TY - JOUR A1 - Lippitz, Andreas A1 - Koprinarov, Ivaylo A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Weiss, K. A1 - Wöll, Ch. T1 - Surface analysis of metaillized poly(bisphenol A cabonate) films by x-ray absorption spectroscopy (NEXAFS) KW - NEXAFS KW - Röntgenadsorptionsspektroskopie KW - Oberflächenanalyse KW - Film, metallisiert KW - Polymeroberfläche PY - 1996 SN - 0032-3861 SN - 1873-2291 VL - 37 IS - 14 SP - 3157 EP - 3160 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-649 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lippitz, Andreas A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Schertel, A. A1 - Wöll, Ch. T1 - Surface analysis of partially crystalline and amorphous poly(ethylene terephthalate) samples by x-ray absorption spectroscopy (NEXAFS) KW - NEXAFS KW - Röntgenadsorptionsspektroskopie KW - Oberflächenanalyse KW - Polymeroberfläche PY - 1996 SN - 0032-3861 SN - 1873-2291 VL - 37 IS - 14 SP - 3151 EP - 3155 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-650 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Lippitz, Andreas A1 - Koprinarov, Ivaylo A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Schertel, A. A1 - Wöll, Ch. T1 - NEXAFS analysis of a plasma treated, partially crystalline poly(ehtylene terephtalate) surface KW - NEXAFS KW - Röntgenstrukturanalyse KW - Oberflächen behandeln KW - Plasma PY - 1996 SN - 0179-4159 SP - 279 EP - 281 PB - Berliner Elektronenspeicherring-Gesellschaft für Synchrotronstrahlung CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-681 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gähde, J. A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian A1 - Fischer, T. A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Lippitz, Andreas A1 - Falkenhagen, Jana T1 - Reactions of polymer analogous model substances with metals and oxides KW - Modellverbindung KW - Al202 KW - Chrom KW - Orientierung, molekular KW - Chemical interaction KW - Model compounds KW - Al2O3 and chromium KW - Molecular orientation KW - Formation of complexes KW - Plasma PY - 1996 SN - 0340-255x SN - 1437-8027 VL - 101 SP - 194 EP - 198 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-685 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian A1 - Retzko, Iris A1 - Kühn, Gerhard A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Lippitz, Andreas ED - Mittal, K. T1 - Metal doped plasma polymer films T2 - 7th Symposium on Metallized Plastics CY - Newark, NJ, USA DA - 1999-12-02 KW - Plasma polymer KW - r.f. pulsed plasma KW - Conducting films KW - Metal-polymer interface PY - 2001 SN - 90-6764-340-8 VL - 7 SP - 117 EP - 142 PB - VSP CY - Utrecht AN - OPUS4-929 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian A1 - Geng, Sh. A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Lippitz, Andreas A1 - Erdmann, J. A1 - Gorsler, H.-V. T1 - Plasma functionalization and reorientation of macromolecules at polymer surfaces KW - Plasma KW - Polymer KW - Monolayer KW - Einschichtsystem KW - NEXAFS KW - Spektroskopie KW - Oberflächenanalyse PY - 1995 SN - 0257-8972 VL - 74-75 SP - 664 EP - 669 PB - Elsevier Science CY - Lausanne AN - OPUS4-627 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian A1 - Wigan, L. A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Lippitz, Andreas A1 - Erdmann, J. A1 - Gorsler, H.-V. T1 - Barrier properties of plasma and chemically fluorinated polypropylene and polyethyleneterephthalate N2 - The functionalization, perfluorination or an coating of polypropylene (PP) and polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) surfaces in different plasma atmospheres and in an F[2] + N[2] gas mixture were investigated. The aim of this work was to form a barrier layer against solvent and fuel permeation. Typical test solvents were n-pentane, toluene, tetrachloroethylene and mixtures of n-pentane and methanol. The permeation was gravimetrically measured. The permeation of the solvent mixtures was analyzed by mass spectrometry and Fourier transform IR spectroscopy. The permeation of the solvent mixtures through the plasma-modified polymer samples was associated with increased absorption of polar solvent components in the polymer film. The thickness of the plasma-fluorinated PP surface layer was 10-100 nm and that of chemically fluorinated PP about 5000 nm. Nearly the same barrier efficiency was measured for both plasma- and chemically fluorinated samples. T2 - International Conference on Plasma Surface Engineering No. 4 CY - Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany DA - 1994-09-19 KW - Plasma KW - Fluor KW - Plasmapolymer KW - Sperrschicht KW - Permeation PY - 1995 UR - http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=3158319 SN - 0257-8972 VL - 74-75 IS - 1-3 SP - 910 EP - 918 PB - Elsevier Science CY - Lausanne AN - OPUS4-628 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian A1 - Koprinarov, Ivaylo A1 - Giebler, Rainer A1 - Lippitz, Andreas A1 - Unger, Wolfgang T1 - Reactions and Intermediates at the Metal-Polymer Interface as Observed by XPS and NEXAFS Spectroscopy KW - XPS KW - NEXAFS KW - Interfacial polymer-metal redox reactions KW - Chromium-polymer intermediates KW - Near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy KW - Adhesion KW - Polymer-metal bonds KW - Polymer-aluminium bonds KW - Polymer-copper bonds PY - 1999 SN - 0021-8464 SN - 1545-5823 VL - 71 SP - 297 EP - 321 PB - Gordon & Breach CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-798 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Lippitz, Andreas A1 - Koprinarov, Ivaylo A1 - Ghode, Archana A1 - Geng, Sh. A1 - Kühn, Gerhard T1 - Plasma-based introduction of monosort functional groups of different type and density onto polymer surfaces. Part 1: Behaviour of polymers exposed to oxygen plasma N2 - Several approaches were investigated to produce monosort functionalized polymer surfaces with a high density and homogeneity of functional groups: (i) Plasma oxidation followed by wet-chemical reduction, (ii) formation of radicals and grafting on of functional group carrying molecules, (iii) plasma bromination followed by (iv) Williamson or Gabriel-like synthesis of spacer molecules, and (v) a pulsed plasma polymerization of functional groups bearing monomers or (vi) their copolymerisation with other comonomers. The formation of hydroxyl (OH), primary amino (NH2), and carboxyl (COOH) groups was studied in detail. The oxygen plasma treatment (i) in a low-pressure non-isothermal glow discharge results in the formation of a wide variety of O functional groups, polymer degradation and crosslinking. Low power densities and short exposure times (0.1 to 2 s) are required to functionalize a surface while preserving the original polymer structure. Carbonate, ester, and aromatic groups are rapidly degraded by an oxygen plasma treatment leading to scissions of polymer backbones and loss in molecular weight. Also the formation of macrocycles and C=C bonds was observed in a region of around 4 nm in depth. The investigated polymers could be classified by their degradation behaviour on exposure to the oxygen plasma.___TAGSTART___BR___TAGEND___ In order to maximize the process selectivity for OH groups, the variety of oxygen functionalities formed by the oxygen plasma was wet-chemically reduced by diborane, vitridetrade (Na complex), and LiAlH4. Typical yields were 9 to 14 OH groups per 100 carbon atoms.___TAGSTART___BR___TAGEND___ Plasma bromination (iii) (40 Br per 100 C atoms) of polymers, followed by grafting of spacer molecules (iv), has been proved to be a highly selective reaction.___TAGSTART___BR___TAGEND___ Another way to produce high densities of monosort functionalities was the pulsed plasma polymerization of functional group bearing monomers such as allylamine, allylalcohol or acrylic acid (v). The retention of chemical structure and functional groups during plasma polymerization was achieved by using low power densities and the pulsed plasma technique. The maximum yields were 30 OH, 18 NH2, and 24 COOH groups per 100 C atoms. To vary the density of functional groups a chemical copolymerization with ''chain-extending'' comonomers such as butadiene and ethylene was initiated in the pulsed plasma (vi). Additionally, the often-observed post-plasma oxidations of such layers initiated by reaction of trapped radicals with oxygen from the air were successfully suppressed by using NO gas as radical quencher. PY - 2003 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1163/156855403765826865 VL - 10 IS - 2-3 SP - 139 EP - 171 PB - North-Holland CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-2705 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Swaraj, Sufal A1 - Oran, Umut A1 - Lippitz, Andreas A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian A1 - Unger, Wolfgang T1 - Aging of Plasma-Deposited Films Prepared from Organic Monomers N2 - Plasma-deposited polymer films were prepared from organic molecules and investigated using near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) for aging effects after exposure to air. Results from the investigation of homopolymers are summarized. Primarily the effect of the deposition parameters duty cycle and power are dealt with. The effect of the deposition parameter pressure is briefly discussed. An example to show the effect of feed gas composition on the aging of plasma polymerized ethylene/allyl alcohol and styrene/allyl alcohol copolymer is also given. In general, change in content of unsaturated or aromatic species, change in concentration of monomer functionality, and change in the oxygen content was observed in the plasma polymerized films on aging. KW - Plasma copolymer KW - ESCA/XPS KW - NEXAFS KW - Plasma polymerization PY - 2007 SN - 1612-8850 SN - 1612-8869 VL - 4 IS - S1 SP - S784 EP - S789 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-11934 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Swaraj, Sufal A1 - Oran, Umut A1 - Lippitz, Andreas A1 - Schulze, Rolf-Dieter A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian A1 - Unger, Wolfgang T1 - Surface Analysis of Plasma-Deposited Polymer Films, 4 - In situ Characterization of Plasma-Deposited Ethylene Films by XPS and NEXAFS N2 - XPS and NEXAFS spectroscopy were used for the chemical characterization of pulsed plasma-deposited ethylene films before and after exposure to ambient air. The influence of external plasma parameters on the spectroscopic results was investigated. Information on the chemical character of the plasma-polymerized films, such as the regularity of the primary structure, the amount of long-living radicals, and branching or cross-linking or both was derived from this data. Irregularity and radical concentration for post-plasma reactions of the plasma-deposited films increased with the duty cycle or power. A decreased level of monomer fragmentation and, consequently, an increase in regularity is partially concluded from the experimental data when the monomer pressure is increased. The concentration of surface radicals available for post-plasma reactions also increased with monomer pressure. The correlation found between the degree of the post-plasma oxygen incorporation and the variation of the various external parameters agreed with earlier ToF-SSIMS findings. KW - ESCA/XPS KW - NEXAFS KW - Plasma polymerization KW - Polyethylene (PE) KW - Thin films PY - 2005 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/ppap.200400070 SN - 1612-8850 SN - 1612-8869 VL - 2 IS - 4 SP - 310 EP - 318 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-11940 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Koprinarov, Ivaylo A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian A1 - Lippitz, Andreas A1 - Unger, Wolfgang ED - Olefjord, I. ED - Nyborg, L. ED - Briggs, D. T1 - X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (NEXAFS) of PET Surfaces T2 - 7th European Conference on Applications of Surface and Interface Analysis CY - Göteborg, Sweden DA - 1997-06-16 PY - 1997 SN - 0-471-97827-2 SP - 755 EP - 759 PB - Wiley CY - Chichester AN - OPUS4-7288 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Swaraj, Sufal A1 - Oran, Umut A1 - Lippitz, Andreas A1 - Schulze, Rolf-Dieter A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian A1 - Unger, Wolfgang T1 - Surface Analysis of Plasma-Deposited Polymer Films, 2: Analysis of Post-Plasma Air Reacted Plasma Polymerized Styrene by X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy N2 - Chemical properties of plasma-polymerized styrene films can be effectively controlled by the appropriate choice of external plasma parameters, such as duty cycle, power and monomer pressure. Chemical properties here are the regularity of the primary structure, the amount of long living radicals and branching or cross-linking or both in plasma polymerized styrene films, which can be indirectly monitored by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy. Principally, XPS and NEXAFS spectra of plasma-polymerized styrene show all the spectroscopic fingerprints characteristic of atactic polystyrene indicating an inherent similarity of the respective primary chemical structures. There is an increase in irregularity and radical concentration for the plasma deposited films with increasing duty cycle or power. With an increase in monomer pressure, a decreased level of monomer fragmentation and, consequently, an increase in regularity must be concluded from the experimental data. The applied power regulates the fragmentation of the monomers as monitored by spectroscopic signals correlated to the aromatic rings. A trend in the extent of the post-plasma oxygen incorporation according to the variation of the various external plasma parameters was deduced, which agrees with earlier ToF-SIMS findings KW - Chemical characterization KW - ESCA/XPS KW - NEXAFS KW - Plasma polymerization KW - Polystyrene PY - 2004 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/ppap.200400022 SN - 1612-8850 SN - 1612-8869 VL - 1 SP - 134 EP - 140 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-6935 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Retzko, Iris A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian A1 - Lippitz, Andreas A1 - Unger, Wolfgang T1 - Chemical analysis of plasma-polymerized films: The application of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (NEXAFS) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) N2 - Selected FTIR, XPS and NEXAFS spectroscopy results obtained with films deposited with different plasma polymerization processes and different monomers (styrene, acetylene, ethylene and butadiene) are presented. In detail FTIR spectra, XPS surveys, XPS valence bands and core level signals including shake-up features as well as carbon K-edge absorption spectra are qualitatively and, in some cases, semi-quantitatively considered. Information on the film formation, the chemistry of the films and the film stability against air exposure are derived from spectroscopic features. With styrene chemically rather well defined plasma polymer layers can be formed with rather high deposition rates applying a pulse plasma process. Using ethylene, acetylene or butadiene as a monomer in the plasma deposition process the deposition rates are smaller. Using these monomers plasma polymer films can be obtained with a primary chemical structure which is similar to each other but more or less different from those of the respective conventional polymers. The main difference between these samples is their individual concentration of unsaturated carbon species. Finally, a technologically relevant example, i.e. a plasma deposited polymer barrier layer deposited on the inner wall of a poly(ethylene) vessel is briefly considered. KW - Plasma polymer KW - Styrene KW - Ethylene KW - Acethylene KW - Butadiene KW - XPS KW - NEXAFS KW - FTIR KW - Chemical characterization KW - Deposition process KW - Stability PY - 2001 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0368-2048(01)00330-9 SN - 0368-2048 SN - 1873-2526 VL - 121 IS - 2 SP - 111 EP - 129 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-6938 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kühn, Gerhard A1 - Retzko, Iris A1 - Lippitz, Andreas A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian T1 - Homofunctionalized polymer surfaces formed by selective plasma processes N2 - Several possibilities exist to produce a modified polymer surface with a high density of only one sort of functional group such as: (i) the plasma grafting of unfragmented monomer molecules and their polymerization forms OH, NH2, COOH groups, etc. in concentrations of approximately 25 groups per 100 C atoms; (ii) selective plasma bromination provides 10–25 CBr groups; (iii) the plasma oxidation of polymer surfaces in an O2 plasma followed by the chemical reduction of all O-containing groups to OH groups by diborane, vitride™ (Na complex) or LiAlH4 yields 9–14 OH groups per 100 carbon atoms; and (iv) the grafting of spacers with different endgroups onto OH or CBr groups produces 7–10 spacer molecules/100 C. This work was focused on the formation of thin plasma deposited polymer layers with a maximum of (homo)functional groups and with a minimum of chemical irregularities using the pulsed plasma technique. The monomers were allylalcohol, allylamine, acrylonitrile and acrylic acid. The further intent was to study the interactions of functional groups (OH, COOH, NH2) and deposited metals (Cr, Al, Ti). It was expected that more basic (NH2), weakly basic or neutral (OH) or more acidic (COOH) groups would show different interactions and chemical reactions with metal atoms. KW - Pulsed plasma polymerization KW - Functional groups KW - Long-term stability KW - Polymer-metal composites PY - 2001 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0257-8972(01)01056-8 SN - 0257-8972 VL - 142-144 SP - 494 EP - 500 PB - Elsevier Science CY - Lausanne AN - OPUS4-6971 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian A1 - Retzko, Iris A1 - Kühn, Gerhard A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Lippitz, Andreas T1 - Plasma polymers with chemically defined structures in contact with metals N2 - The retention of chemical structure and functional groups during plasma polymerization was investigated. Usually plasma polymer layers, prepared by a continuous wave radio-frequency plasma, are often chemically irregular in their structure and composition. To minimize these irregularities low wattages and the pulsed plasma technique were applied to avoid fragmentations. The first goal was to produce plasma polymers comprising double or triple bonds as precursors for electrically conducting polymers. Acetylene, ethylene, butadiene and polystyrene were used as monomers and deposited as thin polymer films by pulsed plasmas of low wattages. Styrene polymerization was strongly enhanced in the dark phase (plasma off) of a pulsed r.f. plasma caused by the reactivity of the vinyl-type double bond. This could be confirmed by a verification of a rather high chemical regularity of the film sample. The oxygen content of this film measured by X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS) was in situ 0% and after 24 h exposure to air lower than 1%. Additionally, post-plasma oxidations of trapped radicals with air could be suppressed using NO gas as radical quencher. Such quenched plasma polymer layers were completely stable against oxidation for a number of weeks. During the low-wattage pulse plasma polymerization metal atoms were simultaneously or layer by layer evaporated into the growing layer and in situ measured by XPS. These metal atoms are acting as dopants. Here, Li, K, Mg and Cr were used at different concentrations providing electrical conductivity and magnetic properties for the film. KW - Pulsed plasma KW - Plasma polymerization KW - Doping with metal atoms KW - Encapsulation of nanoparticles PY - 2001 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0257-8972(01)01051-9 SN - 0257-8972 VL - 142-144 SP - 460 EP - 467 PB - Elsevier Science CY - Lausanne AN - OPUS4-6972 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Lippitz, Andreas A1 - Giebler, Rainer A1 - Koprinarov, Ivaylo A1 - Weidner, Steffen A1 - Kühn, Gerhard ED - Mittal, K. L. T1 - Significance of interfacial redox reactions and formation of metal-organic complexes for the adhesion of metals on pristine and plasma-treated polymers KW - Oxygen low-pressure plasma treatment of polymers KW - Metal-polymer interactions KW - Peel strength PY - 2000 SN - 90-6764-327-0 VL - 2 SP - 137 EP - 171 PB - VSP CY - Utrecht AN - OPUS4-6979 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Lippitz, Andreas A1 - Koprinarov, Ivaylo A1 - Kühn, Gerhard A1 - Weidner, Steffen A1 - Vogel, Lydia T1 - Chemical reactions at polymer surfaces interacting with a gas plasma or with metal atoms - their relevance to adhesion N2 - The chemical and morphological stabilities of polymer segments in the near-surface layer were investigated by spectroscopic methods such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. Model studies were undertaken with Langmuir–Blodgett films, self-assembled monolayers and oligomer films. For thin polymer layers (30 to 500 nm), the changes in molecular-weight distributions of some polymers were investigated systematically by size exclusion chromatography, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization–time-of-flight mass spectrometry and thermal-field flow fractionation for oxygen- and helium-plasma exposures. The polymer surfaces were found to be relatively stable at exposure to an oxygen low-pressure plasma up to ca. 2 s. This is important information to get maximum adhesion to metals in composites. In correlation to their redox potentials, potassium, aluminium and chromium react with oxygen functional groups at the polymer/metal interface. In a dedicated study, chromium was found to attack aromatic rings and form different reaction products. PY - 1999 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0257-8972(99)00229-7 SN - 0257-8972 VL - 116-119 SP - 772 EP - 782 PB - Elsevier Science CY - Lausanne AN - OPUS4-6981 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Lippitz, Andreas A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian A1 - Koprinarov, Ivaylo A1 - Weiss, K. A1 - Wöll, Ch. ED - Mittal, K. T1 - The Application of Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structures (NEXAFS) Spectroscopy and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) in Surface Analysis of Chromium-evaporated Polymers and Organic Films PY - 1998 SN - 90-6764-290-8 SP - 147 EP - 168 PB - VSP CY - Utrecht AN - OPUS4-6986 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Lippitz, Andreas A1 - Koprinarov, Ivaylo A1 - Kühn, Gerhard A1 - Weidner, Steffen A1 - Vogel, Lydia ED - Mittal, K. T1 - Plasma Pretreatment of Polymer Surfaces - Relevance to Adhesion of Metals T2 - 5th Symposium on Metallized Plastics ; 6th Symposium on Metallized Plastics CY - Los Angeles, CA, USA DA - 1996-05-05 PY - 1998 SN - 90-6764-290-8 SP - 271 EP - 293 PB - VSP CY - Utrecht AN - OPUS4-6987 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Koprinarov, Ivaylo A1 - Lippitz, Andreas A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Wöll, Ch. T1 - Oxygen plama induced degradation of the surface of poly(styrene), poly(bisphenol-A-carbonate) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) as observed by soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy (NEXAFS) KW - Oxygen DC plasma treatment KW - Plasma degradation KW - X-ray absorption spectroscopy (NEXAFS) PY - 1998 SN - 0032-3861 SN - 1873-2291 VL - 39 IS - 14 SP - 3001 EP - 3009 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-6990 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian A1 - Koprinarov, Ivaylo A1 - Giebler, Rainer A1 - Lippitz, Andreas A1 - Unger, Wolfgang T1 - Reactions and Intermediates at the Metal-Polymer Interface - Detected by XPS and NEXAFS Spectroscopy T2 - 4th European Conference on Adhesion (EURADH '98) ; 1st World Congress on Adhesion and Related Phenomena (WCARP) CY - Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany DA - 1998-09-06 PY - 1998 SN - 0021-8464 VL - 75 IS - 1 SP - 1.60 EP - 1.62 PB - Gordon & Breach CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-6991 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Weidner, Steffen A1 - Kühn, Gerhard A1 - Roessner, D. A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Lippitz, Andreas ED - Olefjord, I. ED - Nyborg, L. ED - Briggs, D. T1 - Changes in molecular weight distribution of polymers by plasma treatment T2 - 7th European Conference on Applications of Surface and Interface Analysis CY - Göteborg, Sweden DA - 1997-06-16 PY - 1997 SN - 0-471-97827-2 SP - 795 EP - 799 PB - Wiley CY - Chichester AN - OPUS4-6997 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Koprinarov, Ivaylo A1 - Lippitz, Andreas A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Wöll, Ch. T1 - Surface analysis of DC oxygen plasma treated or chromium evaporated poly(ethylene terephthalate) foils by soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy (NEXAFS) KW - Biaxially streched poly(ehtylene terephthalate) KW - Oxygen DC plasma treatment KW - Metallization with chromium PY - 1997 SN - 0032-3861 SN - 1873-2291 VL - 38 IS - 8 SP - 2005 EP - 2010 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-6998 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Lippitz, Andreas A1 - Geng, Sh. A1 - Koprinarov, Ivaylo A1 - Kühn, Gerhard A1 - Weidner, Steffen T1 - Modelling plasma-induced reactions on polymer surfaces using aliphatic self-assembling and LB layers PY - 1998 SN - 0257-8972 VL - 98 SP - 1132 EP - 1141 PB - Elsevier Science CY - Lausanne AN - OPUS4-6999 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian A1 - Wigant, L. A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Lippitz, Andreas A1 - Wittrich, H. T1 - Corona, spark and combined UV and ozone modification of polymer films WeBP23 N2 - Different types of plasma, irradiative and chemical activation were compared in terms of surface functionalization. Corona and spark jet plasmas are characterized by low gas temperatures and high rates in surface modification. UV irradiation in the presence of ozone does not involve any particle bombardment and acts only by enhanced photooxidative processes. Although ion implantation can be avoided, this method is not free of radiative damage in both the surface-near region and the bulk of polymers. Furthermore, its functionalization rate is low. In relation to low-pressure O2 plasma modification, all treatments mentioned here have a low efficiency in adhesion promotion due to oxidative degradation of macromolecules and formation of molecular debris known as the ''weak boundary layer''. PY - 1998 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0257-8972(97)00318-6 SN - 0257-8972 VL - 98 IS - 1 SP - 879 EP - 885 PB - Elsevier Science CY - Lausanne AN - OPUS4-7000 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Lippitz, Andreas T1 - Plasma Modification of Polymer Surfaces PY - 1995 SN - 1022-1360 SN - 0258-0322 SN - 1521-3900 VL - 100 SP - 111 EP - 115 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-7012 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian A1 - Wigant, L. A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Lippitz, Andreas A1 - Wittrich, H. A1 - Prescher, D. A1 - Erdmann, J. A1 - Gorsler, H.-V. A1 - Nick, L. T1 - Barrier properties of plasma-modified polypropylene and polyethyleneterephthalate KW - Plasma fluorination of polymers KW - Deposition of fluorine-containing plasma polymers KW - Barrier formation against solvent permeation KW - Permeation mechanism of solvent mixtures PY - 1995 SN - 0169-4243 SN - 1568-5616 VL - 9 IS - 9 SP - 1165 EP - 1180 PB - VNU Science Press CY - Utrecht AN - OPUS4-7013 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Lippitz, Andreas A1 - Weidner, Steffen A1 - Geng, Sh. A1 - Wigant, L. A1 - Wöll, Ch. A1 - Erdmann, J. A1 - Gorsler, H.-V. T1 - Characterization of plasma-modified organic surfaces by electron spectroscopy, SEIRA, and MALDI-TOF-MS T2 - 6th European Conference on Applications of Surface and Interface Analysis CY - Montreux, Switzerland DA - 1995-10-09 PY - 1995 SP - TC 11 PB - Wiley CY - Chichester AN - OPUS4-7001 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weidner, Steffen A1 - Kühn, Gerhard A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Lippitz, Andreas T1 - Plasmaoxidative Degradation of Polymers Studied by Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry PY - 1996 SN - 0951-4198 SN - 1097-0231 VL - 10 SP - 727 EP - 732 PB - Wiley CY - Chichester AN - OPUS4-7004 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian A1 - Wigant, L. A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Lippitz, Andreas A1 - Wittrich, H. A1 - Prescher, D. ED - Mittal, K. L. T1 - Barrier properties of plasma-modified polypropylene and polyethyleneterephthalate T2 - International Symposium on Polymer Surface Modification: Relevance to Adhesion CY - Las Vegas, NV, USA DA - 1993-11-03 KW - Plasma fluorination of polymers KW - Deposition of fluorine-containing plasma polymers KW - Barrier formation against solvent permeation KW - Permeation mechanism of solvent mixtures PY - 1996 SN - 90-6764-201-0 VL - 1 SP - 121 EP - 136 PB - VSP CY - Utrecht AN - OPUS4-7006 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Lippitz, Andreas A1 - Gross, Thomas A1 - Rohrer, P. A1 - Saur, W. A1 - Erdmann, J. A1 - Gorsler, H.-V. ED - Mittal, K. L. T1 - The improvement in adhesion of polyurethane-polypropylene composites by short-time exposure of polypropylene to low and atmospheric pressure plasmas KW - Polyurethane-polypropylene adhesion KW - Low pressure plasma pretreatment KW - Atmospheric pressure plasma treatment KW - Short-time exposure KW - Relevance of functional groups to adhesion KW - Molecular orientation at polymer surfaces PY - 1996 SN - 90-6764-201-0 SP - 49 EP - 72 PB - VSP CY - Utrecht AN - OPUS4-7007 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Lippitz, Andreas A1 - Gross, Thomas A1 - Rohrer, P. A1 - Saur, W. A1 - Erdmann, J. A1 - Gorsler, H.-V. T1 - The improvement in adhesion of polyurethane-polypropylene composites by short-time exposure of polypropylene to low and atmospheric pressure plasmas KW - Polyurethane-polypropylene adhesion KW - Low pressure plasma pretreatment KW - Atmospheric pressure plasma treatment KW - Short-time exposure KW - Relevance of functional groups to adhesion KW - Molecular orientation at polymer surfaces PY - 1995 SN - 0169-4243 SN - 1568-5616 VL - 9 IS - 5 SP - 575 EP - 598 PB - VNU Science Press CY - Utrecht AN - OPUS4-7010 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Swaraj, Sufal A1 - Oran, Umut A1 - Lippitz, Andreas A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian A1 - Unger, Wolfgang T1 - Study of influence of external plasma parameters on plasma polymerised films prepared from organic molecules (acrylic acid, allyl alcohol, allyl amine) using XPS and NEXAFS N2 - Plasma polymerised films of acrylic acid, allyl alcohol and allyl amine were prepared and studied by XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) and XAS (X-ray absorption spectroscopy). The influence of external plasma parameters on certain chemical aspects of the films was investigated. The use of XPS and NEXAFS (near edge X-ray absorption fine structure) as complimentary tools in the surface characterisation of thin films has been highlighted. Certain chemical aspects of the plasma polymerised films such as presence of ROCdouble bond; length as m-dashO in the case of plasma polymerised acrylic acid films, presence of RCdouble bond; length as m-dashO and RC–OR bonds in case of plasma polymerised allyl alcohol films and presence of RCdouble bond; length as m-dashN and C?N in case of plasma polymerised allyl amine films were studied. The concentration of ROCdouble bond; length as m-dashO species was found to decrease with increase in r.f. duty cycle in the case of plasma polymerised acrylic acid films. In case of plasma polymerised allyl alcohol films there is a decrease in the concentration of RCdouble bond; length as m-dashO species and increase in the concentration of RC–OR species at higher pressures, while in the case of plasma polymerised allyl amine films the concentration of RCdouble bond; length as m-dashN and C?N increases at higher powers, with an increase in C?N more pronounced at higher powers. KW - Plasma polymerization KW - NEXAFS KW - XPS KW - Plasma parameter PY - 2005 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2005.01.083 SN - 0257-8972 VL - 200 IS - 1-4 SP - 494 EP - 497 PB - Elsevier Science CY - Lausanne AN - OPUS4-11045 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lippitz, Andreas A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian A1 - Unger, Wolfgang T1 - Plasma bromination of HOPG surfaces: a NEXAFS and synchrotron XPS study N2 - Br bonding on plasma brominated graphite surfaces has been studied by using Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). Br2 and bromoform were used as plasma gases in an r.f. cw low pressure plasma process. Kr plasma had been used to study separately the physical and chemical plasma etching effects. At early steps of plasma bromination which lead to only small XPS Br surface concentration values a quick decay of aromaticity has been observed. At low Br surface concentration radical or even electrophilic addition of bromine onto sp2 carbon atoms is discussed as the dominating reaction pathway. At higher Br surface concentrations the inherent formation of sp3 defects in the graphene network by chemical etching processes promotes nucleophilic substitution of bromine at sp3 carbons as a competing reaction pathway. Both reaction pathways lead to C–Br species characterized by the same Br 3d XPS binding energy. However more than one Br 3d component in XP spectra has been found at lower Br2 plasma induced Br surface concentrations and complexation of bromine at HOPG is assumed as a third way of interaction with Br2 plasma. KW - HOPG KW - Graphite KW - Plasma bromination KW - Low pressure plasma KW - NEXAFS KW - XPS PY - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susc.2013.01.020 SN - 0039-6028 VL - 611 SP - L1 EP - L7 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-27928 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Swaraj, Sufal A1 - Oran, Umut A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian A1 - Lippitz, Andreas A1 - Unger, Wolfgang T1 - Surface Chemical Analysis of Plasma-Deposited Copolymer Films Prepared from Feed Gas Mixtures of Ethylene or Styrene with Allyl Alcohol N2 - Plasma deposited styrene/allyl alcohol and ethylene/allyl alcohol copolymer films were prepared and characterized using XPS, NEXAFS and ToF-SIMS. The relative partial flow rates of the co-monomers are used as deposition process parameters to vary and all other process parameters were constrained to conditions optimized for retention of functional groups. By doing this it is possible to control certain chemical properties of the copolymer films such as unsaturation, oxygen and hydroxyl group relative surface contents. The aging behavior of the plasma copolymer films on air was studied, too. Non-linear variations of relative oxygen contents, contents of C—OR species and contents of carbonyl species are obtained vs. variation of feed gas composition for both monomer combinations. The chemical character of the plasma copolymer films varies between the limits given by the respective plasma homopolymers. The observed non-linear correlations are discussed in terms of approaches developed for classic radical copolymerization. The aging behavior of the different plasma copolymers films depends on the feed gas composition. Principally these aging phenomena known from plasma polymer aging studies of that respective monomer which dominates the character of the plasma copolymer are observed. KW - Plasma polymers KW - Plasma copolymers KW - XPS KW - NEXAFS KW - Allyl alcohol KW - ESCA/XPS KW - Plasma polymerization KW - ToF-SIMS PY - 2007 SN - 1612-8850 SN - 1612-8869 VL - 4 IS - 4 SP - 376 EP - 389 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-14846 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Lippitz, Andreas A1 - Koprinarov, Ivaylo A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian A1 - Wöll, Ch. T1 - K-Edge Soft X-ray Absorption (NEXAFS) Spectroscopy In Surface Chemical Analysis of Polymers T2 - International Discussion Meeting Advanced Methods of Polymer Characterization: New Developments and Applications in Industry CY - Mainz, Germany DA - 1999-03-15 PY - 1999 SP - P3.53 CY - Mainz AN - OPUS4-6925 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian A1 - Hidde, Gundula A1 - Lippitz, Andreas A1 - Unger, Wolfgang T1 - Plasma bromination of graphene for covalent bonding of organic molecules N2 - Plasma-chemical bromination applied to graphitic materials, in particular to highly ordered pyrolytic graphite is reviewed. The resulting bromination efficiency of the plasma-chemical treatment was subject of systematic process optimization. The plasma of elemental bromine vapour produced bromine concentrations on graphene surfaces of more than 30 % Br/C using either inductively or capacitively coupled low-pressure radio-frequency plasmas. Plasma brominated graphite surfaces have been studied by Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Atomic Force Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy. The introduction of bromine into graphene-like graphite layers and its binding situation were investigated. To study the physical effect of the plasma bromination process, Kr plasma was also used because of its chemical inertness but similar atomic mass. Covering the samples with a Faraday cage or with a LiF window should help to differentiate between physical, chemical and radiation effects of the plasma. Bromination was assigned to radical or electrophilic addition of bromine onto fully substituted aromatic double bonds (sp² C) with exothermal reaction enthalpy. Low bromination shows a strong decay of aromatic double bonds, higher bromination percentage let disappear all aromatic rings. The formed C–Br bonds were well suited for efficient grafting of organic molecules by post-plasma wet-chemical nucleophilic substitution. This grafting onto the graphene surface was demonstrated using aminosilane and different diamines. The bromination of double bonds changes the hybridization of carbon atoms from plane sp² to tetrahedral sp³ hybridization. Thus, the plane topography of graphene is destroyed and the conductivity is lost. KW - Graphene KW - Bromination KW - Grafting of diamines KW - Plasma KW - Organic graphting PY - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11090-013-9509-x SN - 0272-4324 VL - 34 SP - 621 EP - 645 PB - Plenum Publ. Corp. CY - New York, NY, USA AN - OPUS4-30575 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -