York, NY, USA AN - OPUS4-23058 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Favet, J. A1 - Lapanje, A. A1 - Giongo, A. A1 - Kennedy, S. A1 - Aung, Y.-Y. A1 - Cataneo, A. A1 - Kort, R. A1 - Brumsack, H.-J. A1 - Schnetger, B. A1 - Triplett, E.W. A1 - Beck, A. A1 - Broughton, William J. A1 - Gorbushina, Anna T1 - Microbial hitchhikers on intercontinental dust - Chadian origins T2 - VAAM-Jahrestagung 2011 CY - Karlsruhe, Germany DA - 03.04.2011 KW - Intercontinental dust KW - Desert soil PY - 2011 SN - 0947-0867 IS - EMP114 SP - 118 PB - Spektrum, Akad. Verl. AN - OPUS4-23629 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Stephan, Ina A1 - Askew, P. A1 - Gorbushina, Anna A1 - Grinda, Manfred A1 - Hertel, Horst A1 - Krumbein, W.E. A1 - Müller, R.-J. A1 - Pantke, Michael A1 - Plarre, Rüdiger A1 - Schmitt, G. A1 - Schwibbert, Karin ED - Czichos, Horst ED - Saito, T. ED - Smith, L. T1 - Biogenic impact on materials N2 - Materials as constituents of products or components of technical systems rarely exist in isolation and many must cope with exposure in the natural world. This chapter describes methods that simulate how a material is influenced through contact with living systems such as microorganisms and arthropods. Both unwanted and desirable interactions are considered. This biogenic impact on materials is intimately associated with the environment to which the material is exposed (Materials-Environment Interaction, Chap. 15). Factors such as moisture, temperature and availability of food sources all have a significant influence on biological systems. Corrosion (Chap. 12) and wear (Chap. 13) can also be induced or enhanced in the presence of microorganisms. Section 14.1 introduces the categories between desired (biodegradation) and undesired (biodeterioration) biological effects on materials. It also introduces the role of biocides for the protection of materials. Section 14.2 describes the testing of wood as a building material especially against microorganisms and insects. Section 14.3 characterizes the test methodologies for two other groups of organic materials, namely polymers (Sect. 14.3.1) and paper and textiles (Sect. 14.3.2). Section 14.4 deals with the susceptibility of inorganic materials such as metals (Sect. 14.4.1), concrete (Sect. 14.4.2) and ceramics (Sect. 14.4.3) to biogenic impact. Section 14.5 treats the testing methodology concerned with the performance of coatings and coating materials. In many of these tests specific strains of organisms are employed. It is vital that these strains retain their ability to utilize/attack the substrate from which they were isolated, even when kept for many years in the laboratory. Section 14.6 therefore considers the importance of maintaining robust and representative test organisms that are as capable of utilizing a substrate as their counterparts in nature such that realistic predictions of performance can be made. KW - Materialschutz KW - Biologie KW - Organismus KW - Standard KW - Prüfung PY - 2011 SN - 978-3-642-16640-2 SP - 769 EP - 844 PB - Springer CY - Berlin, Heidelberg AN - OPUS4-24210 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Toepfer, I. A1 - Favet, J. A1 - Schulte, A. A1 - Schmölling, M. A1 - Butte, W. A1 - Triplett, E.W. A1 - Broughton, W.J. A1 - Gorbushina, Anna T1 - Pathogens as potential hitchhikers on intercontinental dust N2 - Desert dust seeds distant lands and waters with minerals as well as micro-organisms raising the question of whether this ancient phenomenon also spreads pathogens across the globe. Severe dust storms require strong winds blowing over land-masses that are largely devoid of vegetation, effectively limiting the scope for winds to raise pathogens into the air. Nevertheless, changing patterns of land-use, often driven by belligerency, result in refugees spreading to areas that were previously deemed barely habitable. With the help of the International Committee of the Red Cross, a number of sand/dust samples were collected from the Republic of Chad, some near refugee camps, others further removed from human influence. In parallel studies, we documented the micro-organisms present in these samples and used a number of the isolates here to test the effect of environmental constraints on their ability to survive intercontinental flight. We also added traditional pathogens to the palette of microbes and tested the effects of UV irradiation, desiccation and temperature on survival of both bacteria and fungi. A clear trend was obvious—those microbes that are coloured or able to form conidia or spores (in other words, those that are native to deserts) were well able to resist the imposed stresses. On the other hand, most pathogens were more sensitive to stresses than the environmental isolates. Toxin production in two species of Aspergillus was also investigated. Short-term desiccation (simulating environmental conditions during intercontinental travel) of sand amended with fungal spores containing sterigmatocystin leads to increased mycotoxin contents, but significant mycotoxin production was only possible under growth-permissive conditions, e.g. at higher humidity. It thus seems likely that an ever-decreasing fraction of the initial pathogen load survives as the dust recedes from its desert source and that those organisms that land on other continents are highly enriched in desert dwellers. KW - Chad KW - Desert sand KW - Sterigmatocystin KW - Aspergillus sydowii KW - A. versicolor PY - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10453-011-9230-2 SN - 0393-5965 SN - 1573-3025 VL - 28 IS - 2 SP - 221 EP - 231 PB - Springer Science + Business Media B.V. CY - Dordrecht [u.a.] AN - OPUS4-24814 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Montero-Calasanz, M.C. A1 - Göker, M. A1 - Pötter, G. A1 - Rohde, M. A1 - Spröer, C. A1 - Schumann, P. A1 - Gorbushina, Anna A1 - Klenk, H.P. T1 - Geodermatophilus saharensis sp. nov., isolated from sand of the Saharan desert in Chad N2 - A novel Gram-positive, aerobic, actinobacterial strain, CF5/5, was isolated from soil in the Sahara desert, Chad. It grew best at 20–35 °C and at pH 6.0–8.0 and with 0–4 % (w/v) NaCl, forming black-colored colonies. Chemotaxonomic and molecular characteristics of the isolate matched those described for members of the genus Geodermatophilus. The DNA G + C content was 75.9 mol%. The peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid; galactose and xylose were detected as diagnostic sugars. The main phospholipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylinositol; MK-9(H4) was the dominant menaquinone. The major cellular fatty acids were: iso-C16:0 and iso-C15:0. The 16S rRNA gene showed 95.6–98.3 % sequence similarity with the other named members of the genus Geodermatophilus. Based on the polyphasic taxonomy data, the isolate is proposed to represent a novel species, Geodermatophilus saharensis with the type strain CF5/5T = DSM 45423 = CCUG 62813 = MTCC 11416. KW - Actinomycetes KW - Geodermatophilaceae KW - Taxonomy KW - Sahara desert KW - Phenotype microarray PY - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-012-0860-8 SN - 0302-8933 SN - 1432-072X IS - Dezember SP - 1 EP - 7(?) PB - Springer CY - Berlin ; Heidelberg AN - OPUS4-27630 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Montero-Calasanz, M.C. A1 - Göker, M. A1 - Pötter, G. A1 - Rohde, M. A1 - Spröer, C. A1 - Schumann, P. A1 - Gorbushina, Anna A1 - Klenk, H.-P. T1 - Geodermatophilus arenarius sp. nov., a xerophilic actinomycete isolated from Saharan desert sand in Chad N2 - A novel Gram-positive, aerobic, actinobacterial strain, CF5/4T, was isolated in 2007 during an environmental screening of arid desert soil in Ouré Cassoni, Chad. The isolate grew best in a temperature range of 28–40 °C and at pH 6.0-8.5, with 0-1 % (w/v) NaCl, forming brown-coloured and nearly circular colonies on GYM agar. Chemotaxonomic and molecular characteristics of the isolate matched those described for members of the genus Geodermatophilus. The DNA G + C content of the novel strain was 75.9 mol %. The peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid as diagnostic diaminoacid. The main phospholipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, diphosphatidylglycerol and a small amount of phosphatidylglycerol; MK-9(H4) was identified as the dominant menaquinone and galactose as diagnostic sugar. The major cellular fatty acids were branched-chain saturated acids: iso-C15:0 and iso-C16:0. The 16S rRNA gene showed 96.2–98.3 % sequence identity with the three members of the genus Geodermatophilus: G. obscurus (96.2 %), G. ruber (96.5 %), and G. nigrescens (98.3 %). Based on the chemotaxonomic results, 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and DNA–DNA hybridization with the type strain of G. nigrescens, the isolate is proposed to represent a novel species, Geodermatophilus arenarius (type strain CF5/4T = DSM 45418T = MTCC 11413T = CCUG 62763T). KW - Xerophiles KW - Actinomycetes KW - Geodermatophilaceae KW - Taxonomy KW - Sahara desert PY - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00792-012-0486-4 SN - 1431-0651 SN - 1433-4909 VL - 16 IS - 6 SP - 903 EP - 909 PB - Springer CY - Tokyo AN - OPUS4-26933 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -