TY - JOUR A1 - Sipilä, J. A1 - Auerkari, Pertti A1 - Holmström, S. A1 - Vela-Wallenschus, Iris T1 - Early warning indicators for challenges in underground coal storage N2 - Early warning or leading indicators are discussed for unexpected incidences in case of large-scale underground coal storage at a power plant. The experience is compared with above-ground stockpiles for which established procedures are available but where access for prevention and mitigation are much easier. It is suggested that while the explicit organization, procedures, and the general safety systems aim to provide the targeted levels of performance for the storage, representing new technology without much precedence elsewhere in the world, the extensive experience and tacit knowledge from above-ground open and closed storage systems can help to prepare for and to prevent unwanted incidents in the underground storage. This kind of experience has been also found useful for developing the leading or early warning indicators for underground storage. Examples are given on observed autoignition and freezing of coal in the storage silos, and on occupational hazards. Selection of the leading indicators needs to consider the specific features of the unique underground facility. KW - Fire KW - Freezing KW - Risk indicator KW - Safety KW - Underground storage PY - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12273 SN - 0272-4332 SN - 1539-6924 N1 - Geburtsname von Vela-Wallenschus, Iris: Vela, I. - Birth name of Vela-Wallenschus, Iris: Vela, I. VL - 34 IS - 12 SP - 2089 EP - 2097 PB - Blackwell Publ. CY - Malden, Mass. [u.a.] AN - OPUS4-32511 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -