TY - GEN A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Computer simulation of X-Ray NDE process T2 - International Symposium on Computed Tomography and Image Processing for Industrial Radiology CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2003-06-23 KW - Computersimulation KW - Radiografie KW - CAD PY - 2003 SN - 3-931381-48-X N1 - Geburtsname von Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger: Tillack, G.-R. - Birth name of Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger: Tillack, G.-R. N1 - Serientitel: DGZfP-Proceedings BB – Series title: DGZfP-Proceedings BB IS - 84-CD SP - 187 EP - 189 PB - DGZfP CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-2872 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Rosenthal, Martina A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger ED - Madalgue, X. P. V. T1 - Reliability investigation of NDE signals N2 - The reliability investigations are dedicated to throw light on the performance of the NDE system with respect to the required aim. This is especially of interest when digitized and processed signals are involved where it becomes hard to assess whether the quality of the system has raised or not. Three different ways to investigate reliability of NDE signals will be described. The first way of investigation, the performance demonstration, is preferred e.g. in the US American nuclear power industry. This is an integral consideration of the non destructive test as a system where the whole NDE system is packed in a black box and only the input in terms of the real existing flaws in the component is considered and compared to the output in terms of the indications of the human inspector or of the automated system. The second – the European tradition – relies on a standardized description of physical/technical parameters of the NDE system which are preconditions for successful system performance. An example for such a standardized set of performance parameters is given in the recently released standard about Xray film digitization CEN EN 14096. The third approach – the modular conception – is a marriage of both: The signal chain is cut into main modules. Each module is assessed in a most appropriate individual way e.g. via modeling calculations. The single results are joint together according to the reliability of the subsystems. Separating criteria for the system were proposed through a reliability formula developed during a series of European-American workshops on NDE reliability. Examples of all three approaches will be given. T2 - 4th International Workshop - Advances in Signal Processing for Nondestructive Evaluation of Materials CY - Québec, Canada DA - 2001-08-07 KW - Reliability of NDE Systems KW - Performance Demonstration KW - Essential Parameters KW - European Standards KW - Radiographic Testing KW - Film Digitalization KW - Austenitic Tube Welds KW - ROC KW - POD PY - 2002 UR - http://intl.gel.ulaval.ca/image_site/abs_quebec_01.pdf SN - 1-571-17091-X N1 - Geburtsname von Rosenthal, Martina: Scharmach, M. - Birth name of Rosenthal, Martina: Scharmach, M. N1 - Geburtsname von Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger: Tillack, G.-R. - Birth name of Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger: Tillack, G.-R. N1 - Serientitel: Topics on nondestructive evaluation series – Series title: Topics on nondestructive evaluation series IS - 6 SP - 61 EP - 72 PB - American Society for Nondestructive Testing CY - Columbus, Ohio AN - OPUS4-2007 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten T1 - Monte Carlo Simulation für radiographische Anwendungen PY - 2003 SN - 0025-5300 N1 - Geburtsname von Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger: Tillack, G.-R. - Birth name of Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger: Tillack, G.-R. VL - 45 IS - 3 SP - 85 EP - 91 PB - Carl Hanser Verlag CY - München AN - OPUS4-1995 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Redmer, Bernhard A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Malitte, Hans-Joachim A1 - Sölter, B. T1 - Reduction of radiation exposure through the application of new detector techniques in industrial radiography T2 - 5th Workshop on "Industrial Radiography - Improvements in Radiation Protection" CY - Rome, Italy DA - 2001-10-17 PY - 2001 SP - 1(?) EP - 24(?) AN - OPUS4-1217 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten ED - Thompson, D. O. T1 - Special Features in Radiography Accessed by 3D Monte Carlo Model N2 - Standard radiography simulators are based on the attenuation law complemented by built-up-factors (BUF) to describe the interaction of radiation with material. The assumption of BUF implies that scattered radiation reduces only the contrast in radiographic images but does not image object structures itself. This simplification holds for a wide range of applications like weld inspection as known from practical experience. But only a detailed description of the different underlying interaction mechanisms is capable to explain effects like mottling or others that every radiographer has experienced in practice. The application of the N-Particle Monte Carlo code MCNP is capable to handle primary and secondary interaction mechanisms contributing to the image formation process like photon interactions (absorption, incoherent and coherent scattering including electron-binding effects, pair production) and electron interactions (electron tracing including X-Ray fluorescence and Bremsstrahlung production). Additionally it opens up possibilities like the separation of influencing factors and the understanding of the functioning of intensifying screen used in film radiography. The paper intends to discuss the opportunities in applying the Monte Carlo method to investigate special features in radiography in terms of selected examples. It is important to note that the use of Monte Carlo methods is a laboratory type of technique for basic investigations because of the enormous computing power that is needed. For in-field applications such as for inspection planing simplified models are of much greater importance and increasingly in use. ©2003 American Institute of Physics T2 - 29th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY - Bellingham, WA, USA DA - 2002-07-14 PY - 2003 SN - 0-7354-00117-9 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1570183 SN - 0743-0760 SN - 0094-243X N1 - Geburtsname von Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger: Tillack, G.-R. - Birth name of Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger: Tillack, G.-R. SP - 537 EP - 544 PB - American Institute of Physics CY - Melville, NY AN - OPUS4-2777 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Zhukovskiy, M. A1 - Podoliako, S. A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Samadurau, Uladzimir ED - Thompson, D. T1 - Monte Carlo Simulation Tool with CAD Interface T2 - 32th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY - Brunswick, ME, USA DA - 2005-07-31 KW - Monte Carlo Simulation KW - Radiography KW - CAD PY - 2006 SN - 0-7354-0312-0 SN - 0743-0760 SN - 0094-243X N1 - Serientitel: AIP conference proceedings – Series title: AIP conference proceedings IS - 820 SP - 574 EP - 581 PB - American Institute of Physics CY - Melville, NY AN - OPUS4-12436 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Zhukovskiy, M. A1 - Podoliako, S. A1 - Tillack, G.-R. A1 - Bellon, Carsten ED - Thompson, D. O. T1 - Monte Carlo Simulation of Photon Transport Coupled to CAD Object Description T2 - 30th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY - Green Bay, WI, USA DA - 2003-07-27 KW - Monte-Carlo-Simulation KW - Radiographie PY - 2004 SN - 0-7354-0173-X SN - 0743-0760 SN - 0094-243X N1 - Serientitel: AIP conference proceedings – Series title: AIP conference proceedings IS - 700 SP - 515 EP - 521 PB - American Institute of Physics CY - Melville, NY AN - OPUS4-5055 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Tillack, G.-R. T1 - Computer Simulation of X-ray NDE Process T2 - International Symposium on Computed Tomography and Image Processing for Industrial Radiology CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2003-06-23 PY - 2003 AN - OPUS4-4418 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Zagonov, V. P. A1 - Zukhovsky, M. E. A1 - Podolyako, S.V. A1 - Skachkov, M.V. T1 - Boundary Description Approach Application for Modeling the X-Ray Transformation in Computational Diagnostics Problems KW - Radiographie KW - Modellierung KW - Oberflächenmodelle KW - CAD KW - Monte Carlo Modell PY - 2004 SN - 1048-5082 VL - 16 IS - 5 SP - 103 EP - 116 PB - Birkhäuser CY - Boston, Mass. AN - OPUS4-4592 LA - rus AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Zhukovskiy, M. A1 - Podoliako, S. T1 - Monte-Carlo-Simulation und CAD KW - Prozeßtomographie KW - Rekonstruktionsalgorithmen KW - Markov-Felder KW - Statistische Estimationstheorie KW - Kalman-Filter PY - 2005 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3139/120.100650 SN - 0025-5300 VL - 47 IS - 4 SP - 210 EP - 218 PB - Carl Hanser Verlag CY - München AN - OPUS4-11605 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Samadurau, Uladzimir A1 - Zhukovskiy, M. A1 - Podoliako, Serguei T1 - Monte Carlo radiographic model with CAD-based geometry description KW - Monte Carlo Verfahren KW - CAD KW - Radiographie PY - 2006 SN - 0007-1137 VL - 48 IS - 10 SP - 618 EP - 623 PB - British Institute of Non-Destructive Testing CY - Northampton AN - OPUS4-13795 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Samadurau, Uladzimir A1 - Zhukovskiy, M. A1 - Podoliako, Serguei T1 - McRay - A Monte Carlo Model Coupled to CAD for Radiation Techniques T2 - 9th European Conference on NDT CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2006-09-25 KW - Monte Carlo Verfahren KW - CAD KW - Radiographie PY - 2006 SN - 3-931381-86-2 SP - 1(?) EP - 8(?) PB - European Federation for Non-Destructive Testing CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-13796 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhukovskiy, M. A1 - Podoliako, Serguei A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten T1 - Numerical Simulation of X-Ray Scattering Processes during Radiographic Inspection of Materials N2 - Abstract A technique for numerical simulation of the processes of forming X-ray radiography images of complex multicomponent objects with allowance for the penetrating-radiation absorption and scattering processes is proposed. The technique proposed is based on an efficient description of complex 3D objects with piecewise-homogeneous structures and uses precisely specified shells separating homogeneous components of an object. Being combined with a developed version of the Monte Carlo method, this approach yields an efficient computational apparatus for analyzing the regularities of the formation of radiographic images of objects’ internal structures. This apparatus is intended for state-of-the-art multiprocessor computing systems. Having been obtained via the technique developed, the results of the numerical analysis of the effect of different mechanisms of interaction between photons and matter (including coherent and incoherent scattering with allowance for bonds of electrons in atoms) on the formed radiographic image of the object’s internal structure are discussed. The advantage of the described technique over the known MCNP program complex is shown. KW - Monte Carlo Verfahren KW - CAD KW - Radiographie PY - 2006 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1134/S1061830906060052 SN - 1061-8309 SN - 1608-3385 VL - 42 IS - 6 SP - 382 EP - 391 PB - MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica Publ. CY - Moscow AN - OPUS4-13798 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Zhukovskiy, M. A1 - Podoliako, Serguei A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Monte-Carlo-Simulation der Strahlenausbreitung an realen Bauteilgeometrien T2 - DGZfP-Jahrestagung 2004: ZfP in Forschung, Entwicklung und Anwendung CY - Salzburg, Austria DA - 2004-05-17 PY - 2004 AN - OPUS4-5597 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bellon, Carsten T1 - Durchstrahlungsprüfung am Computer simuliert T2 - 12. Sommerkurs Werkstofftechnik, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität CY - Magdeburg, Germany DA - 2004-09-03 PY - 2004 AN - OPUS4-5598 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Ewert, Uwe T1 - Simulation for high energy radiography and reliability assessment T2 - National Seminar on NDE of the Indian Society for Non-Destructive Testing CY - Kolkata, India DA - 2005-12-02 KW - Radiation techniques KW - Simulation KW - High-energy radiography KW - CAD PY - 2005 SP - 14 pages PB - Indian Society for Non-Destructive Testing CY - Kalkutta AN - OPUS4-11834 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Samadurau, Uladzimir T1 - Are Monte Carlo models applicable to radiological techniques? T2 - National Seminar on NDE of the Indian Society for Non-Destructive Testing CY - Kolkata, India DA - 2005-12-02 KW - Radiation techniques KW - Scattered radiation KW - Monte Carlo simulation KW - CAD PY - 2005 SP - 11 pages PB - Indian Society for Non-Destructive Testing CY - Kalkutta AN - OPUS4-11835 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gollwitzer, Christian A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Deresch, Andreas A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - On POD estimations with radiographic simulator aRTist N2 - The computer simulation of radiography is applicable for different purposes in NDT such as for the qualification of NDT systems, the optimization of system parameters, feasibility analysis, model-based data interpretation, education and training of NDT/NDE personnel, and others. Within the framework of the European project PICASSO simulators will be adapted to support reliability assessments of NDT tasks. The radiographic simulator aRTist developed by BAM is well suited for this task. It combines analytical modelling of the RT inspection process with the CAD-orientated object description applicable to various industrial sectors such as power generation, aerospace, railways and others. The analytic model includes the description of the radiation source, the interaction of Radiation with the material of the part, and the detection process with special focus to DIR. To support reliability estimations the simulation tool is completed by a tool for probability of detection (POD) estimation. It consists of a user interface for planning automatic simulation runs with varying parameters, specifically defect variations. Further, an automatic image analysis procedure is included to evaluate the defect visibility and calculate the POD therefrom. T2 - International symposium on digital industrial radiology and computed tomography CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 20.06.2011 KW - Radiographie KW - Computersimulation KW - Probability of detection PY - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-245092 SN - 978-3-940283-34-4 IS - DGZfP-BB 128 (Tu.2.3) SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Deutsche Gesellschaft für zerstörungsfreie Prüfung e.V. (DGZfP) AN - OPUS4-24509 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Fratzscher, Daniel A1 - Gollwitzer, Christian A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Simulation of Complex Scan Paths for 3D Reconstruction T2 - International Symposium on Digital Industrial Radiology and Computed Tomography CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2011-06-20 PY - 2011 AN - OPUS4-24383 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Gollwitzer, Christian A1 - Fratzscher, Daniel A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Simulation of complex scan paths for 3D reconstruction N2 - X-ray computed tomography (CT) is a volumetric (3D) Imaging diagnostic method, well established in the medical field, and in industrial NDE as well. Developments in industrial CT aim to extent the applicability to complex structures, which do not allow the access of all directions. This are e.g. limited view, data and angle CT applications. New reconstruction algorithms are required on one side, and the accuracy has to be improved on the other side. Numerical Simulation can support such developments by providing well defined data sets for the testing of reconstruction algorithms. This approach of virtual CT is realized within the radiographic simulator aRTist, developed by BAM. The poster shows the possibilities of this tool to consider complex scan paths. Simulated data sets have been reconstructed by an versatile backprojection algorithm. T2 - International symposium on digital industrial radiology and computed tomography CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 20.06.2011 KW - Radiographie KW - Computer-Simulation KW - 3D-Rekonstruktion PY - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-243928 SN - 978-3-940283-34-4 IS - DGZfP-BB 128 (Poster 17) SP - 1 EP - 4 PB - Deutsche Gesellschaft für zerstörungsfreie Prüfung e.V. (DGZfP) AN - OPUS4-24392 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schulze, M. A1 - Staude, Andreas A1 - Neukamm, M. A1 - Neuschaefer-Rube, U. A1 - Goebbels, Jürgen A1 - Bartscher, M. A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Hilpert, U. ED - Weckenmann, A. T1 - Hochgenaue Geometriebestimmung von Mikrobauteilen mit Computertomographie (CT) N2 - Ziel des Vorhabens ist die hochgenaue und vollständige Erfassung innerer und äußerer Geometrien von Mikrobauteilen mittels Mikro-Computertomographie (µCT). Industriell wichtige Mikrobauteile sind z.B. Einspritzsysteme, Festplattenkomponenten oder Instrumente für die minimal-invasive Chirurgie. Typische Bauteilgrößen liegen hier im Bereich 0,1 mm - 100mm; typische zu messende Strukturen haben Größen von 0,5 µm - 500 µm. Mit klassischen Methoden der Messtechnik ist eine schnelle und hochgenaue Erfassung der gesamten Oberfläche von Mikrobauteilen bisher kaum möglich. Innenstrukturen von Mikrobauteilen können mit keiner optischen oder taktilen Messtechnik zerstörungsfrei gemessen werden. Diese Einschränkungen sollen mittels hochgenauer µCT überwunden werden. Hierzu soll der Messprozess simuliert werden, um die Anwendung von Korrekturverfahren zur Genauigkeitssteigerung zu ermöglichen. CT-Messungen an kalibrierten Mikroprüfkörpern sollen die Korrekturverfahren verifizieren. Für die Kalibrierung der Prüfkörper sollen Multisensor-Verfahren entwickelt und getestet werden. Diese sollen es erlauben, Prüfkörper gleichzeitig hochgenau und mit großer Messpunktdichte zu kalibrieren. Es ist geplant, die an Prüfkörpern erreichten Messunsicherheiten und Auflösungen zum Projektabschluss an realen, industriellen Mikrobauteilen (z.B. Mikrozahnrädern) messtechnisch nachzuweisen. T2 - Abschlusskolloquium DFG Schwerpunktprogramm 1159 - Neue Strategien der Mess- und Prüftechnik für die Produktion von Mikrosystemen und Nanostrukturen CY - Erlangen, Deutschland DA - 06.10.2010 PY - 2011 SN - 978-3-8440-0358-1 SN - 0945-0769 SP - 36 EP - 52 PB - Shaker Verlag GmbH AN - OPUS4-24875 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Durchstrahlungsprüfung am Computer simuliert T2 - DGZfP-Jahrestagung 2005 CY - Rostock, Deutschland DA - 2005-05-02 KW - Radiographie KW - Computer-Simulation PY - 2005 SN - 3-931381-64-1 N1 - Serientitel: Berichtsband / Deutsche Gesellschaft für zerstörungsfreie Prüfung e. V. – Series title: Berichtsband / Deutsche Gesellschaft für zerstörungsfreie Prüfung e. V. IS - 94-CD SP - 1 EP - 4(?) PB - DGZfP CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-11590 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Elagin, Mstislav A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Scharmach, M. A1 - Redmer, Bernhard A1 - Ryden, H. A1 - Ronneteg, U. ED - Bièth, M. ED - Whittle, J. T1 - POD (Probability of Detection) Evaluation of NDT Techniques for Cu-Canisters for Risk Assessment of Nuclear Waste Encapsulation T2 - 5th International Conference on NDE in Relation to Structural Integrity for Nuclear and Pressurised Components CY - San Diego, CA, USA DA - 2006-05-10 KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung KW - Zuverlässigkeit KW - POD PY - 2007 SN - 978-92-79-06107-3 SN - 1018-5593 N1 - Serientitel: JRC Scientific and Technical Reports – Series title: JRC Scientific and Technical Reports IS - Paper 1005 SP - 274 EP - 295 PB - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities CY - Luxembourg AN - OPUS4-15887 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Beckmann, Jörg A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Jechow, Mirko T1 - Fehlergrößenabhängige Kontrastreduktion und zusätzliche Unschärfe durch Streustrahlung - Film und digitale Detektoren im Vergleich N2 - Die radiografische Bildqualität in ihrer klassischen Definition hängt von Kontrast, Rauschen und Unschärfe ab. Diese Parameter werden normalerweise mit Bildgüteprüfkörpern (BPK) bestimmt. Die Streustrahlung reduziert im Allgemeinen immer die Bildqualität in der Radiografie. Verschiedene Einflussgrößen werden unter Berücksichtigung von Techniken, wie Film-Radiografie, Computer-Radiografie mit Speicherfolien und digitale Radiographie mit Matrixdetektoren, analysiert. In Lehrbüchern und Standards werden das Streuverhältnis k und verschiedene Kontraste definiert. Für digitale Medien werden zusätzliche Parameter wie das Signal-Rausch-Verhältnis SNR und das Kontrast-Rausch-Verhältnis CNR eingeführt. In diesem Zusammenhang wird der Einfluss der Streustrahlung aus dem Messobjekt und dem Detektor bestehend aus Kassette bzw. Gehäuse und sensitiver Detektorschicht auf die Bildqualität ermittelt. Die numerische Modellierung wird eingesetzt, um die Streustrahlung und die Primärstrahlung aus dem Objekt separat zu bestimmen. Die Streustrahlung aus dem Objekt und Detektor erzeugen eine Abbildung des Objektes, die dem Primärstrahlungsbild überlagert ist, wobei das Streubild eine höhere Unschärfe aufweist. Dieser Effekt hängt von der Fehlergröße, dem Abstand zwischen Detektor und Objekt und der Zwischenfilterung ab. KW - Digitale Radiologie KW - Kontrast-Rausch-Verhältnis KW - Streuverhältnis KW - Röntgen Simulation PY - 2008 SN - 0025-5300 VL - 50 IS - 10 SP - 560 EP - 568 PB - Hanser CY - München AN - OPUS4-18346 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Beckmann, Jörg A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Jechow, Mirko A1 - Großer, A. T1 - Fehlergrößenabhängige Kontrastreduktion und zusätzliche Unschärfe durch Streustrahlung reduzierendie Bildqualität radiologischer Abbildungen - Film und digitale Detektoren im Vergleich T2 - DACH-Jahrestagung 2008 - Zerstörungsfreie Materialprüfung, ZfP in Forschung, Entwicklung und Anwendung CY - St. Gallen, Schweiz DA - 2008-04-28 KW - Digitale Radiologie KW - Streuverhältnis KW - Strahlenkontrast KW - Unschärfe PY - 2008 SN - 978-3-940283-09-2 IS - DGZfP-BB 113 (Di.1.A.1) SP - 133 EP - 144 AN - OPUS4-18349 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Durchstralungsprüfung am Computer simuliert T2 - DGZfP-Jahrestagung 2005 CY - Rostock, Germany DA - 2005-05-03 PY - 2005 AN - OPUS4-11438 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bellon, Carsten T1 - aRTist - analytical RT inspection simulation tool T2 - International Symposium on Digital Industrial Radiology and Computed Tomography DIR 2007 CY - Lyon, France DA - 2007-06-25 PY - 2007 AN - OPUS4-15473 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten T1 - Modellierung digitaler radiographischer Techniken im Rahmen des FilmFree Projektes T2 - DGZfP Jahrestagung 2007 CY - Fürth, Germany DA - 2007-05-14 PY - 2007 AN - OPUS4-15474 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten T1 - Modellierung digitaler radiographischer Techniken im Rahmen des FilmFree Projektes T2 - DGZfP-Jahrestagung 2007 CY - Fürth, Deutschland DA - 2007-05-14 KW - Radiographie KW - Computer-Simulation PY - 2007 SN - 978-3-931381-98-1 SP - 1 EP - 5 PB - DGZfP CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-15997 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten T1 - Analytische Modellierung für die Radiologie mit ARTIST - analytical RT inspection simulation tool T2 - DGZfP-Jahrestagung 2007 CY - Fürth, Deutschland DA - 2007-05-14 KW - Radiographie KW - Computer-Simulation PY - 2007 SN - 978-3-931381-98-1 SP - 1 EP - 2 PB - DGZfP CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-15998 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - aRTist - Analytical RT Inspection Simulation Tool T2 - DIR 2007 - International Symposium on Digital industrial Radiology and Computed Tomography CY - Lyon, France DA - 2007-06-25 KW - Computer Simulation KW - Radiography KW - Computed Tomography KW - Ray Tracing PY - 2007 UR - http://www.ndt.net/article/dir2007/papers/s1.pdf SP - 1 EP - 5 CY - Lyon, France AN - OPUS4-16086 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Simulation in der Röntgentechnik T2 - VDEh Unterausschuss für zerstörungsfreie Prüfung und Messtechnik CY - Salzgitter, Germany DA - 2007-09-19 PY - 2007 AN - OPUS4-16027 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Ewert, Uwe ED - Thompson, D. O. T1 - Reliability assessment by simulation for high energy radiography T2 - 33th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY - Portland, OR, USA DA - 2006-07-30 KW - Simulation KW - Radiography KW - CAD KW - Probability of Detection PY - 2007 SN - 978-0-7354-0399-4 SN - 0743-0760 SN - 0094-243X N1 - Serientitel: AIP conference proceedings – Series title: AIP conference proceedings IS - 894 SP - 1831 EP - 1838 PB - American Institute of Physics CY - Melville, NY AN - OPUS4-15696 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmitt, R. A1 - Koerfer, F. A1 - Sadowny, O. A1 - Zimmermann, J. A1 - Krüger-Sehm, R. A1 - Xu, M. A1 - Dziomba, T. A1 - Koenders, L. A1 - Goch, G. A1 - Tausendfreund, A. A1 - Patzelt, S. A1 - Simon, S. A1 - Rockstroh, L. A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Staude, Andreas A1 - Woias, P. A1 - Goldschmidtböing, F. A1 - Rabold, M. T1 - Virtuelle Messgeräte - Definition und Stand der Entwicklung N2 - Die Mikro- und Nanotechnologie gehört zu den Schlüsseltechnologien des 21. Jahrhunderts mit hohen Wachstumsprognosen, wie auch die im Auftrag des BMBF durchgeführte Studie “Nanotechnologie als wirtschaftlicher Wachstumsmarkt” von 2004 ausführlich darstellt. Aus diesem Trend resultiert ein steigender Bedarf an Messsystemen, die Nanostrukturen prozessnah bzw. im Fertigungsprozess charakterisieren können. Virtuelle Messgeräte liefern Erkenntnisse zur Entwicklung neuartiger Messsysteme, Analyse und Optimierung bestehender Verfahren sowie die Bestimmung der Messunsicherheit und modellbasierten Korrektur systematischer Fehler. Der virtuelle Messprozess umfasst neben dem Messmittel auch die Probe und die Wechselwirkungen zwischen beiden. In diesem Beitrag werden virtuelle Messgeräte vorgestellt sowie deren Anwendung diskutiert. N2 - Micro- and nanotechnology experienced a high economic growth in recent years. This yields in a growing demand for measuring instruments which are closely linked to the production process. Virtual measuring instruments provide knowledge for the development of new systems, the analysis and optimization of established devices as well as the determination of the uncertainty in measurement. The virtual measuring process consists of the measuring instrument, the sample, and the interaction between both. In this article examples of current developments of virtual instruments are presented and their way of utilization is discussed. KW - Virtuelle Messtechnik KW - Simulation KW - Messunsicherheit KW - Virtual metrology KW - Measurement uncertainty PY - 2008 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1524/teme.2008.0872 SN - 0340-837X SN - 0178-2312 SN - 0171-8096 VL - 75 IS - 5 SP - 298 EP - 310 PB - Oldenbourg CY - München AN - OPUS4-17569 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Elagin, Mstislav A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Rosenthal, Martina A1 - Redmer, Bernhard A1 - Ryden, H. A1 - Ronneteg, U. T1 - Reliability evaluation of NDT techniques for Cu-welds for risk assessment of nuclear waste encapsulation KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung KW - Zuverlässigkeit KW - POD KW - Endlagerung radioaktiver Abfälle PY - 2006 SN - 0025-5300 N1 - Geburtsname von Rosenthal, Martina: Scharmach, M. - Birth name of Rosenthal, Martina: Scharmach, M. VL - 48 IS - 3 SP - 111 EP - 117 PB - Carl Hanser Verlag CY - München AN - OPUS4-14421 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Elagin, Mstislav A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Rosenthal, Martina A1 - Redmer, Bernhard A1 - Ryden, H. A1 - Ronneteg, U. ED - Proske, D. T1 - Probability-of-Detection-Evaluation of NDT Techniques for Cu-Canisters for Risk Assessment of Nuclear Waste Encapsulation T2 - 4th International Probabilistic Symposium CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2006-10-12 KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung KW - Zuverlässigkeit KW - POD KW - Endlagerung radioaktiver Abfälle PY - 2006 SN - 3-00-019232-8 N1 - Geburtsname von Rosenthal, Martina: Scharmach, M. - Birth name of Rosenthal, Martina: Scharmach, M. SP - 227 EP - 252 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-14418 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Elagin, Mstislav A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Rosenthal, Martina A1 - Redmer, Bernhard A1 - Ryden, H. A1 - Ronneteg, U. T1 - POD (Probability of Detection) Evaluation of NDT Techniques for Cu-Canisters for Risk Assessment of Nuclear Waste Encapsulation T2 - 9th European Conference on NDT CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2006-09-25 KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung KW - Zuverlässigkeit KW - POD KW - Endlagerung radioaktiver Abfälle PY - 2006 SN - 3-931381-86-2 N1 - Geburtsname von Rosenthal, Martina: Scharmach, M. - Birth name of Rosenthal, Martina: Scharmach, M. SP - 1(?) EP - 22(?) PB - European Federation for Non-Destructive Testing CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-14419 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Ewert, Uwe T1 - aRTist - Analytical RT Inspection Simulation Tool for Industrial Application T2 - 17th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing CY - Shanghai, China DA - 2008-10-25 KW - Computer Simulation KW - Radiography KW - Computed Tomography KW - Ray Tracing PY - 2008 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - International Committee for Non-Destructive Testing CY - Shanghai AN - OPUS4-18584 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Redmer, Bernhard A1 - Ewert, Uwe T1 - Mobile Röntgen-Computer-Tomografie mit dem TomoCAR-System T2 - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfungen in der Kerntechnik CY - Hamburg, Germany DA - 2013-09-18 PY - 2013 AN - OPUS4-29322 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Ewert, Uwe T1 - Simulation supported reliability analysis in radiography T2 - 10th European conference on non-destructive testing CY - Moscow, Russia DA - 2010-06-07 KW - Simulation KW - Zuverlässigkeit KW - POD PY - 2010 IS - Paper 4.02.18 SP - 1 EP - 13 AN - OPUS4-22767 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Zhukovskiy, M. A1 - Skachkov, M. A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Deresch, Andreas T1 - Monte Carlo simulating the electron emission from surfaces of objects being under radiation T2 - 10th European conference on non-destructive testing CY - Moscow, Russia DA - 2010-06-07 KW - Simulation KW - Elektronentransport PY - 2010 IS - Paper 4.02.18 SP - 1 EP - 10 AN - OPUS4-22764 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Deresch, Andreas A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Warrikhoff, A. T1 - Optimization of X-ray sources by modeling T2 - 10th European conference on non-destructive testing CY - Moscow, Russia DA - 2010-06-07 KW - Simulation KW - Elektronentransport KW - Röntgenquellen PY - 2010 IS - Paper 4.02.18 SP - 1 EP - 10 AN - OPUS4-22766 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gollwitzer, Christian A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Deresch, Andreas A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Mistral, Q. ED - Thompson, D. O. ED - Chimenti, D. E. T1 - Simulation supported POD for RT test case - concept and modeling N2 - Within the framework of the European project PICASSO, the radiographic simulator aRTist (analytical Radiographic Testing inspection simulation tool) developed by BAM has been extended for reliability assessment of film and digital radiography. NDT of safety relevant components of aerospace industry requires the proof of probability of detection (POD) of the inspection. Modeling tools can reduce the expense of such extended, time consuming NDT trials, if the result of simulation fits to the experiment. Our analytic simulation tool consists of three modules for the description of the radiation source, the interaction of radiation with test pieces and flaws, and the detection process with special focus on film and digital industrial radiography. It features high processing speed with near–interactive frame rates and a high level of realism. A concept has been developed as well as a software extension for reliability investigations, completed by a user interface for planning automatic simulations with varying parameters and defects. Furthermore, an automatic image analysis procedure is included to evaluate the defect visibility. The radiographic modeling from 3D CAD of aero engine components and quality test samples are compared as a precondition for real trials. This enables the evaluation and optimization of film replacement for application of modern digital equipment for economical NDT and defined POD. T2 - 38th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY - Burlington, VT, USA DA - 2011-07-17 KW - X-ray imaging KW - Probability of detection KW - Simulation KW - ZfP KW - Radiographie KW - POD PY - 2012 SN - 978-0-7354-1013-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4716283 SN - 0743-0760 SN - 0094-243X N1 - Serientitel: AIP conference proceedings – Series title: AIP conference proceedings VL - 31 IS - 1430 SP - 605 EP - 612 PB - American Institute of Physics CY - Melville, NY AN - OPUS4-26696 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Deresch, Andreas A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Przybilla, Waldemar ED - Thompson, D.O. ED - Chimenti, D.E. T1 - Measurement and modeling of scatter ratios at high energies N2 - Determining scatter ratios at high energies (> ~ 1MeV) presents challenges not immediately obvious from measurements at conventional X-ray energies. This includes reduced attenuation even in heavy elements as well as a stronger forward bias of scattering. In order to check the reliability of different measurement setups with regard to material thicknesses, distances, and collimation, attenuation and scattering were separately simulated using a Monte Carlo model. The simulation results help in understanding the sources of radiation scattered into the detection area, thereby aiding in eliminating undesired contributions. T2 - 37th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY - San Diego, CA, USA DA - 18.07.2010 KW - Radiography KW - Optimisation KW - X-ray detection KW - Simulation KW - High energy KW - Co-60 KW - Modeling KW - Scatter PY - 2011 SN - 978-0-7354-0888-3 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3591895 SN - 0743-0760 SN - 0094-243X N1 - Serientitel: AIP conference proceedings – Series title: AIP conference proceedings IS - 1335 SP - 517 EP - 524 PB - American Institute of Physics CY - Melville, NY AN - OPUS4-25358 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Deresch, Andreas A1 - Gollwitzer, Christian A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Radiographic simulator aRTist: version 2 N2 - Computer simulation of radiography can be used for different purposes in NDT, such as qualification of NDT systems, optimization of radiographic parameters, feasibility analysis, model-based data interpretation, and training of NDT/NDE personnel. BAM has been working on modeling in the field of radiographic testing for many years. With the gathered theoretical background and the familiarity with practical requirements of industrial application the simulation software aRTist has been developed. This analytical simulator includes a description of the radiation source, the interaction of radiation with test pieces and flaws, and the detection process with special focus on film and digital industrial radiology. It features high processing speed with nearinteractive frame rates and a high level of realism. Here we focus on the recent developments of the simulator, notably the release of aRTist version 2. Extended functionality regarding automated virtual computed tomography now allows for arbitrary scan paths. Another program extension supports reliability investigations and provides a user interface for planning automatic simulations with varying parameters and defects. T2 - 18th WCNDT - World conference on nondestructive testing CY - Durban, South Africa DA - 16.04.2012 KW - X-ray imaging KW - Radiographic testing KW - Simulation KW - Computed tomography PY - 2012 SN - 978-0-620-52872-6 SP - 1 EP - 7 (Paper 333) AN - OPUS4-27398 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Deresch, Andreas A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Warrikhoff, A. T1 - Simulating X-ray spectra: from tube parameters to detector output N2 - A model is discussed which describes the generation of X-rays in conventional tubes using tabulated bremsstrahlung energy spectra depending on three variables: the target atomic number, the incident electron kinetic energy, and the fraction of energy radiated. Additionally a parameter-free description of the characteristic radiation is included. The constructed model includes technical tube parameters like kilovoltage, target material, and angles of electron incidence and photon emission to also account for self-absorption in the target, as well as radiographic parameters like filtering. In order to verify model results, detector response is also considered. The validity of the proposed model is shown by measurements. Future work includes the extension of the model to transmission targets. This research was supported by the German Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology under contract MNPQ transfer II D 5-30/06. T2 - 18th WCNDT - World conference on nondestructive testing CY - Durban, South Africa DA - 2012-04-16 KW - X-ray KW - Spectrum KW - Simulation PY - 2012 SN - 978-0-620-52872-6 SP - 1 EP - 8 (Paper 336) AN - OPUS4-27399 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gollwitzer, Christian A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Deresch, Andreas A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Baron, H.-U. A1 - Ewert, Uwe T1 - Reliability investigations of radiographic testing using aRTist as a simulation tool N2 - Within the framework of the European project PICASSO, the radiographic simulator aRTist (analytical Radiographic Testing inspection simulation tool) developed by BAM has been extended for reliability assessment of film and digital radiography. A simulation supported probability of detection (POD) methodology has been developed and the validity of the approach has been studied using an application from the aeronautics industry. An experimental POD has been determined with the help of a specialized software tool, developed to aid with the collection of large series of POD data. The resulting POD is compared to simulations of the same setting using aRTist and the newly available module for simulation supported POD. A quantitative agreement within a few percent is achieved between the experimental and the simulation supported POD. T2 - 18th WCNDT - World conference on nondestructive testing CY - Durban, South Africa DA - 2012-04-16 KW - X-ray imaging KW - Probability of detection KW - Simulation PY - 2012 SN - 978-0-620-52872-6 SP - 1 EP - 10 (Paper 338) AN - OPUS4-27400 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Deresch, Andreas A1 - Ewert, Uwe T1 - Zuverlässigkeit radiografischer Prüfungen und Simulationen T2 - DGZfP-Jahrestagung 2013 CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 2013-05-06 PY - 2013 AN - OPUS4-29751 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Deresch, Andreas A1 - Baron, H.-U. A1 - Henkel, B. T1 - Simulation based POD estimation for radiographic testing of turbine blades T2 - 5th European-American Workshop on Reliability of NDE CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2013-10-07 PY - 2013 AN - OPUS4-29752 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Neuschaefer-Rube, U. A1 - Illemann, J. A1 - Sturm, M. A1 - Bircher, B. A1 - Meli, F. A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Evsevleev, Sergei T1 - Validation of a fast and traceable radiographic scale calibration of dimensional computed tomography N2 - A fast and highly precise method of determining the geometrical scale factor of computed tomography (CT) measurements has been validated successfully by Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), the Federal Institute of Metrology (METAS) and Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) within the scope of AdvanCT (Advanced Computed Tomography for dimensional and surface measurements in industry), a project funded in the European Metrology Programme for Innovation and Research (EMPIR). The method has been developed by PTB and requires only two radiographic images of a calibrated thin 2D standard (hole grid standard) from two opposite directions. The mean grid distance is determined from both radiographs. From this and with the help of the calibration result, the radiographic scale and therefore the voxel size is determined. The procedure takes only a few minutes and avoids a time-consuming CT scan. To validate the method, the voxel sizes determined via this method were compared with voxel sizes determined from CT scans of calibrated objects. Relative deviations between the voxel sizes in the range of 10−5 were achieved with minimal effort using cone-beam CT systems at moderate magnifications. KW - Dimensional metrology KW - Voxel size KW - Industrial CT KW - Geometrical magnification PY - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-553271 SN - 0957-0233 VL - 33 IS - 9 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - IOP Publishing CY - Bristol, UK AN - OPUS4-55327 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Plotzki, David A1 - Hartlaub, Bendix A1 - Borges de Oliveira, F. A1 - Reuter, T. A1 - Wohlgemuth, F. A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Hausotte, T. T1 - The CTSimU software toolbox for CT-related image processing and quality assessment N2 - A software toolbox is introduced that addresses several needs common to computed tomography (CT). Built for the WIPANO CTSimU project to serve as the reference implementation for its image processing and evaluation tasks, it provides a Python 3 interface that is adaptable to many conceivable applications. Foremost, the toolbox features a pipeline architecture for sequential 2D image processing tasks, such as flat field corrections and image binning, and enables the user to create their own processing modules. Beyond that, it provides means to measure line profiles and image quality assessment algorithms to calculate modulation transfer functions (MTF) or to determine the interpolated basic spatial resolution (iSRb) using a duplex wire image. It can also be used to calculate projection matrices for the reconstruction of scans with arbitrary industrial CT geometries and trajectories. The CTSimU project defined a framework of projection- and volume-based test scenarios for the qualification of radiographic simulation software towards its use in dimensional metrology. The toolbox implements the necessary evaluation routines and generates reports for all projection-based tests. T2 - 11th Conference on Industrial Computed Tomography (iCT 2022) CY - Online meeting DA - 08.02.2022 KW - Image processing KW - CT KW - Geometry KW - Software KW - Python PY - 2022 SP - 1 EP - 7 PB - Research Group Computed Tomography, Upper Austrian University of Applied Sciences (FH OÖ) CY - Wels, Austria AN - OPUS4-54476 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bircher, B. A1 - Meli, F. A1 - Küng, A. A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Evsevleev, Sergei A1 - Katic, M. A1 - Heikkinen, V. A1 - Hemming, B. A1 - Lassila, A. T1 - Traceable determination of non-static XCT machine geometry: New developments and case studies N2 - It is fundamental to determine the machine geometry accurately for dimensional X-ray computed tomography (XCT) measurements. When performing high-accuracy scans, compensation of a non-static geometry, e.g. due to rotary axis errors or drift, might become necessary. Here we provide an overview of methods to determine and account for such deviations on a per projection basis. They include characterisation of stage error motions, in situ geometry measurements, numerical simulations, and reconstruction-based optimization relying on image quality metrics and will be discussed in terms of their metrological performance. Since a radiographic calibration is always required to provide an initial absolute geometry, this method will be presented as well. The improvements of the XCT geometry correction methods are presented by means of case studies. The methods can be applied individually or in combination and are intended to provide a toolbox for XCT geometry compensation. T2 - 11th Conference on Industrial Computed Tomography (iCT 2022) CY - Online meeting DA - 08.02.2022 KW - Radiographic XCT geometry determination KW - Dimensional metrology KW - traceability KW - XCT machine geometry KW - Calibrated reference standards PY - 2022 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - Research Group Computed Tomography, Upper Austrian University of Applied Sciences (FH OÖ) CY - Wels, Austria AN - OPUS4-54479 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bellon, Carsten T1 - Virtual CT with aRTist N2 - Simulation becomes more and more important in modern CT imaging. It is increasingly used to optimize techniques for complex applications, to support the preparation of written procedures, and for educational purposes. The radiographic simulator aRTist is a modelling tool which simulates X-ray imaging using a hybrid analytical and Monte Carlo method to efficiently model the radiation transport. In addition to the relevant physical effects such as absorption, scattering and fluorescence, simplified fast models are employed to describe the characteristics of the X-ray source and the detector. aRTist is well equipped to model realistic X-ray imaging setups due to the ability to load exported CAD object descriptions. A simple CT scan module is contained in aRTist which allows the simulation of standard (circular cone beam) scanning trajectories. This training session starts with a general introduction to aRTist and will highlight its basic usage. Furthermore, the focus is on the configuration of scan trajectories and batch simulations for virtual CT. The aim is to enable the audience to use the aRTist software for their own experiments in virtual CT. T2 - dXCT conference 2021 CY - Online meeting DA - 17.05.2021 KW - computed tomography simulation PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-54062 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Binder, F. A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Wohlgemuth, F. A1 - Hausotte, T. T1 - Ein praxisnaher Leitfaden für computertomografische Untersuchungen mit der radiografischen Simulationsumgebung aRTist N2 - Radiografische Simulationswerkzeuge wie aRTist, ScorpiusXLab, SimCT oder CIVA CT verwenden analytische Methoden und physikalische Monte-Carlo-Teilchentransportsimulationen, um die Interaktionsprozesse zwischen Röntgenstrahlung und Materie zu simulieren. Die berechneten Projektionen bilden anschließend unter Berücksichtigung einer definierten Scan-Trajektorie die Basis der Simulation einer röntgencomputertomografischen Untersuchung. Für den erfolgreichen Einsatz der Computertomografie, sei es als zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethode oder beim dimensionellen Messen, ist es generell notwendig, bekannte Fehler- bzw. Abweichungsquellen des Messverfahrens auszuschließen oder zu reduzieren. Dabei hat sich gezeigt, dass die Auswahl der Messparameter und die Erfahrung des Anwenders direkten Einfluss auf das erzielbare Messergebnis einer computertomografischen Untersuchung nehmen. Es ist daher sinnvoll, die Parameterauswahl in einem virtuellen Simulationsaufbau vorher zu erproben und an die Messaufgabe anzupassen. Neben der Optimierung von Messparametern finden radiografische Simulationswerkzeuge auch Anwendung für Machbarkeitsstudien und werden zur Schulung von Anwendern im Bereich der Röntgen-Computertomografie verwendet. Radiografische Simulationswerkzeuge befinden sich in einem stetigen Wandel, beispielsweise durch die Entwicklung neuer Rekonstruktionsmethoden, durch Erweiterung von analytischen Modellen, durch Integration komplexer Trajektorien oder durch Berücksichtigung von prozessbedingten geometrischen Abweichungen. Im laufenden EMPIR-Projekt „AdvanCT“ entsteht deshalb ein „Good Practice Guide“ für die Simulationsumgebung aRTist. Ziel dieses Guides ist es, die mit steigender Komplexität verbundenen Einstiegshürden für Anwender von aRTist zu reduzieren, um damit einen praxisnahen Zugang zur virtuellen Computertomografie zu ermöglichen. Dabei werden anhand von praktisch nachvollziehbaren Beispielen die grundlegenden Mechanismen der Simulationsumgebung erklärt und ein strukturierter Leitfaden zur Simulation röntgencomputertomografischer Untersuchungen mit aRTist vermittelt. In diesem Beitrag werden erste Auszüge des Guides sowie eine Übersicht der weiteren geplanten Themen für die anschließende Diskussion vorgestellt. T2 - DGZfP-Jahrestagung 2021 CY - Online meeting DA - 10.05.2021 KW - Computertomografie KW - Simulation PY - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-530476 UR - https://jahrestagung.dgzfp.de/portals/jt2021/bb176/inhalt/poster.htm SN - 978-3-947971-18-3 VL - 176 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (DGZfP) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-53047 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Evsevleev, Sergei A1 - Plotzki, David T1 - AdvanCT Virtual CT N2 - Simulation becomes more and more important in modern CT imaging. It is increasingly used to optimize techniques for complex applications, and for educational purposes. Simulation can also be used for uncertainty estimation of dimensional CT measurements. The radiographic simulator aRTist is a modelling tool which simulates X-ray imaging using a hybrid analytical and Monte-Carlo method to efficiently model the radiation transport. In addition to the relevant physical effects such as absorption and scattering, simplified fast models are employed to describe the characteristics of the X-ray source and the detector. aRTist is well equipped to model realistic X-ray imaging setups due to the ability to load exported CAD object descriptions. By repetitive simulation runs aRTist can function as virtual CT device. A simple CT scan module is contained in aRTist which allows the simulation of standard (circular cone beam) scanning trajectories. AdvanCT is a module for aRTist which allows to set up more complex scanning trajectories by attaching geometrical modification functions to the objects in the radiographic scene. In this way, advanced scanning modes can be realized. In addition to deterministic motion, also random variations can be introduced. By combining random variations with deterministic motion, non-ideal (realistic) CT scan geometries can be simulated, e.g. focal spot drift and mechanical instability of the axis of rotation. The AdvanCT module conveniently allows to construct these scenarios in a graphical interface and provides a preview before starting the (potentially long running) batch job. Therefore, deviations from ideal CT scan trajectories can be easily adjusted which is a necessary step towards uncertainty determination from simulation. T2 - dXCT conference 2021 CY - Online meeting DA - 17.05.2021 KW - X-ray Virtual Computer Tomography Simulation PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52953 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Bartscher, M. A1 - Bauer, F. A1 - Bordes de Oliveira, F. A1 - Christoph, R. A1 - Fleßner, M. A1 - Hausotte, T. A1 - Kasperl, S. A1 - Kimmig, W. A1 - Plotzki, David A1 - Reuter, T. A1 - Schielein, R. A1 - Schmidt, I. A1 - Wagner, G. A1 - Wohlgemuth, F. T1 - CTSimU — Durchstrahlungssimulation für die Messunsicherheitsbestimmung beim Messen geometrischer Merkmale mittels Röntgen- Computertomographie N2 - Die industrielle Röntgen-Computertomographie (CT) ist in der geometrischen Messtechnik die einzige Technologie, die sowohl innen- als auch außenliegende Merkmale eines Werkstücks mit einer Messung zerstörungsfrei messen kann. Die Güte der Messung kann mittels einer dem Messwert beigeordneten Messunsicherheit angegeben werden. Allerdings sind zur Ermittlung der Messunsicherheit für eine Messgröße einer CT-Messung nach Stand der Technik (VDI/VDE 2630 Blatt 2.1) zwanzig Wiederholmessungen an kalibrierten Werkstücken notwendig. Da die Messung mit realen CT-Messgeräten zeit- und kostenintensiv ist, wird analog zur taktilen Koordinatenmesstechnik eine numerische Messunsicherheitsbestimmung durch Simulation angestrebt (vgl. VDI/VDE 2617 Blatt 7, GUM Supplement 1). Die Simulation bietet den Vorteil, dass sie sowohl zeitsparend als auch kosten- und ressourceneffizient ist. Allerdings ist die Zuverlässigkeit der verschiedenen Simulationsumgebungen momentan nicht quantifizierbar. Für eine glaubwürdige Anwendung von Simulationsumgebungen für die Messunsicherheitsbestimmung benötigen Anwender eine Beurteilung derselben – auch um eine Norm- bzw. Richtliniensicherheit in der Praxis sicherzustellen. Das Ziel dieses Projekts ist es daher, einen Richtlinienentwurf VDI/VDE 2630 Blatt 2.2 „Basisqualifizierung von Softwaresystemen für die Simulation geometrischer Messungen mit Röntgen-Computertomografie“ zu erstellen. Auf dieser Basis soll es möglich sein, die Eignung von Simulationsumgebungen zur Ermittlung der aufgabenspezifischen Messunsicherheit zu bewerten. Dazu wird ein Testframework entwickelt, mit welchem Durchstrahlungssimulationssoftwares basisqualifiziert werden können. Das Projekt wird in der Förderrichtlinie WIPANO durch das Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie gefördert. T2 - DGZfP-Jahrestagung 2021 CY - Online meeting DA - 10.05.2021 KW - Computertomographie Simulation PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52753 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Binder, F. A1 - Bircher, B. A1 - Laquai, René A1 - Küng, A. A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Meli, F. A1 - Deresch, A. A1 - Ulrich Neuschaefer-Rube, U. A1 - Hausotte, T. T1 - Methodologies for model parameterization of virtual CTs for measurement uncertainty estimation N2 - X-ray computed tomography (XCT) is a fast-growing technology for dimensional measurements in industrial applications. However, traceable and efficient methods to determine measurement uncertainties are not available. Guidelines like the VDI/VDE 2630 Part 2.1 suggest at least 20 repetitions of a specific measurement task, which is not feasible for industrial standards. Simulation-based approaches to determine task specific measurement uncertainties are promising, but require closely adjusted model parameters and an integration of error sources like geometrical deviations during a measurement. Unfortunately, the development of an automated process to parameterize and integrate geometrical deviations into XCT models is still an open issue. In this work, the whole processing chain of dimensional XCT measurements is taken into account with focus on the issues and requirements to determine suitable parameters of geometrical deviations. Starting off with baseline simulations of different XCT systems, two approaches are investigated to determine and integrate geometrical deviations of reference measurements. The first approach tries to iteratively estimate geometric deviation parameter values to match the characteristics of the missing error sources. The second approach estimates those values based on radiographs of a known calibrated reference object. In contrast to prior work both approaches only use a condensed set of parameters to map geometric deviations. In case of the iterative approach, some major issues regarding unhandled directional dependencies have been identified and discussed. Whereas the radiographic method resulted in task specific expanded measurements uncertainties below one micrometre even for bi-directional features, which is a step closer towards a true digital twin for uncertainty estimations in dimensional XCT. KW - Geometrical deviation KW - X-ray computed tomography KW - Uncertainty estimation KW - Virtual CT PY - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-553263 VL - 33 IS - 10 SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - IOP Publishing CY - Bristol, UK AN - OPUS4-55326 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hilpert, U. A1 - Bartscher, M. A1 - Neugebauer, M. A1 - Goebbels, Jürgen A1 - Weidemann, Gerd A1 - Bellon, Carsten T1 - Simulation-aided computed tomography (CT) for dimensional measurements N2 - Carrying out dimensional measurements by CT means assessing coordinates in space. CT must therefore be treated as a coordinate measuring technique similar to optical or tactile Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMMs). The well-established standards and guidelines for the acceptance- and verificationtesting of CMMs require the use of calibrated reference standards to achieve measurement machine characteristics. Hence, transferring these concepts from coordinate metrology to CT, a dedicated CT-specific reference standard was designed, manufactured and calibrated using a tactile CMM. For comparison purposes, a CAD model was created by reverse engineering using the calibration data. The calibrated model was fed into a virtual CT and the measurement process was simulated. The reference standard was measured by micro-CT. By comparing the characteristics of the measurement output of CT and the output gained from simulation, the influences of measurement artefacts can be judged, for the first time, in analogy to existing Guidelines of coordinate metrology. T2 - DIR 2007 - International Symposium on Digital industrial Radiology and Computed Tomography CY - Lyon, France DA - 25.06.2007 KW - Computed tomography KW - X-ray KW - Simulation KW - Coordinate metrology PY - 2007 UR - http://www.ndt.net/article/dir2007/papers/12.pdf SP - Paper 6, 1 EP - 15 AN - OPUS4-37045 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Haith, M. I. A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Hohendorf, Stefan A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Deresch, Andreas A1 - Huthwaite, P. A1 - Lowe, M. J. S. A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe T1 - Modelling based radiography for NDE of subsea pipelines N2 - This work presents the use of limited experimental measurements to develop a set of calibrated Simulation parameters that can then be used for reliable simulation of subsea pipeline inspections. The modelling software aRTist is used as the simulation tool, and the calibration is through comparison with experimental images of a well characterised sample in a water tank. Image Quality parameters such as signal-to-noise ratio, contrast and basic spatial resolution are compared with the aim of matching simulated values to experimental results. Currently the model is partially calibrated, with signal-to-noise ratio successfully matched while differences are still found in contrast-to-noise ratio comparisons. This means that measurements depending on absolute intensity are not accurate enough in the simulation at this stage. However, the simulation is found to be accurate for wall thickness measurements in tangential images, which are not based on absolute intensity, with simulated and experimental cases producing similar results. T2 - 42nd Annual Review of Progress CY - Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA DA - 26.07.2015 KW - Modelling KW - Radiography KW - Pipeline inspection KW - Nondestructive evaluation PY - 2016 SN - 978-0-7354-1353-5 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4940575 SN - 0094-243X VL - 1706 SP - 110004-1 EP - 110004-8 PB - AIP Publishing AN - OPUS4-37553 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Deresch, Andreas A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Schumm, A. A1 - Guerin, P. ED - Chimenti, D.E. ED - Bond, L.J. ED - Thompson, D.O. T1 - A proposed benchmark for simulation in radiographic testing N2 - The purpose of this benchmark study is to compare simulation results predicted by various models of radiographic testing, in particular those that are capable of separately predicting primary and scatter radiation for specimens of arbitrary geometry. T2 - 40th Annual review of progress in quantitative nondestructive evaluation CY - Baltimore, Maryland, USA DA - 21.07.2013 KW - Benchmark KW - Simulation KW - Radiographic testing PY - 2014 SN - 978-0-7354-1212-5 SN - 978-0-7354-1211-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4865082 SN - 0094-243X N1 - Serientitel: AIP conference proceedings – Series title: AIP conference proceedings VL - 1581 SP - 2101 EP - 2106 PB - AIP Publishing AN - OPUS4-30756 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Deresch, Andreas A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger ED - Chimenti, D.E. ED - Bond, L.J. ED - Thompson, D.O. T1 - A benchmark concept for simulation in radiographic testing N2 - The new standard ISO 17636–2:2013 'NDT of welds: Radiographic testing - Part 2: X- and gamma ray techniques with digital detectors' describes a complex procedure for film replacement by phosphor imaging plates and digital detector arrays. RT modeling software should consider these detector types, X-ray film, and the standard requirements for image quality. Practitioners expect the same visibility of image quality indicators (IQI) in the simulated radiographs as in the experimental exposures. The proposed benchmark test is based on the comparison of experimental radiographs taken at BAM with modeled ones of participants. The experimental setup and the determination of the equivalent penetrameter sensitivity (EPS) as described in the procedure of ASTM E 746 are used for quantitative evaluation of the achievable contrast sensitivity for step hole IQIs as considered in Annex B of ISO 17636-2. System classification data for Computed Radiography (CR) and film systems will be provided by BAM according to ISO 11699–1 for selected film systems and according to ASTM E 2446 for selected CR systems. The classification of films and digital detectors is based on the measurement of the dose response function, the basic spatial resolution (SRb) of the image, and the measured image noise, which depends on the detector efficiency, the quantum statistics, and the detector fixed pattern noise. T2 - 40th Annual review of progress in quantitative nondestructive evaluation CY - Baltimore, Maryland, USA DA - 21.07.2013 KW - Digital radiography KW - Computed radiography KW - Benchmark KW - EPS KW - Modeling KW - Simulation KW - Contrast to noise ratio KW - Observer model PY - 2014 SN - 978-0-7354-1212-5 SN - 978-0-7354-1211-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4865044 SN - 0094-243X N1 - Serientitel: AIP conference proceedings – Series title: AIP conference proceedings VL - 33A SP - 1816 EP - 1823 PB - AIP Publishing AN - OPUS4-30904 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Alekseychuk, Oleksandr A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Rost, P. A1 - Schmid, M. T1 - Korrosionsmapping an Rohrleitungen T2 - DGZfP-JAHRESTAGUNG 2002 CY - Weimar, Germany DA - 2002-05-06 PY - 2002 AN - OPUS4-19974 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Schumm, A. A1 - Tabary, J. A1 - Duvauchelle, P. ED - Thompson, D. O. ED - Chimenti, D. E. T1 - A proposed benchmark problem for scatter calculations in radiographic modelling T2 - 35th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY - Chicago, IL, USA DA - 2008-07-20 KW - Radiography KW - Justifications or modifications of Monte Carlo methods KW - Emission KW - Absorption, and scattering of electromagnetic radiation KW - X-ray scattering KW - Radiographie KW - Simulation KW - Benchmark KW - Monte Carlo Verfahren KW - Streustrahlung PY - 2009 SN - 978-0-7354-0629-2 SN - 0743-0760 SN - 0094-243X N1 - Serientitel: AIP conference proceedings – Series title: AIP conference proceedings IS - 1096 SP - 1930 EP - 1937 PB - American Institute of Physics CY - Melville, NY AN - OPUS4-20134 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Zhukovskiy, M. A1 - Skachkov, M. A1 - Deresch, Andreas A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten ED - Thompson, D.O. ED - Chimenti, D.E. T1 - Simulation of electron transport T2 - 36th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY - Kingston, RI, USA DA - 2009-07-26 KW - Electron transport KW - Monte Carlo method KW - Stopping power KW - Simulation KW - Elektronentransport PY - 2010 SN - 978-0-7354-0748-0 SN - 0743-0760 SN - 0094-243X N1 - Serientitel: AIP conference proceedings – Series title: AIP conference proceedings VL - 1211 SP - 572 EP - 578 CY - Melville, NY AN - OPUS4-21134 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Deresch, Andreas A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Warrikhoff, A. ED - Thompson, D.O. ED - Chimenti, D.E. T1 - Simulation and experimental verification of X-ray spectra T2 - 36th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY - Kingston, RI, USA DA - 2009-07-26 KW - X-ray KW - Spectrum KW - Simulation KW - Röntgenspektrum KW - Dekonvolution PY - 2010 SN - 978-0-7354-0748-0 SN - 0743-0760 SN - 0094-243X N1 - Serientitel: AIP conference proceedings – Series title: AIP conference proceedings VL - 1211 SP - 535 EP - 540 CY - Melville, NY AN - OPUS4-21136 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Schumm, A. A1 - Tabary, J. A1 - Duvauchelle, P. ED - Thompson, D.O. ED - Chimenti, D.E. T1 - Radiographic benchmark problem 2009 - scatter calculations in modelling T2 - 36th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY - Kingston, RI, USA DA - 2009-07-26 KW - Radiography KW - Justifications or modifications of Monte Carlo methods KW - Emission KW - Absorption and scattering of electromagnetic radiation KW - X-ray scattering KW - Simulation KW - Röntgenspektrum Benchmark KW - Monte Carlo Modell PY - 2010 SN - 978-0-7354-0748-0 SN - 0743-0760 SN - 0094-243X N1 - Serientitel: AIP conference proceedings – Series title: AIP conference proceedings VL - 1211 SP - 2117 EP - 2124 CY - Melville, NY AN - OPUS4-21137 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Martin Tschaikner, Martin A1 - Hohendorf, Stefan A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Haith, M. I. A1 - Huthwaite, P. A1 - Lowe, M. J. S. T1 - Corrosion monitoring with tangential radiography and limited view computed tomography N2 - Accurate and reliable detection of subsea Pipeline corrosion is required in order to verify the integrity of the pipeline. A laboratory trial was conducted with a representative pipe sample. The accurate measurement of the wall thickness and corrosion was performed with high energy X-rays and a digital detector array. A 7.5 MV betatron was used to penetrate a stepped pipe and a welded test pipe of 3 m length and 327 mm outer diameter, with different artificial corrosion areas in the 24 mm thick steel wall. The radiographs were taken with a 40 x 40 cm² digital detector array, which was not large enough to cover the complete pipe diameter after magnification. A C-arm based geometry was tested to evaluate the potential for automated inspection in field. The primary goal was the accurate measurement of wall thickness conforming to the standard. The same geometry was used to explore the ability of a C-arm based scanner in asymmetric mode for computed tomography (CT) measurement, taking projections covering only two thirds of the pipe diameter. The technique was optimized with the modelling Software aRTist. A full volume of the pipe was reconstructed and the CT data set was used for reverse engineering, providing a CAD file for further aRTist simulations to explore the technique for subsea inspections. T2 - 42nd Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY - Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA DA - 26.07.2015 KW - Corrosion monitoring KW - Tangential radiography KW - Computed tomography PY - 2016 SN - 978-0-7354-1353-5 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4940574 SN - 0094-243X VL - 1706 SP - 110003-1 EP - 110003-8 PB - AIP Publishing AN - OPUS4-37555 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Hohendorf, Stefan A1 - Kolkoori, Sanjeevareddy A1 - Wrobel, Norma A1 - Nusser, A. A1 - Freitag, M. A1 - Bücherl, T. A1 - Bar, D. A1 - Mor, I. A1 - Tamin, N. A1 - Weiss-Babai, R. A1 - Bromberger, B. A1 - Dangendorf, V. A1 - Tittelmeier, K. T1 - Computed tomography with X-rays and fast neutrons for restoration of wooden artwork N2 - The objects of this investigation were sculptures taken from a ca. three hundred years old baroque epitaph of a church in Tonning, a town in Northern Germany. Around 1900 it was found in a disastrous state heavily damaged by wood-worm. At that time, the whole artwork was treated with the tar extract carbolineum as a remedy. Nowadays, this substance has been identified as carcinogenic, and its presence can be perceived by its stench and visually at certain spots on the surface where it has penetrated the covering paint. A gold-painted sculpture of a massive wooden skull was interrogated with X-rays and fast neutrons to investigate the internal distribution of the carbolineum. The X-ray tomography, with its excellent spatial resolution revealed galleries left over from the worm infestation in the outer areas and cracks in the central region. The golden color coating appeared as a thick and dense layer. In comparison the tomography with fast neutrons, though being of lower resolution and yet unresolved artefacts revealed sections of slightly different densities in the bulk of the wood. These differences we attribute to the differences in the distribution of the impregnant in the wood, visible due to its higher hydrogen content making it less transparent for neutrons. T2 - WCNR-10 - 10th World conference on neutron radiography CY - Grindelwald, Switzerland DA - 05.10.2014 KW - Computed tomography KW - Neutron radiology KW - Conservation of wooden artwork PY - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-323050 SN - 1875-3892 VL - 69 SP - 472 EP - 477 PB - Elsevier B.V. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-32305 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Deresch, Andreas A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Ewert, Uwe ED - Chimenti, D.E. ED - Bond, L.J. T1 - Fast model of electron transport for radiographic spectrum simulation N2 - Correctly modeling the continuous photon spectrum of X-ray tubes requires detailed knowledge of the probability distribution of electron properties at the time of X-ray photon creation, in particular electron energy, depth within the target, and direction of movement. Semi-analytical X-ray spectrum models frequently assume a very simplified or even uniform distribution of electron direction. In the case of thick targets and small deviations from normal incidence this is a useful approximation. For thin targets or large deviations from normal incidence the correct distribution of electron directions becomes more important. As calculation speed is an important aspect of semi-analytical models compared to Monte Carlo simulations, fast evaluation of the distribution of electron properties is highly desirable. The approach presented here numerically evaluates the evolution of a discrete probability distribution of electron properties due to single electron scatter interactions within a plane target. This allows capturing the important aspects of the electron distribution while achieving runtimes of a few seconds up to a minute on a standard office PC. T2 - 41st Annual review of progress in quantitative nondestructive evaluation CY - Boise, Idaho, USA DA - 20.07.2014 KW - Radiography KW - Spectrum KW - Modeling KW - Valildation PY - 2015 SN - 978-0-7354-1292-7 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4914656 N1 - Serientitel: AIP conference proceedings – Series title: AIP conference proceedings VL - 1650 SP - 579 EP - 585 PB - AIP Publishing AN - OPUS4-33082 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Deresch, Andreas A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Schumm, A. A1 - Lucet-Sanchez, F. A1 - Guerin, P. ED - Chimenti, D.E. ED - Bond, L.J. T1 - Radiography benchmark 2014 N2 - The purpose of the 2014 WFNDEC RT benchmark study was to compare predictions of various models of radiographic techniques, in particular those that predict the contribution of scattered radiation. All calculations were carried out for homogenous materials and a mono-energetic X-ray point source in the energy range between 100 keV and 10 MeV. The calculations were to include the best physics approach available considering electron binding effects. Secondary effects like X-ray fluorescence and bremsstrahlung production were to be taken into account if possible. The problem to be considered had two parts. Part I examined the spectrum and the spatial distribution of radiation behind a single iron plate. Part II considered two equally sized plates, made of iron and aluminum respectively, only evaluating the spatial distribution. Here we present the results of above benchmark study, comparing them to MCNP as the assumed reference model. The possible origins of the observed deviations are discussed. T2 - 41st Annual review of progress in quantitative nondestructive evaluation CY - Boise, Idaho, USA DA - 20.07.2014 KW - Radiography KW - Spectrum KW - Modeling KW - Validation PY - 2015 SN - 978-0-7354-1292-7 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4914809 N1 - Serientitel: AIP conference proceedings – Series title: AIP conference proceedings VL - 1650 SP - 1834 EP - 1846 PB - AIP Publishing AN - OPUS4-33083 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Deresch, Andreas A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Durchstrahlungssimulation mit aRTist - Kombination von analytischen und Monte-Carlo-Methoden T2 - DACH-Jahrestagung 2015 CY - Salzburg, Austria DA - 2015-05-11 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-33586 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Deresch, Andreas A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Radiography simulation with aRTist - combining analytical and Monte-Carlo methods T2 - Digital Industrial Radiology and Computed Tomography (DIR 2015) CY - Ghent, Belgium DA - 2015-06-22 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-33595 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Deresch, Andreas A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Radiography simulation with aRTist - Combining analytical and Monte Carlo methods N2 - Modelling becomes more and more important in modern NDE. It is increasingly used to optimize techniques for complex applications and to support the preparation of written procedures. Hence, computer simulation nowadays has to be able to handle all significant properties of an NDE system with sufficient accuracy. In case of radiographic applications this includes models of the radiation source, of the interaction of radiation with materials, of the detection process, and the geometrical description of the part or the construction. Depending on the given inspection problem and the influencing factors that should be addressed by the simulation an appropriate physical model has to be chosen to describe the underlying interaction mechanisms. The simulator aRTist combines analytical and Monte Carlo methods to efficiently model the radiation transport. Simulation is a powerful tool to separate different influencing factors. Here we focus on Monte-Carlo simulation of scatter contributions within aRTist. T2 - DIR 2015 - International symposium on digital industrial radiology and computed tomography CY - Ghent, Belgium DA - 22.06.2015 KW - CT KW - Multi-angle radiography KW - Modelling KW - Laminography KW - Radiographic testing (RT) PY - 2015 SP - 1 EP - 7 AN - OPUS4-33738 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haith, M. I. A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Hohendorf, Stefan A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Deresch, Andreas A1 - Huthwaite, P. A1 - Lowe, M. J. S. A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe T1 - Radiographic modelling for NDE of subsea pipelines N2 - This work presents an investigation of the accuracy of a radiographic simulation model applied to subsea pipeline inspections. Experimental measurements of a sample in a water tank are used to develop a set of calibrated simulation parameters for the modelling software aRTist. Image quality parameters such as signal-tonoise ratio, contrast and basic spatial resolution are compared with the aim of matching simulated values to experimental results. With this method signal-to-noise ratio was successfully matched while differences were still found in contrast-to-noise ratio comparisons. This means that measurements depending on absolute intensity are not accurate enough, however wall thickness measurements in tangential images, which are not based on absolute intensity, were found to produce similar results in simulated and experimental cases. The differences in contrast and intensity are thought to be due to detector backscatter and additional scatter from out-of-setup objects within the exposure bay, due to a lack of source collimation. These would affect the experimental results but were not included in the simulated setup. This was investigated by including different proportions of peripheral water and other objects in the modelled setup and examining the effect on Image quality parameters. Results show that this additional scatter has a significant impact on the radiograph, particularly on image contrast, and is therefore the likely cause of differences between experimental and simulated images. This implies that it will be very difficult to completely match simulated to experimental results, as including all possible scattering objects in the model would be very complex. An improvement could be made by using real subsea data to estimate this additional scattering, which could then be used to calibrate the model. However there would still be significant uncertainty in the ability of the model to accurately produce realistic intensity and contrast. KW - Digital radiography KW - Modelling validation KW - Subsea pipeline inspection KW - Tangential radiography PY - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2016.11.006 SN - 0963-8695 SN - 1879-1174 VL - 86 SP - 113 EP - 122 AN - OPUS4-39053 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Zhukovskiy, M. A1 - Markov, M. A1 - Podolyako, S. A1 - Uskov, R. A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Supercomputing the cascade processes of radiation transport N2 - Modeling of the photon-electron cascade progress in multicomponent objects of complex geometrical structure by use of hybrid supercomputers is considered. An approach to computing the cascade processes is developed. The approach has three key properties allowing the effective use of heterogeneous structure of computers for solving the tasks of radiation transport in complex multi-scale geometries. Firstly, two different discreet geometrical description of an object being under radiation is used: triangulated model for photon transport and voxel model for electron transport. Secondly, small parameter of the problem is explicitly taking into account for modeling surface effects (for instance, electron emission). Thirdly, the effective calculation decomposition between CPU and GPU is developed for significant increasing the speed of calculations of processes in question. Modeling of experiment on researching the bremsstrahlung generated by electron beam in Ta target is carried out. Comparison of computing and experimental results shows satisfactory consent. T2 - 19th World Conference on Nondestructive Testing CY - Munich, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - Super somputing KW - Photon-electron transport KW - Monte Carlo methods KW - Modelling PY - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-365932 SN - 978-3-940283-78-8 VL - 158 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - DGZfP CY - Berlin, Germany AN - OPUS4-36593 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Deresch, Andreas A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten T1 - A fast general spectrum model for quantitative radiography simulation N2 - One essential step on the way towards accurate quantitative simulation of radiographic testing is an accurate description of the utilized energy spectrum of X-ray photons. For use in general purpose simulation tools, the spectra of X-ray tubes have to be described by a model covering at least the intended range of applications. This range includes transmission tubes as well as direct beam tubes with varying angles of incidence and emission, for a number of typical target materials. In radiographic testing acceleration voltages frequently reach up to 450 kV for direct beam targets and up to 225 kV for transmission targets, with even higher voltages available or being developed. Currently used models are unable to cover the whole range of configurations. Here a model is presented that employs a unified approach for simulating the photon energy spectra for transmission and direct beam targets composed of arbi-trary homogeneous materials. In order to achieve this, a detailed model of electron transport within the target is employed. The validity of the developed model is shown through comparisons with Monte Carlo simulations as well as measurements for a number of different configurations. T2 - 19th World Conference on Nondestructive Testing CY - Munich, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - Measurements KW - X-ray spectra KW - Simulation KW - Electron transport PY - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-365959 SN - 978-3-940283-78-8 VL - 158 SP - 1 EP - 7 PB - DGZfP CY - Berlin, Germany AN - OPUS4-36595 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Redmer, Benrhard A1 - Schumacher, David A1 - Thiessenhusen, Kai-Uwe A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Nicholson, P. I. A1 - Clarke, A. L. A1 - Finke-Härkönen, K.-P. T1 - X-ray tomographic in-service inspection of girth welds – the european project tomoweld N2 - The new standard ‘ISO 17636-2:2013: Non-destructive testing of welds — Radiographic testing — Part 2: X- and gamma-ray techniques with digital detectors’, defines the practice for radiographic inspection of welded pipes for manufacturing and in-service inspection. It is applied in Europe for inspections of pipe welds in nuclear power plants as well as in chemical plants and allows a faster inspection with digital detector arrays (DDA) than with film. Nevertheless, it does not allow the evaluation of the depth and shape of volumetric and planar indications. In 2001 a planar tomography scanner, TomoCAR, was introduced for mechanized radiographic testing (RT) inspection and non-destructive measurement of cross sections. The project TomoWELD is based on a new concept of the scan geometry, an enhanced GPU based reconstruction, and the application of a new generation of photon counting DDAs based on CdTe crystal CMOS hybrids. The new detector permits the selection of energy thresholds to obtain an optimum energy range and reduction of the influence of scattered radiation. The concept and first measurements are presented. Flaw depth and shape of volumetric and planar irregularities can be determined. T2 - QNDE 2014 CY - Boise, Idaho, USA DA - 20.07.2014 KW - X-ray imaging KW - Tomography KW - Engineering inspection KW - Radiography KW - Welded joints KW - Chemical plants PY - 2015 SN - 978-0-7354-1292-7 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4914650 SN - 0094-243X N1 - Geburtsname von Schumacher, David: Walter, D. - Birth name of Schumacher, David: Walter, D. VL - 1650 SP - 525 EP - 533 PB - American Institute of Physics AN - OPUS4-36581 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Deresch, Andreas T1 - Combining analytical and Monte Carlo modelling for industrial radiology N2 - Modelling becomes more and more important in modern NDE. It is increasingly used to optimize techniques for complex applications, to support the preparation of written procedures, and for education purposes. To describe the complete chain of RT, the model includes simulating all necessary properties of X- or Gamma-ray sources, the interaction of photons with material with special attention to scattered radiation, the detection process, and the complete geometrical RT setup handling arbitrary parts or constructions. Depending on the given inspection problem and the influencing factors that should be addressed by the simulation, an appropriate physical model has to be chosen to describe the underlying interaction mechanisms. The simulator aRTist combines analytical and Monte Carlo methods to efficiently model the radiation transport such that transmission as well as scatter techniques can be modelled. In this contribution we Focus on Monte Carlo Simulation of scatter contribution within aRTist. Examples for RT/tomographic applications and back-scatter techniques are presented to demonstrate the usability of the presented simulation tool for a broad range of radiological applications. T2 - 19th Wolrd Conference on Nondestructive Testing CY - Munich, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - Radiography KW - Computed tomography KW - Simulation KW - Monte Carlo methods PY - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-365856 SN - 978-3-940283-78-8 VL - 158 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Deutsche Gesellschaft für zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (DGZfP) CY - Berlin, Germany AN - OPUS4-36585 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Kolkoori, Sanjeevareddy A1 - Bellon, Carsten T1 - Quantitative simulation of back scatter X-ray imaging and comparison to experiments N2 - X-ray backscatter imaging is a well established NDT technique to inspect complex objects using only a single-sided access. In difference to conventional transmission X-ray radiography, the X-ray backscatter imaging utilizes the scattered radiation caused by the Compton scattering effect. In order to achieve high backscatter intensities from a test object, it is necessary to optimize the backscatter system parameters namely the angle between source and slit camera, the slit collimator system, the shielding between source and scatter camera, and the type of detector. In addition, the scatter phenomena in to the investigated object need to be understood. In this contribution, we present a Monte Carlo model McRay which considers all relevant single and multiple interactions of photons and electrons. This model can be used to simulate back scatter techniques. It allows not only calculating the scatter image for a given experimental setup but also registering the spectrum of the detected scattered photons. Both aspects are important to understand the imaging process, to interpret the results, and to optimize the backscatter camera investigated here. Additionally experimental results will be presented and compared with simulations. T2 - 19th World Conference on Nondestructive Testing CY - Munich, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - Radiology KW - Back-scatter techniques KW - Simulation KW - Monte Carlo methods KW - Measurements PY - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-365897 SN - 978-3-940283-78-8 VL - 158 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - Deutsche Gesellschaft für zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (DGZfP) CY - Berlin, Germany AN - OPUS4-36589 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Zhukovskiy, M. A1 - Uskov, R. V. T1 - Supercomputing the cascade processes of radiation transport N2 - Modeling of the photon-electron cascade process in multicomponent objects of complex geometrical structure by use of hybrid supercomputers is considered. An approach to computing the cascade processes is developed. The approach has three key properties allowing the effective use of heterogeneous structure of computers for solving the tasks of radiation transport in complex multi-scale geometries. Firstly, two different discreet geometrical description of an object being under radiation is used: triangulated model for photon transport and voxel model for elec-tron transport. Secondly, small parameter of the problem is explicitly taking into ac-count for modeling surface effects (for instance, electron emission). Thirdly, the ef-fective calculation decomposition between CPU and GPU is developed for signifi-cant increasing the speed of calculations of processes in question. Modeling of ex-periment on researching the bremsstrahlung generated by electron beam in Ta target is carried out. Comparison of computing and experimental results shows satisfactory consent. T2 - 19th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing CY - Munich, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - Modelling KW - Monte Carlo method KW - Photon-electron transport PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-36608 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Deresch, Andreas T1 - Combining analytical and Monte Carlo modelling for industrial radiology N2 - Modelling becomes more and more important in modern NDE. It is increasingly used to optimize techniques for complex applications, to support the preparation of written procedures, and for education purposes. To describe the complete chain of RT, the model includes simulating all necessary properties of X- or Gamma-ray sources, the interaction of photons with material with special attention to scattered radiation, the detection process, and the complete geometrical RT setup handling arbitrary parts or constructions. Depending on the given inspection problem and the influencing factors that should be addressed by the simulation, an appropriate physical model has to be chosen to describe the underlying interaction mechanisms. The simulator aRTist combines analytical and Monte Carlo methods to efficiently model the radiation transport such that transmission as well as scatter techniques can be modelled. In this contribution we focus on Monte Carlo simulation of scatter contribution within aRTist. Examples for RT/tomographic applications and back-scatter techniques are presented to demonstrate the usability of the presented simulation tool for a broad range of radiological applications. T2 - 19th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing CY - Munich, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - Monte Carlo method KW - Radiography KW - Simulation PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-36617 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Deresch, Andreas A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - A fast general spectrum model for quantitative radiography simulation N2 - A model is presented that employs a unified approach for simulating the photon energy spectra for transmission and direct beam targets composed of arbitrary homogeneous materials. In order to achieve this, a detailed model of electron transport within the target is employed. The validity of the developed model is shown through comparisons with Monte Carlo simulations as well as measurements for a number of different configurations. T2 - 19th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing CY - Munich, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - Modelling KW - Radiography KW - Simulation KW - X-ray spectrum PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-36628 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schumm, A. A1 - Duvauchelle, P. A1 - Kaftandjian, V. A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Tabary, J. A1 - Mathy, F. A1 - Legoupil, S. ED - Büyüköztürk, O. T1 - Modelling of radiographic inspections N2 - Computer modelling of non-destructive testing methods has come a long way from the beginnings in the mid 90s to today. Radiographic modelling for components with higher wall thicknesses, as they are typical for nuclear applications, must include precise predictions of scattered radiation and its impact in terms of contrast reduction. Dedicated or general purpose Monte Carlo methods with the ability to calculate higher order scattering events are the state of the art for these applications. Aerospace applications, on the other hand, have stronger requirements on the modelling code's capabilities to import complex CAD geometries, and can benefit from faster analytical scatter models, limited to first or second order scattering events. Similar distinctions can be made for the various approaches proposed to accurately model geometrical and film unsharpness, film granularity, film responses, film/foil cartridges and photon noise. This article presents a state-of-the-art review of radiographic modelling from the perspective of two important application domains with very different requirements, nuclear and aerospace. T2 - NDTMS-2011 CY - Istanbul, Turkey DA - 15.05.2011 KW - Computer modelling KW - Monte-Carlo KW - Radiography KW - Film KW - Selenium PY - 2013 SN - 978-94-007-0722-1 SN - 978-94-007-0723-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0723-8_99 VL - 6 SP - 697 EP - 702 PB - Springer Netherlands AN - OPUS4-36655 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bellon, Carsten T1 - Virtual CT with Complex scanning trajectories in aRTist N2 - The simulator aRTist combines analytical and Monte Carlo methods to efficiently model the radiographic process of industrial radiology. In this contribution we focus on virtual computer tomography, the simulation of tomographic scans. The possibilities to simulate complex scanning trajectories are shown in combination with the tomographic reconstruction using individual projection matrices. T2 - The 4th Annual Advances in X-Ray Imaging Workshop CY - Diamond Light Source, Didcot, UK DA - 11.06.2019 KW - X-ray Computer-tomography simulation PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48297 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bellon, Carsten T1 - Virtuelle CT N2 - Das Computerprogramm aRTist ist ein praktisches Simulationswerkzeug zur Erzeugung realistischer Radiographien virtueller Durchstrahlungsaufbauten. Mit Durchstrahlungssimulationen können Bauteile, repräsentiert durch STL-Geometrien, wie in einem Computertomografen gescannt werden. Dabei werden verschiedenste Parameter gezielt und exakt berücksichtigt. Die Virtuelle Computertomografie bietet neue Möglichkeiten der Untersuchung von Parametereinflüssen. Neben der Möglichkeit, physikalische Effekte an- und abzuschalten, z.B. die Streustrahlung, können auch Scanbewegungen getestet werden, bevor diese technisch realisiert werden. Das für die Forschung entwickelte Simulationsprogramm aRTist bietet mit seiner intuitiven grafischen Benutzeroberfläche vielfältige Anwendungsmöglichkeiten auch in Praxis und Entwicklung, beispielsweise zur Parameteroptimierung, für Machbarkeitsstudien oder zur Abschätzung der Unsicherheit dimensioneller Messungen. KW - Vituelle Computertomographie Simulation PY - 2020 SN - 2199-8299 VL - 2020 IS - April SP - 50 EP - 51 PB - TeDo Verlag GmbH CY - Marburg AN - OPUS4-50691 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Deresch, Andreas A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - A general spectrum model for X-ray generators N2 - A fast quantitative model for the energy spectra of radiation emitted by X-ray tubes is described, handling thin as well as thick plane targets of arbitrary materials. The developed model is based on fundamental interaction cross sections, describing electron and photon transport via numerical integration of discretized distributions. While the focus lies on bremsstrahlung production, modeling of characteristic radiation is fully integrated. The model does not include any free parameters. The validity of the model is shown through comparison with measurements and Monte Carlo simulations for several combinations of target material and acceleration potential between 30 kV and 450 kV. KW - Modeling KW - X-ray KW - Spectrum KW - Bremsstrahlung KW - Electron transport PY - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2015.12.007 SN - 0963-8695 VL - 79 SP - 92 EP - 97 PB - Butterworth-Heinemann CY - Oxford AN - OPUS4-35263 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Tillack, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Scharmach, Martina T1 - Wie kann man den Einfluß der industriellen Anwendungsfaktoren innerhalb der ZfP-Zuverlaessigkeitsformel messen? N2 - Dieses Poster beschäftigt sich mit der Zuverlässigkeitsformel und der Metrik für die Messung der Zuverlässigkeit T2 - DGZfP Jahrestagung 2000 CY - Innsbruck, Austria DA - 29.05.2000 KW - Anwendungszuverlässigkeit KW - Anwendungsparameter KW - ZfP-System PY - 2000 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-35849 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Illemann, J. A1 - Meinel, Dietmar A1 - Bellon, Carsten T1 - Effektive Bestimmung der Fokusparameter von Mikrofokus-Röntgenquellen N2 - Mikrofokus-Röntgenquellen werden in der industriellen CT flexibelverwendet, um mit kleiner Leistung hohe Auflösung zu erzielen oder mit verminderter Auflösung bei höherer Leistung kürzere Messzeiten zu erreichen. Insbesondere Quellen in offener Bauweise benötigen Wartung wie Filamentwechsel und Nachstellen der Fokusparameter. Ziel ist es, einen optimal kleinen Quellfleck bei bekannter Spannung einzustellen und dessen Größe zu bestimmen. Zur Überprüfung der Quellfleckgröße sind bereits Verfahren unter Verwendung lithographisch hergestellter Masken mit Strichmustern oder Siemenssternen aus Mikrometer dünnen Schichten aus stark absorbierendem Material wie z.B. Gold bekannt. Diese erfordern wegen der geringen Absorption eine lange Messzeit und sind nur kostenintensiv herzustellen. Ihre Verwendung zur regelmäßigen Qualitätsüberprüfung von CT-Anlagen ist daher nicht verbreitet. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die richtungsabhängige Quellfleckgröße absolut zu bestimmen, wobei nur einfach zu beschaffende Wolframspitzen verwendet werden. Dazu werden radiographische Bilder in hoher Vergrößerung aufgenommen und die Grauwertverteilung parametrisiert. Unter Verwendung der Kenntnis von Targetmaterial und Spannung wird eine eineindeutige Zuordnung zur Quellfleckgröße vorgenommen. Dieses erfordert eine extensive Simulation für verschiedene Spannungen, Fokusgrößen und andere Einflussgrößen, sowie die experimentelle Verifikation an verschiedenen CT-Anlagen im Vergleich zu einer bekannten Methode. Erste Ergebnisse werden vorgestellt und die praktische Implementierung unter Angabe der Einschränkungen der Verwendbarkeit diskutiert. Die Autoren hoffen, damit einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur Verbesserung der Qualitätssicherung und zur Arbeitseffizienz in der Mikrocomputertomographie leisten zu können. T2 - DGZfP DACH-Jahrestagung 2019 CY - Friedrichshafen, Germany DA - 27.05.2019 KW - Mikro-Computertomographie KW - Röntgenröhre KW - Quellfleckgröße KW - Brennfleck PY - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-485960 UR - https://www.ndt.net/search/docs.php3?id=24551 UR - https://www.ndt.net/article/dgzfp2019/papers/Mi.2.A.3.pdf IS - NDT.net Issue: 2019-08 SP - 1 EP - 13 AN - OPUS4-48596 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Wieder, Frank A1 - Vogel, Justus A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Messerschmid, Magdalena ED - Xu, C. T1 - Scatter imaging – Simulation of aperture focusing by deconvolution N2 - X-ray scatter imaging is a well-established NDT technique to inspect complex objects using only a single-sided access. We present a specially designed multi-slit scatter camera consisting of several twisted slits which are parallelly arranged in a metal block. The camera projects one image per slit to the digital detector array, where the images are overlaying each other. The aperture is corrected based on a de-convolution algorithm to focus the overlaying projections into a single representation of the object. To achieve high scatter intensities from an object, it is necessary to optimize the parameters of the scatter system by simulation. T2 - IEEE Far East NDT New Technology & Application Forum CY - Xi'an, China DA - 22.06.2017 KW - Scatter imaging KW - Computer simulation KW - Aperture focusing KW - Deconvolution PY - 2018 SN - 978-1-5386-1615-4 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/FENDT.2017.8584606 SP - 301 EP - 306 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway, NJ AN - OPUS4-48395 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bellon, Carsten T1 - Radiographic Simulator aRTist - Computer simulation for industrial Tomography N2 - aRTist is an easy-to-use and practical simulation tool to generate realistic radiographic images from CAD objects. A dedicated add-on module makes CT simulation easy (virtual computer tomography). Just choose the number of projections. Unlike in the practice, simulation can separately image the primary and scatter radiation. This allows studying the scattering artefacts in CT (gray-level variations in regions of homogeneous material). T2 - 5. Jenaer μCT-Workshop CY - Jena, Germany DA - 20.11.2019 KW - Vitual computer tomography simulation PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49826 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bellon, Carsten T1 - aRTist – An Industrial-Radiology Simulator Using Tcl/Tk & VTK N2 - Industrial radiography or Radiographic Testing (RT) is a method of non-destructive testing where many types of manufactured components can be examined to verify the internal structure and integrity of the specimen. The computer program aRTist can generate synthetic radiographs from a virtual RT test set-up. In the field of industrial radiology simulation is used, e.g. to optimize techniques for complex applications, to support the preparation of written procedures, and for education purposes. The simulator aRTist combines analytical and Monte Carlo methods to efficiently model the radiation transport. The program comes with a graphical user interface written in Tcl/Tk. In combination of Tcl/Tk and the 3D capabilities of the visualization toolkit (VTK) a practical and convenient simulator has been realized. This will be illustrated by discussing application scenarios of classical radiography, X-ray computer tomography, and X-ray backscatter imaging. Additionally, some insight to the software implementation of the simulator will be given. T2 - EuroTCL 2017, 15th European Tcl/Tk User Meeting CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 08.07.2017 KW - Simulation KW - Radiography KW - Computed tomography PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-43153 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Koller, C. S. A1 - Hönow, B. A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Börner, F. D. T1 - Detection of vertical movement of fluids behind the casing of groundwater observation wells N2 - Focus of this work is the detection of vertical movements behind the casing of groundwater observation wells within the seal. A new multi-methodical and azimuthal logging tool, named Azimuthal-Annulus-Convection-Identification (AACI)-Log has been developed and tested. The measurement concept of this probe is based on the combination of three azimuthal measuring logs – contact temperature on the inside of the casing wall, backscattered gamma-rays (gamma-gamma density), and natural radioactivity (gamma ray). Consequently, a direction-oriented image of the annular space can be derived. Not only the reason (void, potential channel) but also the resulting effect (vertical movement of fluids) can be detected with the Azimuthal-Annulus-Convection (AACI) – Log at the same time. KW - Azimuthal temperature field KW - Vertical fluid movement KW - Groundwater observation well KW - Azimuthal well logging KW - Direction-oriented image KW - Annular space PY - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1504/IJHST.2016.079336 SN - 2042-7808 VL - 6 IS - 4 SP - 301 EP - 330 PB - Inderscience Publishers CY - Olney, UK AN - OPUS4-43158 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bellon, Carsten T1 - Computersimulation in der Durchstrahlungsprüfung N2 - Vorstellung der Software "aRTist" zur Computersimulation von Durchstrahlungsprüfungen und deren Anwendungsfelder. T2 - DGZfP-Arbeitskreis Berlin, 385. Sitzung CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 07.03.2017 KW - Radiography KW - Simulation PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-40165 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Bellon, Carsten T1 - Schlussbericht zum MNPQ-Projekt 18/11 - Simulationsbasierte Effizienzsteigerung bei Nanofokus-Röntgenröhren für höchstauflösende Materialprüfung N2 - Ziel des Projektes war, mit Hilfe von Computersimulationen die Brennfleckgröße, das Spektrum und die erreichbare Dosisleistung von Transmissionsröhren vorherzusagen sowie diese Kenngrößen zu optimieren. Hierbei sollten insbesondere die Materialien und Schichtdicken von Substrat und strahlungserzeugender Schicht untersucht werden. Eine Voraussetzung für die Überprüfung der Ergebnisse ist die reproduzierbare, korrekte messtechnische Erfassung von Brennfleckgrößen unterhalb 5 μm. KW - Brennfleckgröße KW - Röntgenröhre KW - Transmissionstarget KW - Computersimulation KW - Dosisleistung PY - 2015 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-39192 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Burger, Karin A1 - Gollwitzer, Christian T1 - Virtual CT acquisition and reconstruction of complex and noisy scanning trajectories in aRTist N2 - In modern CT imaging, simulation has become an important tool to minimize cost- and time-intensive measurements. It is increasingly used to optimize techniques for complex applications, to support the preparation of written procedures, and for educational purposes. We extended the CT simulation software ‘aRTist’ with a module to set-up arbitrary trajectories including disturbing influences during the scan. Moreover, such geometric deviations can be compensated by the internal reconstruction tool. T2 - 9th Conference on Industrial Computed Tomography (iCT) CY - Padua, Italy DA - 13.02.2019 KW - Simulation KW - Arbitrary trajectories KW - Projection matrix KW - Filtered back projection PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-47476 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wieder, Frank A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Vogel, Justus A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten T1 - A Novel Multi Slit X-Ray Backscatter Camera Based on Synthetic Aperture Focusing N2 - A special slit collimator was developed earlier for fast acquisition of X-ray back scatter images. The design was based on a twisted slit design (ruled surfaces) in a Tungsten block to acquire backscatter images. The comparison with alternative techniques as flying spot and coded aperture pin hole technique could not prove the expected higher contrast sensitivity. In analogy to the coded aperture technique, a novel multi slit camera was designed and tested. Several twisted slits were parallelly arranged in a metal block. The CAD design of different multi-slit cameras was evaluated and optimized by the computer simulation packages aRTist and McRay. The camera projects a set of equal images, one per slit, to the digital detector array, which are overlaying each other. Afterwards, the aperture is corrected based on a deconvolution algorithm to focus the overlaying projections into a single representation of the object. Furthermore, a correction of the geometrical distortions due to the slit geometry is performed. The expected increase of the contrast-to-noise ratio is proportional to the square root of the number of parallel slits in the camera. However, additional noise has to be considered originating from the deconvolution operation. The slit design, functional principle, and the expected limits of this technique are discussed. T2 - 43rd Annual Review of Progress in QNDE CY - Atlanta, GA, USA DA - 17.07.2016 KW - Deconvolution KW - Back scatter imaging KW - Computer simulation KW - Aperture focusing PY - 2017 SN - 978-0-7354-1474-7 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4974711 VL - 1806 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - AIP Publishing AN - OPUS4-42429 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brierley, N. A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Lazaro Toralles, B. T1 - Optimized multi-shot imaging inspection design N2 - The inspection of complex-shaped components, such as those enabled by additive manufacturing, is a major challenge in industrial quality assurance. A frequently adopted approach to volumetric non-destructive evaluation is X-ray computed tomography, but this has major drawbacks. Two-dimensional radiography can overcome some of these problems, but does not generally provide an inspection that is as capable. Moreover, designing a detailed inspection for a complex-shaped component is a labour-intensive task, requiring significant expert input. In response, a computational framework for optimizing the data acquisition for an image-based inspection modality has been devised. The initial objective is to advance the capabilities of radiography, but the algorithm is, in principle, also applicable to alternative types of imaging. The algorithm exploits available prior information about the inspection and simulations of the inspection modality to allow the Determination of the optimal inspection configuration, including specifically component poses with respect to the imaging system. As an intermediate output, spatial maps of inspection performance are computed, for understanding spatially varying limits of detection. Key areas of innovation concern the defect detectability evaluation for arbitrarily complex indications and the creation of an application-specific optimization algorithm. Initial trials of the algorithm are presented, with good results. KW - Inspection design and planning KW - Optimization KW - Radiography KW - Simulation PY - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-458363 SN - 1471-2946 SN - 1364-5021 VL - 474 IS - 2216 SP - 70319, 1 EP - 25 PB - The Royal Society CY - London AN - OPUS4-45836 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Borges de Oliveira, F. A1 - Reuter, T. A1 - Plotzki, David A1 - Wohlgemuth, F. A1 - Bartscher, M. A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Kasperl, S. T1 - Assessment of 2D-based tests for the qualification of simulation software for dXCT N2 - The interest in using computer simulations of dimensional x-ray computed tomography (dXCT) for various metrological purposes—such as measurement planning, performance prediction, performance optimisation and, finally, measurement uncertainty estimation—is increasing along with the ever-growing demand for more reliable measurements with dXCT. However, before a piece of simulation software can be used for tasks related to coordinate metrology, it has to be ensured that it is able to simulate physical laws, characteristic effects and basic CT system functionalities correctly and with sufficient accuracy. In short, the software must be qualified for dimensional metrology tasks. As one part of such a qualification process, a method is presented here for determining conformity intervals of 2D tests (projection-based tests) based on 3D tests (testing based on dimensional evaluations in a reconstructed volume) for the assessment of dXCT simulation software. The method consists of varying relevant parameter values in order to verify their influence on 3D measurement results. The results of the 3D tests with varied parameter values are then transferred to the quantities tested in the 2D tests and used as the basis for determining conformity intervals. Two approaches are applied for determining whether or not a variation of a parameter value is significant: (a) statistical and (b) heuristic. Two examples are presented, each based on simulated images, which show the application of the two different approaches for determining conformity intervals for the results of the 2D tests. KW - dXCT KW - X-ray computed tomography KW - Simulation PY - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-573316 VL - 34 IS - 6 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - IOP Publishing AN - OPUS4-57331 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bellon, Carsten T1 - Virtual CT with aRTist N2 - The software aRTist is a simulation tool for the generation of realistic radiographs of virtual radiographic superstructures. With radiographic simulations, virtual component models can be scanned as in a computer tomograph. Industrial X-ray computed tomography (CT) enables the non-destructive detection of internal and external surfaces as well as inhomogeneities of technical objects. Virtual CT offers new possibilities for the investigation of parameter influences of this complex testing and measuring technique. In addition to the option of switching physical effects on and off, scanning movements can also be tested before their technical realization. The virtual CT generates projection images from different directions for the subsequent reconstruction of a volume model of the examined object. The reconstruction of the simulated scans is carried out with the algorithms and programs for real scans. Tomographic scans consist of a large number of projections, which practically cannot be generated individually by the user of a simulation. The software offers various options for the automated simulation of tomographic scans. These range from standard CT to scans on free trajectories or with individual projection matrices. T2 - 12th Conference on Industrial Computed Tomography (iCT) 2023 CY - Fürth, Germany DA - 27.02.2023 KW - X-ray computed tomography KW - Simulation PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58919 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Reuter, T. A1 - Borges de Oliveira, F. A1 - Abt, Ch. A1 - Ballach, F. A1 - Bartscher, M. A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Dennerlein, F. A1 - Fuchs, P. A1 - Günnewig, O. A1 - Hausotte, T. A1 - Hess, J. A1 - Kasperl, S. A1 - Maass, N. A1 - Kimmig, W. A1 - Schielein, R. A1 - von Schmid, M. A1 - Suppes, A. A1 - Wagner, G. A1 - Watzl, Ch. A1 - Wohlgemuth, F. T1 - Introduction to “Realistic Simulation of real CT systems with a basic-qualified Simulation Software - CTSimU2“ N2 - The lack of traceability to meter of X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) measurements still hinders a more extensive acceptance of CT in coordinate metrology and industry. To ensure traceable, reliable, and accurate measurements, the determination of the task-specific measurement uncertainty is necessary. The German guideline VDI/VDE 2630 part 2.1 describes a procedure to determine the measurement uncertainty for CT experimentally by conducting several repeated measurements with a calibrated test specimen. However, this experimental procedure is cost and effort intensive. Therefore, the simulation of dimensional measurement tasks conducted with X-ray computed tomography can close these drawbacks. Additionally, recent developments towards a resource and cost-efficient production (“smart factory”) motivate the need for a corresponding numerical model of a CT system (“digital twin”) as well. As there is no standardized procedure to determine the measurement uncertainty of a CT system by simulation at the moment, the project series CTSimU was initiated, aiming at this gap. Concretely, the goal is the development of a procedure to determine the measurement uncertainty numerically by radiographic simulation. The first project (2019-2022), "Radiographic Computed Tomography Simulation for Measurement Uncertainty Evaluation - CTSimU" developed a framework to qualify a radiographic simulation software concerning the correct simulation of physical laws and functionalities. The most important outcome was a draft for a new guideline VDI/VDE 2630 part 2.2, which is currently under discussion in the VDI/VDE committee. The follow-up project CTSimU2 "Realistic Simulation of real CT systems with a basic-qualified Simulation Software" will deal with building and characterizing a digital replica of a specific real-world CT system. The two main targets of this project will be a toolbox including methods and procedures to configure a realistic CT system simulation and to develop tests to check if this replica is sufficient enough. The result will be a draft for a follow-up VDI/VDE guideline proposing standardized procedures to determine a CT system's corresponding characteristics and test the simulation (copy) of a real-world CT system which we call a "digital twin". T2 - 12th Conference on Industrial Computed Tomography (iCT) 2023 CY - Fürth, Germany DA - 27.02.2023 KW - dXCT KW - X-ray computed tomography KW - Simulation PY - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-589204 VL - 28 IS - 3 SP - 1 EP - 5 PB - NDT.net AN - OPUS4-58920 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Bartscher, M. A1 - Borges de Oliveira, F. A1 - Hausotte, T. A1 - Kasperl, S. A1 - Reuter, T. A1 - Schielein, R. T1 - Realistic Simulation of CT Systems - An Introduction to The CTSimU2 Project N2 - The project series CTSimU was initiated with the goal to develop a set of procedures to enable the determination of the task-specific measurement uncertainty of a CT system numerically by radiographic simulation. The first project (2019-2022) “Radiographic Computed Tomography Simulation for Measurement Uncertainty Evaluation - CTSimU” was focused on the sufficient physical correctness of the radiographic simulation and created as a result a test framework for simulation softwares and a draft of a VDI standard in the series VDI/VDE 2630 for this application. However, for the realistic simulation of a CT system in a simulation software (i.e. a digital twin), not only the correctness of the simulation software itself is crucial, but also the quality of the parameterization of the CT system in the simulation software - this represents the starting point of the 2nd project “Realistic Simulation of real CT systems with a basic-qualified Simulation Software - CTSimU2” (2022-2024). The parameterization of a CT system in a simulation software can be divided into four steps: after the data acquisition at the real CT system (step 1) follows the evaluation of the acquired data for the generation of general parameter specifications (step 2). It follows the transfer of the parameters into the specific simulation software (step 3) and the validation of the resulting simulation parameters by a suitable test (step 4). The intended result of the project CTSimU2 is a draft VDI standard (for VDI/VDE 2630) for this test, which contains an informative annex on the state of the art regarding the possibilities for parameter determination. T2 - 13th European Conference on Non-Destructive Testing (ECNDT) CY - Lisbon, Portugal DA - 03.07.2023 KW - X-ray computed tomography KW - dXCT KW - Simulation PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58923 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Alekseychuk, V. O. A1 - Kupsch, Andreas A1 - Plotzki, D. A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - Simulation-Assisted Augmentation of Missing Wedge and Region-of-Interest Computed Tomography Data N2 - This study reports a strategy to use sophisticated, realistic X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) simulations to reduce Missing Wedge (MW) and Region-of-Interest (RoI) artifacts in FBP (Filtered Back-Projection) reconstructions. A 3D model of the object is used to simulate the projections that include the missing information inside the MW and outside the RoI. Such information augments the experimental projections, thereby drastically improving the reconstruction results. An X-ray CT dataset of a selected object is modified to mimic various degrees of RoI and MW problems. The results are evaluated in comparison to a standard FBP reconstruction of the complete dataset. In all cases, the reconstruction quality is significantly improved. Small inclusions present in the scanned object are better localized and quantified. The proposed method has the potential to improve the results of any CT reconstruction algorithm. KW - Computed tomography KW - Missing wedge KW - Region of interest KW - Augmented data KW - CT simulation KW - aRTist PY - 2024 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-593799 UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/10/1/11 SN - 2313-433X VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-59379 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -