TY - CONF A1 - Tschirschwitz, Rico A1 - Schröder, Volkmar A1 - Brandes, E. A1 - Krause, U. T1 - Determination of explosion limits - criterion for ignition under non-atmospheric conditions T2 - X ISHPMIE - 10th International symposium on hazards, prevention, and mitigation of industrial explosions CY - Bergen, Norway DA - 2014-06-10 KW - Explosion limits KW - Ignition criterion KW - Standardization KW - Non-atmospheric conditions PY - 2014 SN - 978-82-999683-0-0 SP - 291 EP - 302 AN - OPUS4-31299 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tschirschwitz, Rico A1 - Schröder, Volkmar A1 - Brandes, E. A1 - Krause, U. T1 - Determination of explosion limits - Criterion for ignition under non-atmospheric conditions N2 - Many industrial processes are run at non-atmospheric conditions (elevated temperatures and pressures, other oxidizers than air). To judge whether and if yes to what extent explosive gas(vapor)/air mixtures will occur or may be generated during malfunction it is necessary to know the safety characteristic data at the respective conditions. Safety characteristic data like Explosion limits, are depending on pressure, temperature and the oxidizer. Most of the determination methods are standardized for ambient conditions. In order to obtain determination methods for non-atmospheric conditions, particularly for higher initial pressures, reliable ignition criteria were investigated. Ignition tests at the explosion Limits were carried out for mixtures of methane, propane, n-butane, n-hexane, hydrogen, ammonia and acetone in air at initial pressures up to 20 bar. The tests have been evaluated according to different ignition criteria: visual flame propagation, temperature and pressure rising. It could be shown that flame propagation and occasionally self-sustained combustion for several seconds occurred together with remarkable temperature rise, although the pressure rise was below 3%. The results showed that the combination of a pressure rise criterion of 2% and a temperature rise criterion of 100 K seems to be a suitable ignition criterion for the determination of explosion limits and limiting oxidizer concentration at higher initial pressures and elevated temperatures. The tests were carried out within the framework of a R&D project founded by the German Ministry of Economics and Technology. KW - Explosion limits KW - Ignition criterion KW - Standardization KW - Non-atmospheric conditions PY - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2015.01.012 SN - 0950-4230 VL - 36 SP - 562 EP - 568 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-36954 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -