TY - CONF A1 - Feldkamp, Martin A1 - Nehrig, Marko A1 - Bletzer, Claus Wilhelm A1 - Wille, Frank T1 - Pressure build-up during the fire test in type B(U) packages containing water - 13280 T2 - WM2013 Conference CY - Phoenix, Arizona, USA DA - 2013-02-24 KW - Fire test KW - B(U) KW - Thermal test KW - Pressure KW - Water PY - 2013 SN - 978-0-9836186-2-1 SP - 1 EP - 12(?) CY - Phoenix, Arizona, USA AN - OPUS4-27997 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bletzer, Claus Wilhelm A1 - Nehrig, Marko A1 - Feldkamp, Martin A1 - Wille, Frank A1 - Völzke, Holger T1 - Druckaufbau in Behältern mit feuchtem Inventar T2 - KONTEC 2013 - 11. Internationales Symposium 'Konditionierung radioaktiverBetriebs- und Stilllegungsabfälle' CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 2013-03-13 KW - Druckaufbau KW - Radioaktive Abfälle KW - Endlager PY - 2013 IS - Sektion 4 / Vortrag 031 SP - 1 EP - 11(?) AN - OPUS4-28094 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Nehrig, Marko A1 - Feldkamp, Martin A1 - Bletzer, Claus Wilhelm A1 - Wille, Frank T1 - Thermal test driven pressure build-up inside type-B packages containing wet radioactive waste N2 - In recent years several German approval procedures for ductile cast iron transport containers containing wet intermediate level waste were conducted. BAM, as one of the German competent authorities, was involved in the complex design assessment work with this specific issue. Thermal analysis is one part of the authority assessment work done by BAM in Germany. The radioactive contents of package designs which were not dried, only drained, consist of saturated ion exchange resin and a small amount of free water. Compared to the safety assessment of packages with dry content, attention must be paid to some more specific points. The most interesting point, however, is the pressure build-up inside the package due to vaporization. This could be caused by radiolysis of the liquid and must be taken into account for the storage period. The inner pressure of the package leads to mechanical loads to the package body, the lid and the lid bolts. Thus, the pressure is the driving force on the gasket system regarding the activity release and a possible loss of tightness. The paper deals primarily with the pressure build-up inside the package caused by the transport regulatory thermal test (30 min at 800 °C) as part of the cumulative test scenario under accident conditions of transport. The pressure build-up is estimated by calculation in a very conservative way regarding conduction and heat radiation. Furthermore the paper discusses a conservative approach for the estimation of the resulting pressure depending on the percentage of water inside the cask. To get trustworthy results without an exact specification of the content, experimental fire tests should be conducted. However, this paper shows the difficulties of assessing casks containing wet content. From the authority assessment point of view, drying of the content could be an effective way to avoid the above described pressure build-up and the associated difficulties for the safety assessment. T2 - PATRAM 2013 - 17th International symposium on the packaging and transportation of radioactive materials CY - San Francisco, CA, USA DA - 18.08.2013 KW - Type-B KW - Wet content KW - Pressure build-up KW - Radioactive waste KW - Thermal test PY - 2013 SP - Paper 108, 1 EP - 10 PB - Omnipress AN - OPUS4-30197 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Feldkamp, Martin A1 - Quercetti, Thomas A1 - Gleim, Tobias A1 - Wille, Frank T1 - Evaluation of Heat Fluxes in Fire Reference Test Conducted in BAM Propane Gas Fire Test Facility N2 - Packages for the transport of intermediate- and high-level radioactive waste are designed to withstand severe accidents. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has established specific mechanical and thermal tests. Packages for the transport of radioactive material must withstand these tests to comply with the Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Materials IAEA [IAEA (2018)]. A fire reference package was developed with the primary objective to demonstrate that the fire meets the regulatory requirements. Another aim is to characterise the boundary conditions of the actual fire as input parameters for thermo-mechanical simulations. A simple method to characterise the boundary conditions of a real steady state fire with a fire reference package is presented. The thermal test mainly consists of a 30 minute fully engulfing 800°C pool fire or an equally severe fire, such as a propane gas fire. The fire reference tests are performed prior to the actual fire test with the real package. The heat fluxes into the package depend substantially on the fire characteristics and the surface temperature of the package. To investigate local and overall heat fluxes over a wide range of surface temperatures in this test facility a fire reference package was designed for repeated use. The fire reference package presented in this paper represents the outer geometry of a small transport container for radioactive material and is used as a device in civil engineering. It is designed as a closed steel sheet cylinder with a wall thickness of 10 mm, a length of 182 mm and a diameter of 102 mm. The package was instrumented with thermocouples and filled with heat resistant insulation material. Open-air fire tests were performed in a BAM propane gas fire test facility with the fire reference package. The measured temperatures are used to determine the changes of heat fluxes into the fire reference package in relation to the package surface temperature. The calculated heat fluxes allow its fitting to express the thermal exposure as simple mathematical boundary condition. Therefore, in a first approach, fire properties such as adiabatic surface temperature (AST) as proposed by Wickström et al. (2007), convection coefficient and emissivity are determined mathematically fitting the heat flux development presented in this paper. The evaluated results provide an initial picture of local fire characteristics of the conducted propane gas fire and are a further development of previous works from Feldkamp et al. (2020). The results can be used in thermal and thermo-mechanical models to simulate the load on the real transport package in fire. The test shows that the examined propane gas fire covers the IAEA-fire over a wide range of surface temperatures with the chosen test stand parameters. T2 - SMiRT 27 (27th conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology) CY - Yokohama, Japan DA - 03.03.2024 KW - Fire KW - Propane KW - Heat Flux KW - Fire Reference PY - 2024 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - IASMiRT AN - OPUS4-59679 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bletzer, Claus Wilhelm A1 - Nehrig, Marko A1 - Feldkamp, Martin A1 - Wille, Frank A1 - Völzke, Holger T1 - Pressure build up in casks containing wet waste T2 - KONTEC 2013 - 11. Internationales Symposium 'Konditionierung radioaktiverBetriebs- und Stilllegungsabfälle' CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 2013-03-13 KW - Pressure build up KW - Radioactive waste KW - Disposal PY - 2013 IS - Sektion 4 / Vortrag 031 SP - 1 EP - 10(?) AN - OPUS4-28095 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Neumann, Martin A1 - Feldkamp, Martin A1 - Linnemann, Konrad A1 - Wille, Frank T1 - Transport of HLW canisters on sea vessels N2 - Germany had been transporting spent fuel to the reprocessing plant in Sellafield and La Hague for decades until around 2005. Resulting from the obligation to take back the vitrified high-level waste from reprocessing six CASTOR® HAW28M filled with 168 canisters with radioactive waste in vitrified form were transported from Sellafield to the interim storage facility Biblis in 2020. Rail wagons were used for the transport to the port in Barrow-in-Furness, where they were loaded into a dedicated seagoing vessel, certified as INF Class 3 according to the INF Code. This was the first time that vitrified high level waste with considerable heat load was transported under a German design approval certificate. BAM was involved in the authority assessment of the conditions for the sea transport. For the first transport BAM required among others, assessment of temperature distribution during transport, logging of temperatures of cargo bays and graphical imaging of temperatures of the bay with the cask in order to ensure compliance with temperature specifications, e.g. maximal neutron absorber and gasket temperatures. Special interest was taken in the identification of possible events exceeding the specified temperatures considering the different philosophies of IMDG code and its supplement INF code regarding temperature control of hatches. Results show compliance with assumed conditions. T2 - RAMTrans 2024 CY - London, United Kingdom DA - 14.05.2024 KW - Transport KW - Spent nuclear fuel KW - Ship KW - Sea KW - High level waste PY - 2024 SP - 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-60092 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gleim, Tobias A1 - Feldkamp, Martin A1 - Quercetti, Thomas A1 - Musolff, André A1 - Werner, Jan A1 - Wille, Frank T1 - Enhancement of Fire Test Stand Performance at Test Site of BAM: Installation and Evaluation of an Augmented System with a Fire Reference Package N2 - Packages for the transport of radioactive material are designed to en-dure severe accidents. Packages for the transportation of radioactive material must demonstrate that the package can withstand certain prescribed tests from the IAEA Regulations [1]. In addition to mechanical tests, a thermal test in form of a fire test must be carried out. As packages to be tested at BAM are signifi-cantly larger than previous package designs, BAM has expanded an existing fire test stand. A modular concept is chosen, which means that the arrangement of the burner nozzles can be adapted to the test specimen. The dimensions of the burner rings, the type, the orientation and the number of burner nozzles can be varied depending on the test specimen. In addition, various pumps can be used to set the corresponding mass flow. With the help of a calorimeter test, the fire test stand can be qualified for a specific size of packages regarding the boundary conditions of the IAEA Regulations [1]. Due to the typically wood filled impact limiters in German package designs, a fire test is necessary, as experiments have shown that possible openings that occurred during a mechanical test contributed to the igni-tion of the wood filled impact limiters within the prescribed 30 minutes of the IAEA Regulations [1]. From a series of experiments, two experiments are pre-sented to show the possibilities to obtain different temperatures and temperature rates in the test specimen. In addition to sensor data, the heat flux into the package is calculated to verify that the IAEA boundary conditions are satisfied. In addition to the temperature data, other data such as wind speed and wind direction are also recorded to explain subsequent effects in the measurement data in a comprehen-sible manner. T2 - Wood & Fire Safety 2024 CY - Strbske Pleso, Slowakei DA - 13.05.2024 KW - IAEA Regu-lations KW - Fire Test Stand KW - Accident Scenario KW - Fire Qualification PY - 2024 UR - https://link.springer.com/book/9783031591761 SN - 978-3-031-59176-1 SN - 978-3-031-59179-2 SN - 978-3-031-59177-8 VL - 1 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Springer Cham AN - OPUS4-60101 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Nehrig, Marko A1 - Erenberg, Marina A1 - Feldkamp, Martin A1 - Bletzer, Claus A1 - Musolff, André A1 - Wille, Frank T1 - Large Scale IAEA Thermal Test with Wood filled Impact Limiters N2 - Packages for the transport of radioactive material are often equipped with impact limiters consisting of wood. Mostly this wood is encapsulated by steel sheets. The impact limiters are needed to ensure that the transport casks meet the IAEA safety requirements. According to the IAEA safety requirements a package has to withstand consecutively severe mechanical tests followed by a thermal test. The mechanical tests have to produce maximum damage concerning the thermal test. Following this, the impact limiters may have serious pre-damage when the thermal tests begins. The IAEA safety requirements state that during and following the fire test, the specimen shall not be artificially cooled and any combustion of materials of the package shall be permitted to proceed naturally. Small scale fire tests with wood filled metal drums by BAM and works of the French Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN) showed that pre-damaged steel encapsulated wooden structures could start smoldering initiated by the thermal test. These processes supply additional energy to the cask which should be considered within the safety assessment of the package. As not much is known about smoldering processes in encapsulated wooden structures with a reduced oxygen supply the need for a test was identified. To investigate the influence of a smoldering impact limiter concerning the amount of energy supplied to the cask in dependence of the time BAM conducted a large scale impact limiter thermal test. For that, a pre-damaged impact limiter with a diameter of 2,3 m was mounted on a water tank simulating a cask. A complex system of a regulated pump, a heater, a cooler, a slide valve, a flow meter and numerous thermocouples were installed and connected to a control unit to ensure all needed operating conditions. After a pre-heating compared to typical SNF decay-heat, the 30 min lasting fire phase of the thermal test was started. After that, the expected and initiated smoldering began. The results of the large scale test are presented in this poster. Systematic small scale tests will follow to identify the influence of different parameters, e.g. moisture content and scale effects. The tests took place at BAM Test Site for Technical Safety (TTS) with its various possibilities for mechanical and thermal tests. The results of these tests will have direct influence in the safety assessment of transport cask for the transport of radioactive material T2 - 2018 WM Symposia CY - Phoenix, AZ, USA DA - 18.03.2018 KW - Type-B Package KW - Thermal Test PY - 2018 SP - Paper 18257, 1 EP - 11 AN - OPUS4-45311 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Feldkamp, Martin A1 - Nehrig, Marko A1 - Bletzer, Claus A1 - Musolff, André A1 - Erenberg, Marina A1 - Wille, Frank T1 - Behaviour of Wood Filled Impact Limiters during Fire Test N2 - Packages for the transport of radioactive material are often equipped with impact limiters consisting of wood, encapsulated by steel sheets. These impact limiters shall ensure the transport cask meets the mechanical and thermal IAEA regulatory test requirements. After damage caused by the mechanical tests the package has to withstand a severe fire scenario. According to the regulations during and following the thermal test, the specimen shall not be artificially cooled and any combustion of materials of the package shall be permitted to proceed naturally. Corresponding to results of the French institute IRSN combustion and smouldering of wood inside the impact limiter occurred during and after the fire test. An additional energy supply from a pre-damaged impact limiter to the cask could be the consequence for the safety assessment of the containment. BAM started a first test phase to examine the issue of combustion for such kind of package components. The goal was to understand the phenomena under the consideration of relevant regulatory boundary conditions. Several metal buckets were filled with wood and equipped with thermocouples. The test specimens have been prepared with different damage arrangements to take the influence of the mechanical tests into account. This paper shows the experimental setup and the conduction of the tests. The first test shows that pre-damaged metal encapsulations can lead to smouldering of the wood and with this to a supplement energy release after the end of the 30 minute fire. BAM is in the preparation process for a second test phase. A thermal test will take place with a wood filled test specimen weighing about 2Mg. T2 - The 18th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials (PATRAM 2016) CY - Kobe, Japan DA - 18.09.2016 KW - Large scale testing KW - Fire test KW - Impact limiter KW - Shock absorber KW - Thermal test KW - Typ-B KW - Wood KW - Smouldering PY - 2016 SP - paper no. 1011 AN - OPUS4-37854 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Nehrig, Marko A1 - Wille, Frank A1 - Feldkamp, Martin A1 - Rolle, Annette T1 - Aspects of gas generation caused by residual water inside ILW packages N2 - Packages for intermediate level waste (ILW) often contain residual water besides the actual waste. The water either exists as obvious free water or it may be bound physically or chemically, e.g. as pore water. Water driven gas generation could occur by vaporisation and by radiolysis. Steam as the result of vaporisation causes an increasing pressure inside a package and can affect corrosion. Vaporisation and condensation processes itself change the thermal behaviour of the content especially during strongly unsteady thermal situations like accident fire situations. Radiolysis changes the chemical composition of the content which could cause an unexpected interaction, e.g. hydrogen embrittlement. Besides the pressure build-up the radiolysis of water generates hydrogen and oxygen, which can be highly flammable respectively explosive. The gas generation caused by vaporisation and radiolysis must be taken into account during the design and the safety assessment of a package. Pressure build-up, a changed thermal behaviour and content chemistry, and especially the risk of accumulation of combustible gases exceeding the limiting concentration for inflammability has to be considered in the safety assessment. Approaches to ensure the transportability of stored packages due to radiolysis will be discussed. T2 - RAMTRANS 2015 - 10th International conference on radioactive materials transport and storage CY - Oxford, UK DA - 19.05.2015 KW - Typ-B KW - ILW package KW - Gas generation KW - Radiolysis KW - Wet content PY - 2015 SP - 1 EP - 7 AN - OPUS4-33429 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -