TY - CONF A1 - Wilke, Olaf A1 - Seeger, Stefan T1 - VOC-Emissions from thermoplastic filaments for 3-D-printing N2 - Summary: A screening test for potential emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) was run on different thermoplastic filaments used for 3D printing. The method of direct thermal desorption was used to simulate the high temperatures during the 3D printing process and to identify the main compounds emitted from the filaments. A large number of unexpected compounds were detected that might affect the user’s health and have an impact on indoor air chemistry. Introduction: The use of desktop 3D printers is increasing. Compared to other devices with known emissions, e.g. laser printers, there is still a lack of information on possible emissions of VOC and ultrafine particles during operation and the effect on indoor air quality. Most of the commercially available desktop 3D printers operate with a molten polymer deposition. For this process a solid thermoplastic filament is heated in an extrusion nozzle. Most filaments for desktop 3D printers use either acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) or polylactic acid (PLA) as filament. Alternatives are polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) or polycarbonate (PC). Method: Eight different thermoplastic filaments for 3D printers were analysed by direct thermal desorption followed by GC-MS identification of the emitted substances. Direct thermal desorption was done by desorbing 5 mg of the feedstock for 1 minute at a temperature of 210°C. This is an average temperature for 3D printing with thermoplastic filaments. Results and conclusions: The comparison of the 4 different filament groups showed the highest overall emissions from ABS, followed by PLA, PC and PVA. Filament ABS 2 emitted mainly SVOCs and triphenyl phosphate, the latter has the highest emission for a single compound from all evaluated filaments. Thermoplastic filaments are a new source of VOC emissions due to the high temperatures associated with 3D printing, which can reach up to 270°C. Some of the detected compounds like lactic acid, lactide and bisphenol A have never been described before in the indoor environment. Additionally some of the main substances could not be identified and some others might have the potential to affect the indoor air chemistry. The appearance of some newly detected compounds raises concerns about potential health effects for the users of 3D printers at home. T2 - 20th Conference | Odour and Emissions of Plastic Materials CY - Kassel, Germany DA - 20.03.2018 KW - VOC KW - Emissions KW - 3D printing KW - Thermoplastic filaments PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44551 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Maul, Ronald A1 - Borzekowski, Antje A1 - Drewitz, Tatjana A1 - Keller, Julia A1 - Pfeifer, Dietmar A1 - Kunte, Hans-Jörg A1 - Koch, Matthias A1 - Rohn, S. T1 - Biosynthesis of zearalenone conjugates by fungi N2 - Zearalenone (ZEN) and its sulfate and glucoside conjugates have been detected in (a broad variety of) food and feed commodities1. Both conjugated derivatives are formed as part of fungal or plant secondary metabolism and thus, belong to the group of modified mycotoxins2. After consumption of contaminated foodstuff, the conjugates can be hydrolyzed by human intestinal microbiota leading to liberation of ZEN that implies an underestimation of the true ZEN exposure. In order to include ZEN conjugates in routine analysis, as well as for toxicological investigation reliable standards are needed. The objective of the present study was to develop a simple and economic method for biosynthesis of ZEN conjugates. Preceding experiments on the biotransformation of ZEN by Rhizopus and Aspergillus species showed a mixed metabolite formation3. Therefore, these known ZEN conjugating fungal strains were screened for their potential to selectively synthesize the ZEN derivatives ZEN-14-sulfate (Z14S), ZEN-14-glucoside (Z14G) and ZEN-16-glucoside (Z16G). The screening was conducted by adding ZEN to liquid fungal cultures. Cultivation conditions and ZEN incubation time were varied. All media samples were analyzed for metabolite formation by HPLC-MS/MS. Z14S was exclusively formed by A. oryzae. Under optimized conditions a specific biosynthesis of Z14G by R. oryzae and Z16G by R. oligosporus was achieved. After liquid-liquid-extraction and preparative chromatographic cleanup 1H-NMR purities of ≥ 73% for Z14S, ≥ 82% for Z14G and ≥ 50% for Z16G were obtained. In addition, a consecutive biosynthesis was developed by first using Fusarium graminearum for ZEN biosynthesis on rice based liquid medium. After inactivation of Fusarium the subsequent conjugation reaction was conducted utilizing Aspergillus and Rhizopus species under the various optimized conditions. In this study an easy and cost-efficient biosynthesis for Z14S, Z14G and Z16G was developed. The developed biosynthesis could be also used for other metabolites like ZEL conjugates. Our results of the in vitro screening indicate also the formation of a ZEL-glucoside and α ZEL-sulfate as major metabolites by R. oryzae. In sum, under optimized cultivation conditions fungi can be easily utilized for a targeted and stereospecific synthesis of ZEN conjugates. T2 - 10th World Mycotoxin Forum Conference CY - Amsterdam, The Netherlands DA - 12.03.2018 KW - Mycotoxins KW - Food safety KW - Analytical standards PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44547 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sanchez-Martin, Pedro A1 - Becker, Roland A1 - Toepel, J. A1 - Gorbushina, Anna T1 - An improved test for the evaluation of hydrocarbon degradation capacities of diesel-contaminating microorganisms N2 - The development of a test to evaluate the degradation of semi-volatile fuels as diesel by microorganisms is presented. This method is based on the principles described in the CEC-L-103 Standard procedure that is exclusively meant for testing the biodegradability of non-volatile lubricants. Therefore, significant modifications involve aseptic conditions for testing specific microorganisms and conducting the test in closed vessels avoiding evaporation losses, while fuel quantification using gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) is retained. It is suggested that the modified procedure should enable routine application for semi-volatile hydrocarbon-based fuels. GC-FID provides additionally valuable information on the alteration of fuel component patterns during biodegradation. The procedure was successfully tested using two bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Sphingomonas sp.) and two yeasts (Moesziomyces sp. and Candida sp.) isolated from real diesel contamination cases. All tested microorganisms caused a significant degradation of diesel fuel achieving hydrocarbon degradation percentages ranging from 23% to 35%. Specific aspects on the test modification and prospects for further modification regarding targeted investigations in the field of fuel contamination by microorganisms are briefly discussed. KW - Biofouling KW - Bacteria KW - Fungi KW - CEC-L-103 KW - GC-FID KW - Reference organisms PY - 2018 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2018.01.009 SN - 0964-8305 VL - 129 SP - 89 EP - 94 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-44524 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kjaervik, Marit A1 - Schwibbert, Karin A1 - Dietrich, P. A1 - Thissen, A. A1 - Unger, Wolfgang T1 - Surface characterisation of bacteria and biofilms by NAP-XPS N2 - The XPS information depth of approximately 10 nm is in the same size range as the outer membrane of the gram-negative bacteria, which makes XPS a suitable tool for determining the elemental composition of the bacterial surface and monitor changes caused by outer stress like dehydration or exposure to antimicrobials. However, bacteria are inherently in a hydrated state, and therefore only compatible to ultra-high vacuum after extensive sample preparation, which may degrade the sample constituents. This issue is addressed by the development of near-ambient pressure (NAP)-XPS, which enables bacteria and biofilms to be characterised in their native wet state. Artificial biofilms, bacteria and biofilms of Escherichia coli have been characterised with the laboratory NAP-XPS instrument EnviroESCA from SPECS GmbH, at pressures ranging from high vacuum to 12 mbar, and in both humid and dry environment. By studying biological samples in their native wet state, new insight about composition and transport of drugs through cell membranes and the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) of biofilms can be obtained. In this contribution, the latest progress on biofilm characterisation by NAP-XPS will be presented, and measurement capabilities and limitations will be discussed. T2 - Die Frühjahrstagung der Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 12.03.2018 KW - Biofilms KW - E. coli KW - Alginate KW - NAP-XPS PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44500 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kjaervik, Marit A1 - Schwibbert, Karin A1 - Dietrich, P. A1 - Thissen, A. A1 - Unger, Wolfgang T1 - Surface characterisation of biofilms by nearambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy N2 - The XPS information depth of approximately 10 nm is in the same size range as the outer membrane of the gram-negative bacteria, which makes XPS a suitable tool for determining the elemental composition of the bacterial surface and monitor changes caused by outer stress like dehydration or exposure to antimicrobials. However, bacteria are inherently in a hydrated state, and therefore only compatible to ultra-high vacuum after extensive sample preparation, which may degrade the sample constituents. This issue is addressed by the development of near-ambient pressure (NAP)-XPS, which enables bacteria and biofilms to be characterised in their native wet state. Artificial biofilms, bacteria and biofilms of Escherichia coli have been characterised with the laboratory NAP-XPS instrument EnviroESCA from SPECS GmbH, at pressures ranging from high vacuum to 12 mbar, and in both humid and dry environment. By studying biological samples in their native wet state, new insight about composition and transport of drugs through cell membranes and the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) of biofilms can be obtained. T2 - Royal Society of Chemistry Twitter Conference CY - Worldwide (online conference) DA - 06.03.2018 KW - Biofilms KW - E. coli KW - Alginate KW - NAP-XPS PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44498 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Huber, F. A1 - Herzel, Hannes A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Mallow, O. A1 - Blasenbauer, D. A1 - Fellner, J. T1 - Combined disc pelletisation and thermal treatment of MSWI fly ash N2 - An environmentally friendly and cost efficient way for the management of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash represents its thermal co-treatment together with combustible waste. However, the safe introduction and storage of MSWI fly ash in the waste bunker is challenging and associated with severe problems (e.g. dust emissions, generation of undefined lumps and heat in case of moistened MSWI fly ash). Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the suitability of pelletisation as a pretreatment of MSWI fly ash. In particular, MSWI fly ash was characterised after sampling, pelletisation and thermal treatment and the transfer of constituents to secondary fly ash and flue gas was investigated. For this purpose, MSWI fly ash pellets with a water content of about 0.15 kg/kg and a diameter of about 8 mm have been produced by disc pelletiser and treated in an electrically heated pilot-scale rotary kiln at different temperatures, ranging from 450°C to 1050°C. The total contents of selected elements in the MSWI fly ash before and after thermal treatment and in the generated secondary fly ash have been analysed in order to understand the fate of each element. Furthermore, leachable contents of selected elements and total content of persistent organic pollutants of the thermally treated MSWI fly ash were determined. Due to the low total content of Hg (0.7 mg/kg) and the low leachate content of Pb (<0.36 mg/kg), even at the lowest treatment temperature of 450°C, thermally treated MSWI fly ash pellets can be classified as nonhazardous waste. However, temperatures of at least 650°C are necessary to decrease the toxic equivalency of PCDD/F and DL-PCB. The removal of toxic heavy metals like Cd and Pb is significantly improved at temperatures of 850°C, 950°C or even 1050°C. The observed metal removal led to relatively high contents of e.g. Cu (up to 11,000 mg/kg), Pb (up to 91,000 mg/kg) and Zn (up to 21,000 mg/kg) in the secondary fly ash. This metal enriched secondary fly ash might represent a potential raw material for metal recovery (e.g. via acidic leaching). Due to the high content of total dissolved solids observed in the leachate of thermally treated MSWI fly ash pellets, a wet extraction procedure is suggested to enable its safe disposal at non-hazardous waste landfills. KW - MSWI fly ash KW - Thermal treatment PY - 2018 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.12.020 SN - 0956-053X VL - 73 SP - 381 EP - 391 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Rotterdam AN - OPUS4-44481 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bandow, Nicole T1 - Consideration of organic contaminants and ecotoxicologal impact of recycling materials - Handling of substances without treshold values N2 - The presentation gives an overview about the use of ecotoxicity testing in assessment of waste. Especially in cases with unknown composition this kind of test are useful. Recently, the assessment of the hazard property HP 14 "ecotoxicity" for the labelling of waste was published. The labelling procedure is explained in detail. T2 - Travelling Conference CY - Perth, Australia DA - 06.02.2018 KW - Ecotoxicity KW - HP14 KW - Recycling materials PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44456 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bandow, Nicole T1 - Consideration of organic contaminants and ecotoxicologal impact of recycling materials - Handling of substances without treshold values N2 - The presentation gives an overview about the use of ecotoxicity testing in assessment of waste. Especially in cases with unknown composition this kind of test are useful. Recently, the assessment of the hazard property HP 14 "ecotoxicity" for the labelling of waste was published. The labelling procedure is explained in detail. T2 - Travelling Conference CY - Ho-Chi-Ming City, Vietnam DA - 01.02.2018 KW - Ecotoxicity KW - HP14 KW - Recycling materials PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44455 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bandow, Nicole T1 - Consideration of organic contaminants and ecotoxicologal impact of recycling materials - Handling of substances without treshold values N2 - The presentation gives an overview about the use of ecotoxicity testing in assessment of waste. Especially in cases with unknown composition this kind of test are useful. Recently, the assessment of the hazard property HP 14 "ecotoxicity" for the labelling of waste was published. The labelling procedure is explained in detail. T2 - Travelling Conference CY - Seoul, Korea DA - 29.01.2018 KW - Ecotoxicity KW - Recycling materials KW - HP14 PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44454 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Borzekowski, Antje A1 - Drewitz, T. A1 - Keller, Julia A1 - Pfeifer, Dietmar A1 - Kunte, Hans-Jörg A1 - Koch, Matthias A1 - Rohn, S. A1 - Maul, R. T1 - Biosynthesis and characterization of zearalenone-14-sulfate, zearalenone-14-glucoside and zearalenone-16-glucoside using common fungal strains N2 - Zearalenone (ZEN) and its phase II sulfate and glucoside metabolites have been detected in food and feed commodities. After consumption, the conjugates can be hydrolyzed by the human intestinal microbiota leading to liberation of ZEN that implies an underestimation of the true ZEN exposure. To include ZEN conjugates in routine analysis, reliable standards are needed, which are currently not available. Thus, the aim of the present study was to develop a facilitated biosynthesis of ZEN-14-sulfate, ZEN-14-glucoside and ZEN-16-glucoside. A metabolite screening was conducted by adding ZEN to liquid fungi cultures of known ZEN conjugating Aspergillus and Rhizopus strains. Cultivation conditions and ZEN incubation time were varied. All media samples were analyzed for metabolite formation by HPLC-MS/MS. In addition, a consecutive biosynthesis was developed by using Fusarium graminearum for ZEN biosynthesis with subsequent conjugation of the toxin by utilizing Aspergillus and Rhizopus species. ZEN-14-sulfate (yield: 49%) is exclusively formed by Aspergillus oryzae. ZEN-14-glucoside (yield: 67%) and ZEN-16-glucoside (yield: 39%) are formed by Rhizopus oryzae and Rhizopus oligosporus, respectively. Purities of ≥73% ZEN-14-sulfate, ≥82% ZEN-14-glucoside and ≥50% ZEN-16-glucoside were obtained by 1H-NMR. In total, under optimized cultivation conditions, fungi can be easily utilized for a targeted and regioselective synthesis of ZEN conjugates. KW - Mycotoxin KW - Zearalenone KW - Conjugate KW - Biosynthesis KW - Fusarium KW - Aspergillus KW - Rhizopus PY - 2018 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-444246 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10030104 SN - 2072-6651 VL - 10 IS - 3 SP - Article 104, 1 EP - 15 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-44424 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wöhlecke, Andreas T1 - Aktuelle Diskussionen zur vorläufigen Zulassungsrichtlinie von Bewehrungsgittern für Deponieoberflächenabdichtungen und zu Auftragsnähten in Kunststoffdichtungsbahnen N2 - Die BAM wurde 2009 u. a. mit der Zulassung von Bewehrungsgittern für den Deponiebau beauftragt. Der Stand von Wissenschaft und Technik bot jedoch keine ausreichende Grundlage, die tatsächlich relevanten Widerstände und die mit diesen Widerständen verbundene Wechselwirkung zwischen Gitter und Boden im Hinblick auf eine mindestens 100-jährige Funktionsdauer realistisch beurteilen zu können. Es wurde daher nur eine vorläufige Zulassungsrichtlinie für diese Produkte erarbeitet. In der Zwischenzeit hat sich ein neuer Kenntnisstand ergeben. Vor diesem Hintergrund hat die AG (Arbeitsgruppe) Geogitter des Fachbeirats der BAM am 26.09.2017 getagt. Es sollen die aktuellen Erkenntnisse und Schlussfolgerungen für die Zulassung in Kürze vorgestellt werden. Die entsprechenden Kapitel beruhen dabei auf einem Arbeitspapier von W.W. Müller und dem Autoren, das der Arbeitsgruppe zur Diskussion vorgelegt wurde. Weiterhin soll über Entwicklungen in Zusammenhang mit Kunststoffdichtungsbahnen (KDB) berichtet werden. Die Anforderungen an die Schweißzusätze für das Extrusionsschweißen wurden angepasst. Zudem soll über die aktuelle Diskussion der Schweißbarkeit unterschiedlicher HDPE Materialien informiert werden. Die maßgebliche DVS (Deutscher Verband für Schweißen und verwandte Verfahren) Richtlinie 2225-4 wird derzeit offenbar so ausgelegt, dass Materialien mit völlig unterschiedlichen Schmelze-Massefließrate miteinander verbunden werden können. Dies steht allerdings im grundlegenden Widerspruch zum Stand der Technik. T2 - 14. Leipziger Deponiefachtagung - Planung, Bau, Betrieb, Stilllegung, Nachsorge und Nachnutzung von Deponien CY - Leipzig, Germany DA - 06.03.2018 KW - Bewehrungen aus Kunststoff KW - Kunststoffschweißen KW - Deponietechnik PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44418 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wöhlecke, Andreas ED - Al-Akel, S. T1 - Aktuelle Diskussionen zur vorläufigen Zulassungsrichtlinie von Bewehrungsgittern für Deponieoberflächenabdichtungen und zu Auftragsnähten in Kunststoffdichtungsbahnen N2 - Die BAM wurde 2009 u. a. mit der Zulassung von Bewehrungsgittern für den Deponiebau beauftragt. Der Stand von Wissenschaft und Technik bot jedoch keine ausreichende Grundlage, die tatsächlich relevanten Widerstände und die mit diesen Widerständen verbundene Wechselwirkung zwischen Gitter und Boden im Hinblick auf eine mindestens 100-jährige Funktionsdauer realistisch beurteilen zu können. Es wurde daher nur eine vorläufige Zulassungsrichtlinie für diese Produkte erarbeitet. In der Zwischenzeit hat sich ein neuer Kenntnisstand ergeben. Vor diesem Hintergrund hat die AG (Arbeitsgruppe) Geogitter des Fachbeirats der BAM am 26.09.2017 getagt. Es sollen die aktuellen Erkenntnisse und Schlussfolgerungen für die Zulassung in Kürze vorgestellt werden. Die entsprechenden Kapitel beruhen dabei auf einem Arbeitspapier von W.W. Müller und dem Autoren, das der Arbeitsgruppe zur Diskussion vorgelegt wurde. Weiterhin soll über Entwicklungen in Zusammenhang mit Kunststoffdichtungsbahnen (KDB) berichtet werden. Die Anforderungen an die Schweißzusätze für das Extrusionsschweißen wurden angepasst. Zudem soll über die aktuelle Diskussion der Schweißbarkeit unterschiedlicher HDPE Materialien informiert werden. Die maßgebliche DVS (Deutscher Verband für Schweißen und verwandte Verfahren) Richtlinie 2225-4 wird derzeit offenbar so ausgelegt, dass Materialien mit völlig unterschiedlichen Schmelze-Massefließrate miteinander verbunden werden können. Dies steht allerdings im grundlegenden Widerspruch zum Stand der Technik. T2 - 14. Leipziger Deponiefachtagung - Planung, Bau, Betrieb, Stilllegung, Nachsorge und Nachnutzung von Deponien CY - Leipzig, Germany DA - 06.03.2018 KW - Deponietechnik KW - Bewehrungen aus Kunststoff KW - Kunststoffschweißen PY - 2018 SN - 978-3-943443-47-9 VL - 14 SP - 53 EP - 68 AN - OPUS4-44417 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Kratz, S. T1 - Charakterisierung der P-Verfügbarkeit in Düngemitteln durch P-Senken N2 - Recycling-Düngemittel auf Basis von sekundären Ressourcen (Gülle, Gärreste, Klärschlamm, Tiermehl etc.) gewinnen in den letzten Jahren zunehmend an Bedeutung in der Landwirtschaft. Die in den Recycling-Düngemitteln enthaltenen P-Spezies weichen oft stark von denen in konventionell hergestellten Düngemitteln aus Rohphosphat ab, zudem enthalten Recyclingdünger oft mehrere verschiedene P-Formen. Die Pflanzenverfügbarkeit des P in ist ganz wesentlich von der enthaltenen P-Form abhängig. Derzeit gibt es außer zeitaufwendigen und kostspieligen Gefäß- und Feldversuchen keine zufriedenstellende Testmethode zur Analyse der P-Pflanzenverfügbarkeit von unterschiedlichen Recycling P-Düngemitteln. Die im europäischen Düngemittelrecht normierten chemischen Extraktionsmethoden (Wasser, Zitronensäure, Ameisensäure, neutral Ammoniumcitrat etc.) zeigen oftmals keine oder nur sehr geringe Korrelation zu der P-Aufnahme von Pflanzen in Gefäßversuchen mit Recycling-Düngemitteln (Kratz et al. 2010, Steckenmesser et al. 2017, Vogel et al. 2017). Eine grundlegende Schwäche chemischer Extraktionsmethoden liegt darin, dass es sich dabei um statische Methoden handelt, die nicht in der Lage sind, die im System Boden/Düngemittel-Bodenlösung-Pflanze stattfindenden dynamischen Prozesse wie P-Freisetzung und Entzug durch die Pflanzenwurzeln abzubilden. Einen Lösungsansatz bieten hier sog. P-Senken-Methoden. Bereits in den 1950er Jahren wurden erstmals P-Senken zur Analyse des Boden-P angewendet (Chardon et al. 1996). In den darauffolgenden Jahrzehnten wurden verschiedene P-Senken auf der Basis von Eisenoxid-Papier entwickelt (Chardon et al. 1996). Jedoch konnten diese Ansätze auch nur begrenzt zur Bestimmung der P-Pflanzenverfügbarkeit des Boden-P eingesetzt werden. Mitte der 1990er Jahre wurde die DGT (engl. diffusive gradients in thin films) Methode entwickelt (Zhang et al. 1998). Bei der DGT Methode diffundiert P aus der Bodenlösung des angefeuchteten Bodens durch einen Membranfilter und die Diffusionsschicht und wird anschließend an einer Bindungsschicht absorbiert. Durch den Diffusionsgradienten wird das Gleichgewicht in der Bodenlösung permanent gestört, wodurch auch labiles P im Boden gelöst wird. Die stetige Entnahme von P aus der Bodenlösung über die Diffusions-/Bindungsschicht simuliert dabei den Entzug von P durch die Pflanzenwurzel. Die an die Bindungsschicht adsorbierte Menge an P korreliert stark mit der P-Aufnahme von Pflanzen (u.a. Mason et al. 2005, 2013; Menzies et al. 2005, Six et al. 2012). Im Gegensatz zu chemischen Extraktionsmethoden werden bei der DGT Methode Mischungen an Düngemittel und Boden für mehrere Tage inkubiert (Vogel et al. 2017; Duboc et al. 2017), da ansonsten wasserlösliche P-Dünger den DGT Adsorber sättigen und wasserunlösliche P-Dünger unterschätzt werden. Ein bis zwei Wochen Inkubation sind ausreichend, damit sich pflanzenverfügbares P in die Mischungen bildet. In letzter Zeit haben verschiedene Forschungsgruppen gezeigt, dass die DGT Methode auch eine sehr gute Korrelation mit der Pflanzenverfügbarkeit verschiedener Typen von (Recycling-)P-Düngemitteln aufweist (Vogel et al. 2017; Duboc et al. 2017; Foereid 2017; Haarstad and Bavor 2017; Lemming et al. 2017). Bei Gefäßversuchen mit verschiedenen Recycling P-Düngemitteln konnte die DGT Methode den Ertrag bzw. die P-Aufnahme von Mais deutlich besser vorhersagen als herkömmliche chemische Extraktionsmethoden (Vogel et al. 2017; Duboc et al. 2017). Daher kann die DGT Methode im Vorfeld der Zulassung von neuen Düngermitteltypen als zuverlässige und robuste Methode zum Screening von Produktvarianten eines Düngemittelherstellers verwendet werden. Um dieses Messverfahren im Rahmen des Düngemittelrechts als Bewertungsinstrument für die Abschätzung der Pflanzenverfügbarkeit unterschiedlicher Düngemittel zu verwenden, muss es allerdings zunächst standardisiert werden. Zu diesem Zweck bietet sich der Einsatz eines „standardisierten“ Bodens bzw. Bodenrezepts an. Zur Kalibrierung der Methode im jeweiligen Labor könnten auch chemisch definierte P-Verbindungen mit bekannter Löslichkeit/Pflanzenverfügbarkeit als Referenz-substanzen verwendet werden. T2 - Fachgespräch Recycling-Phosphate als Düngemittel für die Landwirtschaft CY - Bonn, Germany DA - 14.02.2018 KW - Düngemittel KW - Sekundärrohstoffe KW - Phosphor KW - DGT KW - P-Senken KW - Extraktionsversuche PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44339 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hufsky, F. A1 - Ibrahim, B. A1 - Beer, M. A1 - Deng, L. A1 - Le Mercier, P. A1 - McMahon, Dino Peter A1 - Palmarini, M. A1 - Thiel, V. A1 - Marz, M. T1 - Virologists—Heroes need weapons N2 - Virologists. You might know a couple of them, but unless you are a virologist yourself, the probability that you have collaborated with one in the past is low. The community is relatively small, but they pack a heavy punch and are expected to play a leading role in the research into pathogens that lies ahead. You may ask why we think virologists are our future. Suffice it to say that it is not just because they have invented technologies that belong to the space age, including use of viruses as vehicles to shuttle genes into cells[1], organic nanoparticles with specific tools attached to their surfaces to get inside target cells[2], and using genetically modified viruses as therapies to fight against cancer[3]. Did you know that virologists currently only know of about 3,200 viral species but that more than 320,000 mammal-associated viruses[4] are thought to await discovery? Just think about the viruses hidden in the Arctic ice[5] or in the insects and other animals from once cut-off regions in the world, which now face ever-increasing human exposure[6]. But a heroic (as well as an apocalyptic) role for virologists may also be on the horizon, as the adoption of phage therapy may, in the future, be used to control harmful bacteria when antibiotics fail KW - Virology KW - Bioinformatics PY - 2018 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-442402 DO - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1006771 SN - 1553-7366 SN - 1553-7374 VL - 14 IS - 2 SP - Article e1006771, 1 EP - 3 PB - Public Library of Science CY - Lawrence, Kan. AN - OPUS4-44240 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Chemische Charakterisierung von P-Recyclaten N2 - Zukünftig werden vermehrt P-Recyclate auf den Düngemittelmarkt kommen. Diese müssen ausreichend charakterisiert werden, um Sicherheit und Wirksamkeit beurteilen zu können. Mit dem Vortrag wurde der wissenschaftliche Beirat für Düngungsfragen des Bundesministeriums für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft beraten. T2 - Fachgespräch Recycling-Phosphate als Düngemittel für die Landwirtschaft CY - Bonn, Germany DA - 14.02.2018 KW - P-Recyclate KW - Sekundärrohstoffe PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44178 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kjaervik, Marit A1 - Schwibbert, Karin A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Thissen, A. A1 - Dietrich, P. T1 - Progress on characterisation of biofilms by NAP-XPS N2 - Progress talk on characterisation of biofilms by NAP-XPS in the framework of the MetVBadBugs EURAMET-project T2 - MetVBadBugs 24 M project meeting CY - Turin, Italy DA - 06.02.2018 KW - Biofilms KW - E. coli KW - Alginate KW - NAP-XPS PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-44065 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Plarre, Rüdiger T1 - Termiten in Deutschland - wo gibt es denn so was? N2 - Rare occurrences of termites in Germany. Termites are typical elements of the tropical and subtropical insect fauna. In Europe, their most northern natural range is southern France, Italy and the South-Balkan region. Only occasionally are termites found in Germany. Their occurrence is always very closely associated with the synanthropic environment. Drywood termites like Cryptotermes brevis or Kalotermis flavicollis were accidentally imported with furniture, wooden artefacts or plant material into homes or indoor arboretums. Similar pathways of termite introduction are described for Coptotermes gestroi and Reticulitermes sp. into tropical botanical gardens and tropical theme parks. Although termites were introduced to Germany several times, successful spreading or long term establishment never occurred due to climatic barriers, namely cold winter temperatures. Only Reticulitermes flavipes formed sustainable colonies in the city of Hamburg for several decades. Originating from the eastern United States of America, this species was introduced in the 1930s with infested wood through the sea port. Small subterranean colonies could survive the winter in areas where pipes of the central heating system kept the ground from freezing. Control efforts of this potentially invasive species of economic importance started early on but failed until modern bait techniques were applied in the year 2000. Currently, termites have not been detected in Hamburg for the last five years. KW - Holzschutz KW - Termiten KW - Neozoon PY - 2018 SN - 0037-5942 VL - Neue Folge 53 SP - 83 EP - 90 PB - Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-44055 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Plarre, Rüdiger A1 - Busweiler, Sabine T1 - Erneute Antennen-Anomalie beim Hausbockkäfer Hylotrupes bajulus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in der F3-Generation N2 - Second occurrence of aberrant antenna in house longhorn beetle Hylotrupes bajulus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in the F3 generation. In 2016, the house longhorn beetle (Hylotrupes bajulus) breeding culture of the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) in Berlin produced a second female beetle with a unique malformed right antenna similar to the one previously reported. As in the first case the flagellum following the pedical was bifurcated. This time, however, both branches were of similar length with 7 and 8 flagellomeres, respectively. The left antenna was normally developed with 11 antennal segments (scape, pedicel and 9 flagellomeres). This second female stands as F3-generation in direct maternal line to the previous one. A heritable cause for the malformation is likely. KW - Hausbockkäfer KW - Entwicklung KW - Vererbung PY - 2018 SN - 0037-5942 VL - Neue Folge 53 SP - 101 EP - 105 PB - Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-44052 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Plarre, Rüdiger T1 - Eine kleine kleine Natur- und Kulturgeschichte der Kleidermotte (Tineola bisselliella) N2 - A short natural and cultural history of the webbing clothes moth (Tineola bisselliella). It is generally accepted that the natural habitats of most pest insects can be found outside the synanthropic environment in layers of leaf litter, under bark, as well as in rodent or bird nests. Indeed, most of the common fabric pests have been reported as being facultative nidicolous. Therefore, infestation of commodities by pest insects out of these reservoirs is one possibility to be considered. However, the likelihood of a pest´s occurrence and survival outside of the synanthropic habitat largely depends on its ecological potential and competitiveness against other species of the same ecological guild. Some pest species are rarely found in wild habitats, especially in those regions where they are not native and where they have been introduced by man. The fabric pest Tineola bisselliella serves as a good example. Most likely originating from Central or Southern Africa, this insect was introduced into Europe probably not earlier than the late 18th century. Being more tolerant to dry environments than other fabric pests, its economical importance increased during the 20th century when the indoor climate changed because of central heating systems. Its occurrence in outdoor natural habitats must be regarded as accidental. Reported finds of webbing clothes moth larvae in bird nests e. g. have been largely overstated in the literature. Tineola bisselliella should be regarded as an invasive and eusynanthropic species in most parts of the world. KW - Textilschädling KW - Museumsschädling KW - Anpassung KW - Evolution PY - 2018 SN - 0037-5942 VL - Neue Folge 53 SP - 43 EP - 57 PB - Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-44048 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Steger, Simon A1 - Stege, H. A1 - Bretz, S. A1 - Hahn, Oliver T1 - Capabilities and limitations of handheld Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS) for the analysis of colourants and binders in 20th-century reverse paintings on glass N2 - A non-invasivemethod has been carried out to show the capabilities and limitations of Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS) for identifying of colourants and binders in modern reverse glass paintings. For this purpose, the reverse glass paintings “Zwei Frauen am Tisch” (1920–22), “Bäume” (1946) (both by Heinrich Campendonk), “Lofoten” (1933) (Edith Campendonk-van Leckwyck) and “Ohne Titel” (1954) (Marianne Uhlenhuth), were measured. In contrast to other techniques (e.g. panel and mural painting), the paint layers are applied in reverse succession. In multi-layered paint systems, the front paint layer may no longer be accessible. The work points out the different spectral appearance of a given substance (gypsum, basic lead white) in reverse glass paintings. However, inverted bands, band overlapping and derivative-shaped spectral features can be interpreted by comparing the spectra fromthe paintingswith spectra frompure powders and pigment/linseed oil mock-ups. Moreover, the work focuses on this method's capabilities in identifying synthetic organic pigments (SOP). Reference spectra of three common SOP (PG7, PY1, PR83) were obtained from powders and historical colour charts.We identified PR83 and PY1 in two reverse glass paintings, using the measured reference spectra. The recorded DRIFTS spectra of pure linseed oil, gum Arabic, mastic, polyvinyl acetate resin and bees wax can be used to classify the binding media of the measured paintings. KW - DRIFTS KW - Painting KW - Non-invasive KW - Pigment PY - 2018 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2018.01.057 SN - 1873-3557 VL - 195 SP - 103 EP - 112 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-44023 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -