TY - JOUR A1 - Schneider, Rudolf A1 - Almeida, Ângela A1 - Calisto, V. A1 - Esteves, V.I. A1 - Soares, A.M.V.M. A1 - Figueira, E. A1 - Freitas, R. T1 - Toxicity associated to uptake and depuration of carbamazepine in the clam Scrobicularia plana under a chronic exposure N2 - Carbamazepine (CBZ) is an antiepileptic drug commonly detected in aquatic systems, with toxic effects to inhabiting organisms. Limited information is known on stress response biomarkers associated to bioconcentration and depuration of CBZ in aquatic organisms. Moreover, few studies addressed if the response and recovery of organisms to a contaminant can change when they are collected in a contaminated site. This study intended to understand the bioconcentration and depuration of CBZ combined with its toxicological impact in Scrobicularia plana clams collected from two contrasting areas (MIRA, Mira channel, non-contaminated and LAR, Laranjo bay, arithropogenically impacted) from the Ria de Aveiro (Portugal). The clams were exposed for 14 days to environmentally relevant CBZ concentrations (0.0, 4.0 and 8.0 mu g/L), followed by a 14 day depuration period. CBZ concentrations in S. plana tissues were rapidly bioconcentrated during the exposure period. In the depuration period CBZ was eliminated, in some extent. The main toxic effects occurred at the highest concentration (8.0 mu g/L) after 14 days of exposure in which the clams from LAR accumulated ahigher CBZ concentration (LAR: similar to 10 ng/g FW) than clams from MIRA (MIRA: similar to 7 ng/g FW). LAR clams exhibited higher oxidative damage at this concentration, demonstrated by higher LPO levels over time (increase of similar to 1.4% relative to control) and, in comparison with MIRA clams (LAR: 17.7 nmol/g FW; MIRA: 11.4 nmol/g FW). After the depuration period, LAR clams recovered from the stress induced by CBZ. A decrease in LPO for LAR (decrease of similar to 40% in relation to the end of the exposure period) was accompanied by a decrease in CBZ tissue concentrations (decrease of similar to 61% relative to the end of the exposure period). MIRA clams were not oxidatively injured (low LPO levels remained unchanged after the depuration and CBZ decreased similar to 80% relative to the end of the exposure period). KW - Invertebrates KW - Pharmaceutical drugs KW - Biomarkers KW - Oxidative stress PY - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.069 SN - 0048-9697 VL - 580 SP - 1129 EP - 1145 AN - OPUS4-43297 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schneider, Rudolf A1 - Teixiera, M. A1 - Almeida, Ângela A1 - Calisto, V. A1 - Esteves, V. I. A1 - Wrona, F. J. A1 - Soares, A. M. V. M. A1 - Figueira, E. A1 - Freitas, R. T1 - Toxic effects of the antihistamine cetirizine in mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis N2 - Recent studies have become increasingly focused on the assessment of pharmaceuticals occurrence in aquatic ecosystems, however the potential toxicity to non-target organisms is still largely unknown. The antihistamine cetirizine is a commonly used pharmaceutical, already detected in surface waters of marine aquatic systems worldwide. In the present study Mytilus galloprovincialis mussels were exposed to a range of cetirizine concentrations (0.3, 3.0, 6.0 and 12.0 mu/L), resembling moderate to highly contaminated areas, over 28 days. The responses of different biochemical markers were evaluated in mussels whole soft tissue, and included energy-related parameters (glycogen content, GLY; protein content, PROT; electron transport system activity, ETS), and oxidative stress markers (superoxide dismutase activity, SOD; catalase activity, CAT; glutathione S-transferases activity, GSTs; lipid peroxidation levels, LPO; reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione content). The results obtained demonstrated that with the increase of exposure concentrations mussels tended to increase their energy reserves and maintain their metabolic potential, which was significantly higher only at the highest concentration. Our findings clearly revealed that cetirizine inhibited the activity of GSTs and although induced the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT) mussels were not able to prevent cellular damages observed through the increase of LPO associated to the increase of exposure concentrations. Thus, this study confirmed that cetirizine induces toxic effects in Mytilus galloprovincialis, which, considering their trophic relevance, wide use as bioindicator and wide spatial distribution of this species, can result in ecological and economic negative impacts at a large scale. KW - Bivalves KW - Biomarkers KW - Oxidative Stress PY - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.02.032 SN - 0043-1354 VL - 114 SP - 316 EP - 326 AN - OPUS4-43302 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schneider, Rudolf A1 - Oliveira, P. A1 - Almeida, Ângela A1 - Calisto, V. A1 - Esteves, V. I. A1 - Wrona, F. J. A1 - Soares, A. M. V. M. A1 - Figueira, E. A1 - Freitas, R. T1 - Physiological and biochemical alterations induced in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis after short and long-term exposure to carbamazepine N2 - The bivalve Mytilus galloprovincialis collected in the Ria de Aveiro, was selected to evaluate the acute and chronic effects of carbamazepine (CBZ) at environmentally relevant concentrations. CBZ is an antiepileptic drug widely found in the aquatic environment with toxic effects to inhabiting organisms. However, few studies evaluated the acute and chronic toxicity of this drug. The experiment was performed 'by exposing mussels to 0.0, 0.3, 3.0, 6.0 and 9.0 CBZ mu g/L, for 96 h and 28 days. To assess the toxicity of the drug, a battery of biomarkers related to mussels general physiological health status and oxidative stress was applied. CBZ was quantified in mussel tissues by an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The results obtained show that CBZ did not induce oxidative stress. However, our findings,demonstrated that the drug was taken up by mussels even though presenting low bioconcentration factor (BCF) values (up to 2.2). Furthermore, our results demonstrated that after a chronic exposure the physiological parameters, namely the condition and gonadosomatic indices, were negatively affected which may impair organisms' reproductive capacity with consequences to population sustainability. KW - Pharmaceuticals KW - Bivalves KW - Oxidative Stress PY - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.03.052 SN - 0043-1354 VL - 117 SP - 102 EP - 114 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-43304 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schneider, Rudolf A1 - Almeida, Ângela A1 - Calisto, V. A1 - Esteves, V. I. A1 - Soares, A. M. V. M. A1 - Figueira, E. A1 - Freitas, R. T1 - Ecotoxicity of the antihistaminic drug cetirizine to Ruditapes philippinarum clams N2 - Cetirizine (CTZ) is an antihistaminic drug present in the aquatic environment, with limited information on its toxicity to organisms inhabiting this system. This study intended to evaluate the effects of CTZ on oxidative stress and energy metabolism biomarkers in the edible clam Ruditapes philippinarum after a 28 days exposure to environmentally relevant CTZ concentrations (0.0, 0.3, 3.0, 6.0 and 12.0 mu g/L). The results obtained showed that CTZ was accumulated by clams reaching maximum concentrations (up to similar to 22 ng/g FW) at the highest CTZ exposure concentrations (6.0 and 12.0 mu g/L). The bioconcentration factor (average maximum values of similar to 5) decreased at 12.0 mu g/L reflecting a reduction in clams uptake or increase of excretion capacity at this condition. The present study revealed that, in general, clams decreased the metabolic potential after exposure to CTZ (decrease in electron transport system activity), a response that led to the maintenance of glycogen content in organisms exposed to CTZ in comparison to control values. Our findings also showed that, CTZ did not exert significant levels of oxidative injury to clams. However, comparing the control with the highest exposure concentrations (6.0 and 12.0 mu g/L) a significant increase of the antioxidant enzyme superoxide activity (similar to 53 and similar to 44%) was observed in clams exposed to CTZ. Moreover, a tendency to increase lipid peroxidation (similar to 14 and similar to 9%) and carbonyl groups on proteins (similar to 11 and similar to 3%) was observed in clams exposed to CTZ (6.0 and 12.0 mu g/L) compared to control condition. Overall the present study suggests that toxic impacts may be induced in R. philippinarum if exposed for longer periods or higher CTZ concentrations. KW - Antihistamines KW - Clams KW - Biomarkers PY - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.149 SN - 0048-9697 VL - 601 SP - 793 EP - 801 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-43311 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -