TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Exner, Robert A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Heavy metal removal from sewage sludge ash by thermochemical treatment with polyvinylchloride JF - Environmental science & technology N2 - Sewage sludge ash (SSA) is a prospective phosphorus source for the future production of recycling P-fertilizers. Due to its high heavy metals contents and the relatively low P plant-availability, SSA must be treated before agricultural utilisation. In this paper SSA was thermochemically treated with PVC in a bench-scale rotary furnace in order to remove heavy metals via the chloride pathway. PVC has a high Cl-content of 52–53% and a high heating value that can be beneficially used for the thermochemical process. Large amounts of waste PVC are already recovered in recycling processes, but there are still some fractions that would be available for the proposed thermochemical process, for example, the low quality near-infrared(NIR)-fraction from waste separation facilities. Heavy metals were effectively removed at temperatures in the range of 800–950°C via the gas phase by utilisation of PVC as Cl-donor. The resulting P plant-availability was comparable to SSA thermochemically treated with MgCl2 as Cl-donor if MgO was used as an additive (Mg-donor). A further increase of the plant availability of phosphorus was achieved by acid post-treatment of the thermochemically treated SSA. KW - Phosphorus recovery KW - Sewage sludge ash KW - Heavy metal removal KW - Polyvinylchloride (PVC) PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/es300610e SN - 0013-936X SN - 1520-5851 VL - 47 IS - 1 SP - 563 EP - 567 PB - ACS Publ. CY - Washington, DC AN - OPUS4-27556 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Schick, J. A1 - Kratz, S. A1 - Hermann, L. A1 - Vogel, Christian T1 - Düngemittel für die Zukunft - Die Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung widmet sich der Phosphor-Rückgewinnung JF - Recycling-Magazin KW - Klärschlamm KW - Phosphor KW - Ressource KW - Klärschlammasche KW - P-Düngemittel KW - Pilotanlage PY - 2008 SN - 1433-4399 SN - 0035-7863 VL - 63 IS - 15 SP - 28 EP - 31 PB - Reed Elsevier Deutschland GmbH CY - Gräfelfing AN - OPUS4-17860 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - McNaughton, D. T1 - Determination of phosphate phases in sewage sludge ash-based fertilizers by Raman microspectroscopy JF - Applied spectroscopy N2 - The chemical form of phosphate phases in sewage sludge ash (SSA)-based fertilizers was determined by Raman microspectroscopy. Raman mapping with a lateral resolution of 5 × 5 µm² easily detected different compounds present in the fertilizers with the help of recorded reference spectra of pure substances. Quartz and aluminosilicates showed Raman bands in the range of 450-520 cm-1. Phosphates with apatite structure and magnesium triphosphate were determined at around 960 and 980 cm-1, respectively. Furthermore, calcium/magnesium pyrophosphates were detected in some samples. KW - Fertilizer KW - Sewage sludge ash KW - Phosphate KW - Raman microspectroscopy PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1366/12-06955 SN - 0003-7028 SN - 1943-3530 VL - 67 IS - 9 SP - 1101 EP - 1105 PB - Society for Applied Spectroscopy CY - Frederick, Md. AN - OPUS4-28999 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Sekine, R. A1 - Schiller, T. A1 - Lipiec, E. A1 - McNaughton, D. T1 - Determination of phosphorus fertilizer soil reactions by Raman and synchrotron infrared microspectroscopy JF - Applied spectroscopy N2 - The reaction mechanisms of phosphate-bearing mineral phases from sewage sludge ash-based fertilizers in soil were determined by Raman and synchrotron infrared microspectroscopy. Different reaction mechanisms in wet soil were found for calcium and magnesium (pyro-) phosphates. Calcium orthophosphates were converted over time to hydroxyapatite. Conversely, different magnesium phosphates were transformed to trimagnesium phosphate. Since the magnesium phosphates are unable to form an apatite structure, the plant-available phosphorus remains in the soil, leading to better growth results observed in agricultural pot experiments. The pyrophosphates also reacted very differently. Calcium pyrophosphate is unreactive in soil. In contrast, magnesium pyrophosphate quickly formed plant-available dimagnesium phosphate. KW - Fertilizer KW - Phosphate-bearing mineral phases KW - Raman microspectroscopy KW - Sewage sludge ash KW - Soil KW - Synchrotron infrared microspectroscopy PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1366/13-07056 SN - 0003-7028 SN - 1943-3530 VL - 67 IS - 10 SP - 1165 EP - 1170 PB - Society for Applied Spectroscopy CY - Frederick, Md. AN - OPUS4-29268 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Unger, M. T1 - Heavy metal removal from sewage sludge ash analyzed by thermogravimetry JF - Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry N2 - A high temperature (1000 °C) thermochemical process for heavy metal removal from sewage sludge ash via the chloride pathway was investigated by thermogravimetry/differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA). TG and DTA measurements gave information about secession and evaporation of water, HCl, and heavy metal chlorides at different temperatures. Additionally, gaseous water and hydrochloric acid which occurred in the process were detected by an FT-IR detector that was coupled to the TG/DTA-system. Heavy metal chlorides which were also formed in the process cannot be detected by this technique. For that reason the outlet gas of the TG/DTA-system was discharged into washing flasks filled with water for absorption. The washing flasks were replaced in temperature steps of 50 °C and the heavy metal concentrations of the solutions were determined by ICP-OES. The temperature-dependent formation/evaporation of different heavy metal chlorides was analyzed and compared for two different thermochemical processes using magnesium chloride hydrate or calcium chloride hydrate as Cl-donors. In both cases evaporation of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn was observed from 600 °C, whereas As, Cr, and Ni remained in the solid state. The results were discussed against the background of thermodynamic calculations. KW - Sewage sludge ash KW - Heavy metal chloride KW - Thermodynamic simulation KW - Thermogravimetry/FT-IR PY - 2011 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-010-0966-7 SN - 1388-6150 SN - 1418-2874 SN - 0368-4466 SN - 1572-8943 VL - 103 SP - 243 EP - 248 PB - Kluwer Academic Publ. CY - Dordrecht AN - OPUS4-23157 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Kappen, P. A1 - Schiller, T. A1 - Lipiec, E. A1 - McNaughton, D. T1 - Chemical state of chromium in sewage sludge ash based phosphorus-fertilisers JF - Chemosphere N2 - Sewage sludge ash (SSA) based P-fertilisers were produced by thermochemical treatment of SSA with Cl-donors at approximately 1000 °C. During this thermochemical process heavy metals are separated as heavy metal chlorides via the gas phase. Chromium cannot be separated under normal conditions. The risk of the development of toxic Cr(VI) during the thermochemical process was investigated. X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy measurements showed that SSA and thermochemically treated SSA with CaCl2, MgCl2 and NaCl contain Cr(III) compounds only. In contrast, treating SSA with elevated quantities of Na2CO3, to enhance the plant-availability of the phosphate phases of the fertiliser, developed approximately 10–15% Cr(VI). Furthermore, Raman microspectroscopy showed that using Mg-carbonate reduces the risk of a Cr(VI) development during thermochemical treatment. Additionally, leaching tests showed that only a Cr–water solubility >10% is an indicator for Cr(VI) in SSA based P-fertilisers. KW - Chromium KW - Fertiliser KW - Sewage sludge ash KW - Raman microspectroscopy KW - X-ray absorption spectroscopy PY - 2014 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.012 SN - 0045-6535 SN - 0366-7111 VL - 103 SP - 250 EP - 255 PB - Elsevier Science CY - Kidlington, Oxford AN - OPUS4-30062 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Steckenmesser, D. A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Herzel, Hannes A1 - Félix, R. A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Steffens, D. T1 - Thermal treatment of sewage sludge for phosphorus fertilizer production: a model experiment JF - Journal of Plant Nutrition N2 - Phosphorus (P) resource availability and quality is declining and recycling P-fertilizers from waste materials are becoming increasingly important. One important secondary P resource is sewage sludge (SSL) where P is often bound as aluminum phosphate (Al-P), iron phosphate (Fe-P) and polyphosphate (poly-P), respectively. Thermal treatment in different ways is a promising way in P recycling to produce highly plant-available P-fertilizers. To investigate mechanisms behind transformation of hardly available P-species toward plant-available P forms we treated a model SSL containing different kinds of defined P sources by low-temperature conversion (LTC) at 500 °C and subsequent thermochemical treatment of the LTC product with Na additives (TCT) at 950 °C, respectively. Pot experiments with ryegrass were carried out to determine the plant availability of P of the different treatments. The poly-P (here pyrophosphates) based fertilizers had a very high plant availability after both thermal treatments. During LTC treatment the plant availability of the Fe-P and Al-P variants increased because of the Formation of Fe(II) phosphates and/or pyro-/polyphosphates. Especially the formation of Al-polyphosphate shows a high plant availability. The subsequent TCT further increased strongly the plant availability of the Fe-P variants because of the formation of highly plant-available CaNaPO4. Thus, a direct TCT without prior LTC probably also produce CaNaPO4 and is recommended for Fe-P based SSL. However, a molar Ca/P ratio of � 1 in the fertilizer is favorable for CaNaPO4 formation. Thus, the knowledge on the source of primary P in SSL is essential for choosing the accurate thermal treatment method to produce highly plant-available P-fertilizers from SSL. KW - Phosphorus KW - Sewage sludge KW - X-ray diffraction KW - X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy KW - Fertilizer PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2021.1994595 SN - 0190-4167 VL - 45 IS - 8 SP - 1123 EP - 1133 PB - Taylor & Francis Online AN - OPUS4-53755 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Peplinski, Burkhard A1 - Wellendorf, Stephan T1 - Chemical reactions during the preparation of P and NPK fertilizers from thermochemically treated sewage sludge ashes JF - Soil science and plant nutrition KW - NPK fertilizer KW - P fertilizer KW - Phosphorus recycling KW - Sewage sludge ash KW - Urban mining PY - 2010 DO - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-0765.2010.00485.x SN - 0038-0768 SN - 1747-0765 VL - 56 IS - 4 SP - 627 EP - 635 PB - Blackwell Publ. Asia CY - Tokyo, Japan AN - OPUS4-21924 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Kohl, Anka A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Spectroscopic investigation in the mid- and far-infrared regions of phosphorus fertilizers derived from thermochemically treated sewage sludge ash JF - Applied spectroscopy N2 - Inorganic phosphorus and nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium (NPK) fertilizers based on phosphates from thermochemically treated sewage sludge ash were analyzed using mid-infrared (mid-IR) and far-infrared (FIR) spectroscopy. The different compounds present in the fertilizers were qualitatively determined with the help of recorded reference spectra of pure substances. Differentiation between various phosphates and other compounds such as sulfates, nitrates, and oxides was possible using combined interpretation of the mid-IR and FIR spectra. The results are in agreement with previous X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements of the same samples. The main phosphate phases detected were NH4H2PO4, MgHPO4·3H2O, Mg3(PO4)2, Ca5(PO4)5Cl, CaHPO4·2H2O, Ca(H2-PO4)2·H2O, and AlPO4. Furthermore, K2SO4, NH4NO3, Fe2O3, and SiO2 were identified in the IR spectra. However, ammonium and sulfate compounds were only identified in the mid-IR region but were not detectable in the FIR region. KW - Sewage sludge ash KW - Fertilizer KW - P-fertilizer KW - Phosphorus compounds KW - Mid-infrared spectroscopy KW - Far-infrared spectroscopy PY - 2011 DO - https://doi.org/10.1366/10-06168 SN - 0003-7028 SN - 1943-3530 VL - 65 IS - 3 SP - 265 EP - 271 PB - Society for Applied Spectroscopy CY - Frederick, Md. AN - OPUS4-23270 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Heavy metal removal from sewage sludge ash by thermochemical treatment with gaseous hydrochlorid acid JF - Environmental science & technology N2 - Sewage sludge ash (SSA) is a suitable raw material for fertilizers due to its high phosphorus (P) content. However, heavy metals must be removed before agricultural application and P should be transferred into a bioavailable form. The utilization of gaseous hydrochloric acid for thermochemical heavy metal removal from SSA at approximately 1000 °C was investigated and compared to the utilization of alkaline earth metal chlorides. The heavy metal removal efficiency increased as expected with higher gas concentration, longer retention time and higher temperature. Equivalent heavy metal removal efficiency were achieved with these different Cl-donors under comparable conditions (150 g Cl/kg SSA, 1000 °C). In contrast, the bioavailability of the P-bearing compounds present in the SSA after thermal treatment with gaseous HCl was not as good as the bioavailability of the P-bearing compounds formed by the utilization of magnesium chloride. This disadvantage was overcome by mixing MgCO3 as an Mg-donor to the SSA before thermochemical treatment with the gaseous Cl-donor. A test series under systematic variation of the operational parameters showed that copper removal is more depending on the retention time than the removal of zinc. Zn-removal was declined by a decreasing ratio of the partial pressures of ZnCl2 and water. KW - Phosphorus recycling KW - Sewage sludge ash KW - Heavy metal elimination KW - Urban mining PY - 2011 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/es2007319 SN - 0013-936X SN - 1520-5851 VL - 45 IS - 17 SP - 7445 EP - 7450 PB - ACS Publ. CY - Washington, DC AN - OPUS4-24170 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -