TY - CONF A1 - Merryweather, S. A1 - Zweifel, D. A1 - Woydt, Mathias ED - Franek, F. ED - Bartz, Wilfried J. ED - Pauschitz, A. ED - Vizintin, J. ED - Ciulli, E. ED - Crockett, R. T1 - Fuel economy of engine oils based on polyalkylene glycols N2 - The driver for automotive OEMs to work on alternative engine oils is the need for fuel economy and no adverse effect of the engine oil on the durability of particulate filters and catalysts. The alternative engine oils should for mid-term also comply with a positive environmental Profile. T2 - 3rd European Conference on Tribology and 4th Vienna International Conference on Nano-Technology CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 07.06.2011 KW - Biomotox KW - Head capacity KW - Fuel economy KW - Drain KW - Polyglycol KW - Polypropylene glycol KW - Polyalkylene glycol KW - Polybutylene glycol PY - 2011 SN - 978-3-901657-38-2 SP - 25 EP - 34 PB - MDH Media GesmbH CY - Wien AN - OPUS4-35671 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Fontana, Patrick A1 - Müller, Urs A1 - Malaga, Katarina A1 - Lagerblad, B. A1 - Meng, Birgit T1 - Precast concrete facade elements with low embodied energy N2 - Concrete is by far the most common building material in the world. Due to its good durability it is widely used in building envelopes. One major part of the embodied energy in concrete comes from the production of Portland cement that consumes around 3,500 MJ energy per each ton of cement. Globally 2.6 billion tons of Portland cement is produced and the consumption is increasing. Since concrete will be used as main building material also in future construction, it is reasonable to develop concrete building components with lower embodied energy.Using the example of an ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) façade element, it is demonstrated how the embodied energy can be reduced by application of hydrothermal curing. T2 - ENBRI Workshop - reaching the nearly zero-energy goal for buildings CY - Boras, Sweden DA - 04.04.2011 KW - UHPC KW - Betonfertigteil KW - Fassaden KW - Autoklavierung KW - Nachhaltigkeit PY - 2011 SN - 978-91-86622-51-0 SN - 0284-5172 SP - 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-23628 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Woydt, Mathias A1 - Kelling, Norbert T1 - Stribeck-type curves of alternative engine oils - Part I: Gray cast iron liners N2 - Wear tests are often used in engine development in order to characterize the functional profile of surfaces interacting with lubricants. This paper proposes a new test procedure to determine Stribeck-type curves for the tribosystem piston ring/cylinder liner involving test pieces prepared from engine components. The Variation of the friction coefficient with sliding speed depends on the structure and Constitution of the base oil, the viscosity index, the surface topography of the liner and ring, and the friction modifiers used. Novel organic friction modifiers of low molecular mass not only reduce the friction coefficients under mixed / boundary lubrication, but also in the fluid film regime. In addition, the influence of surface roughness on the wettability of surfaces can be significant for both static and dynamic wetting. For this reason, the interaction of the lubricant with the surfaces was also investigated to enable a correlation between the surface properties of the liquid and solid phases and the tribological behavior. T2 - 52. Tribologie-Fachtagung - Reibung, Schmierung und Verschleiß - Forschung und praktische Anwendungen CY - Göttingen, Deutschland DA - 26.09.2011 PY - 2011 SN - 978-3-00-035439-7 VL - Part I SP - 32/1 EP - 32/12 AN - OPUS4-31752 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rosner, Martin A1 - Vogl, Jochen T1 - Three new offset Delta11B isotope reference materials for environmental boron isotope studies N2 - The isotopic composition of boron is a well established tool in various areas of Science and industry. Boron isotope compositions are typically reported as 5nB values which indicate the isotopic difference of a sample relative to the isotope reference material NIST SRM 951. A significant drawback of all of the available boron isotope reference materials is that none of them covers a natural boron isotope composition apart from NIST SRM 951. To fill this gap of required 5UB reference materials three new solution boric acid reference materials were produced, which cover 6096o of the natural boron isotope Variation (-20 to 40%oo B) of about 100%o. The new reference materials are certified for their B values and are commercially available through European Reference Materials® (http://wwrv.enn-cmi.org). The newly produced and certified boron isotope reference materials will allow straightforward method Validation and quality control of boron isotope data. T2 - International symposium on isotopes in hydrology, marine ecosystems and climate change studies CY - Monaco DA - 27.03.2011 KW - Boron KW - Boron isotope variations KW - Delta-scale KW - Stable isotopes KW - Isotope reference materials KW - Delta reference materials KW - Metrology in chemistry PY - 2011 SN - 978-92-0-135610-9 VL - 2 SP - 377 EP - 380 AN - OPUS4-31858 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bonse, Jörn A1 - Rosenfeld, A. A1 - Krüger, Jörg ED - Panchenko, V. ED - Mourou, G. ED - Zheltikov, A. M. T1 - Femtosecond laser-induced periodic surface structures: recent approaches to explain their sub-wavelength periodicities N2 - The formation of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) upon irradiation of semiconductors and dielectrics by linearly polarized high-intensity Ti:sapphire fs-laser pulses (τ ~100 fs, λ ~800 nm) is studied experimentally and theoretically. In the experiments, two different types of LIPSS exhibiting very different spatial periods are observed (socalled LSFL – low spatial frequency LIPSS, and HSFL - high spatial frequency LIPSS), both having a different dependence on the incident laser fluence and pulse number per spot. The experimental results are analyzed by means of a new theoretical approach, which combines the generally accepted LIPSS theory of J. E. Sipe and co-workers [Phys. Rev. B 27, 1141-1154 (1983)] with a Drude model, in order to account for transient changes of the optical properties of the irradiated materials. The joint Sipe-Drude model is capable of explaining numerous aspects of fs-LIPSS formation, i.e., the orientation of the LIPSS, their fluence dependence as well as their spatial periods. The latter aspect is specifically demonstrated for silicon crystals, which show experimental LSFL periods Λ somewhat smaller than λ. This behaviour is caused by the excitation of surface plasmon polaritons, SPP, (once the initially semiconducting material turns to a metallic state upon formation of a dense free-electron-plasma in the material) and the subsequent interference between its electrical fields with that of the incident laser beam, resulting in a spatially modulated energy deposition at the surface. Upon multi-pulse irradiation, a feedback mechanism, caused by the redshift of the resonance in a grating-assisted SPP excitation, is further reducing the LSFL spatial periods. The SPP-based mechanism of LSFL successfully explains the remarkably large range of LSFL periods between ~0.6 λ and λ. T2 - LAT 2010 - International Conference on Lasers, Applications, and Technologies CY - Kazan, Russia DA - 23.08.2010 KW - Femtosecond laser ablation KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) KW - Surface plasmon polaritons KW - Second harmonic generation (SHG) KW - Silicon KW - Semiconductors KW - Dielectrics PY - 2011 DO - https://doi.org/10.1117/12.879813 SN - 0277-786X N1 - Serientitel: Proceedings of SPIE – Series title: Proceedings of SPIE VL - 7994 SP - 79940M-1 EP - 79940M-10 CY - Bellingham, USA AN - OPUS4-23291 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pfennig, A. A1 - Linke, B. A1 - Schulz, Sabrina A1 - Kranzmann, Axel T1 - CO2-corrosion of steels exposed to saline water environment N2 - With CO2 being one reason for climate change carbon capture and storage (CCS) is discussed to mitigate climate change. When emission gases are compressed into deep geological layers CO2-corrosion can easily cause failure of injection pipes. Different steels 42CrMo4, X46Cr13 and X20Cr13 were tested as well as X35CrMo17 and X5CrNiCuNb16-4 in a laboratory Environment similar to the conditions of the CCS engineering site at the Northern German Bassin. Samples were exposed to synthetic aquifer water saturated with technical CO2 at a flow rate of 3 NL/h. Corrosion rates obtained via mass loss vary in a wide range (0,005 to 2.5 mm/year). The precipitations within the corrosion scale revealed a complicated multiphase layer containing siderite FeCO3, goethite α-FeOOH, lepidocrocite γ-FeOOH, mackinawite FeS and akaganeite Fe8O8(OH)8Cl1,34 and spinelphases of various compositions. T2 - TMS 2011 - 140th Annual Meeting & Exhibition CY - San Diego, CA, USA DA - 27.02.2011 KW - CCS KW - Steel KW - Corrosion KW - Carbon Capture and Storage PY - 2011 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118062173.ch102 VL - 3 IS - 0807 SP - 807 EP - 814 AN - OPUS4-23472 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Marotzke, Christian T1 - Strength of composite structural parts - role of the fiber/matrix interface N2 - The strength of laminates distinctly depends on the transverse strength of the laminas. The transverse failure is dominated by the adhesion between fiber and matrix. Usual strength criteria however do not take into account the adhesive strength explicitly. The determination of the interface strength is performed on the micromechanical scale using single fiber specimens. The fibers are loaded under off-axis loading while the debonding is monitored under a microscope. The stresses acting in the Interface are calculated by finite element analyses. It is found that for off-axial angles up to 35° interfacial debonding is the dominant failure mode while fiber breakage takes place at lower angles. The occurrence of fiber breakage and debonding under off-axis loading shows that the restriction to two potential failure planes - perpendicular or parallel to the fibers - as applied in common failure criteria has to be put in question. T2 - SEICO 11 - SAMPE Europe - 32nd International technical conference CY - Paris, France DA - 28.03.2011 KW - Composites KW - Strength KW - Adhesion PY - 2011 SN - 978-3-9523565-3-1 IS - Session 3B SP - 250 EP - 257 AN - OPUS4-23680 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, Urs A1 - Malaga, Katarina T1 - Study on the application of anti-graffiti systems on natural stones and concrete N2 - The goal of this study was to find a correlation between cleaning efficacy of substrates protected with anti-graffiti systems (AGS) and their porosity, surface roughness, and composition as well as usability of the Technical Testing Guideline for Anti-Graffiti Systems (TP-AGS, issued by BASt) for natural stone and brick/clinker masonry. The results showed that the cleaning efficacy mainly depends on the porosity of the substrate and the type of AGS. Also, higher surface roughness contributed to a lower cleaning efficacy. The results showed also that concrete panels and cement joints in masonry represented the worst case. The color change of all substrate materials compared to concrete was mostly within acceptable limits. Gloss changes were significant for a number of substrates. In particular, several of the wax-treated low-porosity substrates exceeded the threshold value of 10. The limit of water vapor permeability of the AGS prescribed in the TP-AGS might be too high for natural stone substrates. In general, the TP-AGS is useful for the determination of the efficiency factor of anti-graffiti agents on various substrates. T2 - Hydrophobe VI - 6th International conference on water repellent treatment of building materials CY - Rome, Italy DA - 12.05.2011 KW - Anti-graffiti KW - Permanent KW - Sacrificial KW - Stones KW - Concrete KW - Cleaning efficiency PY - 2011 SN - 978-3-931681-99-9 SP - 167 EP - 180 PB - Aedificatio Publishers AN - OPUS4-23719 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pentzien, Simone A1 - Conradi, Andrea A1 - Koter, Robert A1 - Krüger, Jörg ED - Engel, P. ED - Schirò, J. ED - Larsen, R. ED - Moussakova, E. ED - Kecskeméti, I. T1 - Cleaning of soiled paper model samples using short and ultrashort laser pulses N2 - Paper is one of the most important materials representing and witnessing human culture particularly as a carrier medium for text and image. As soiling hampers the reception of information, paper cleaning techniques are needed. Traditional mechanical and chemical cleaning methods are used by conservator-restorers. In some cases, a classical cleaning procedure of paper objects yields unsatisfactory results or a conventional treatment is even impossible. Especially, fragile paper objects cause problems due to mechanical instabilities. Laser cleaning as a non-contact method might be a way to overcome some of the limitations of classical cleaning techniques. Laser parameters have to be chosen to achieve removal of the soiling without influencing the artwork. Any immediate as well as long-term effects causing an irreversible change of the artwork have to be avoided. At present, most laser applications are found in stone and metal conservation, while laser treatment of complex organic materials like paper is still not fully developed for application in conservators' workshops. This contribution describes recent work of pulsed laser cleaning of soiled model samples. Pure cellulose, rag paper and wood-pulp paper were mechanically soiled with pulverized charcoal in a standardized procedure to make model samples representing essential characteristics of contaminated real-world artworks. Afterwards, model samples were cleaned using short and ultrashort laser pulses in the nanosecond and femtosecond time domain, respectively. An extensive analysis of the model samples after laser treatment using an optical microscope and a multi-spectral imaging system allows a comparison of the cleaning results obtained with both laser sources. T2 - Conference 'New Approaches to Book and Paper Conservation - Restoration' CY - Horn, Austria DA - 09.05.2011 KW - Laser cleaning KW - Ablation KW - Laser impact on surfaces KW - Paper KW - Femtosecond laser KW - Nanosecond laser PY - 2011 SN - 978-3-85028-518-6 SP - 519 EP - 532 PB - Verlag Berger, Horn CY - Vienna, Austria AN - OPUS4-23705 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Qiao, Linan A1 - Zencker, Uwe A1 - Musolff, André A1 - Komann, Steffen T1 - Dynamic finite element analyses of a spent fuel transport and storage cask with impact limiters by 9 meter drop tests N2 - The 9 meter drop onto an unyielding target is one of the important mechanical tests within the safety assessment of transport casks for radioactive material. In general, the cask is equipped with impact limiters to reduce the dynamic load on the cask body by absorbing a major part of the kinetic energy. The impact limiters are often made of wood or aluminium. In this study an elastic-plastic material model with volume change was used to describe the stress-strain behaviour of wood found in crush tests. For aluminium, an elastic-incremental plastic material model with Cowper-Symonds parameters for strain rate depending material hardening was used to model the adiabatic stress-strain relations measured at specimens at constant ambient temperature. Hereafter simulations with a sophisticated finite element model were carried out and compared with different drop tests. Four drop tests of a half-scale cask model equipped with wood and aluminium impact limiters with different drop positions were selected to investigate the impact limiter behaviour during a 9 meter drop test. All drop tests were simulated with the same FE mesh but under different boundary and initial conditions. T2 - SIMULIA Customer conference CY - Barcelona, Spain DA - 17.05.2011 KW - Cask KW - Drop test KW - Impact limiter KW - Wood KW - Aluminium KW - Dynamics PY - 2011 SP - 932 EP - 944 AN - OPUS4-23706 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Korzen, Manfred ED - Wald, F. ED - Horová, K. ED - Jirku, J. T1 - Constitutive equations for structural steel subjected to fire - some remarks N2 - Although identified on the basis of so-called instationaiy creep-tests the constifrvtive model of Eurocode 3 (EN 1993-1-2, 2010) - hereinafter refened to as EC3 - represents a non-linear rateindependent relationship between stress and meclianical strain. I.e. the experimentally observed phenomenou of creep at constant stress but linear time varying temperature is described only through the temperature dependence of the material parameters characterizing the EC3 constitutive model. As a consequence some important phenomena cannot properly be described: E.g. creep or relaxation at constant temperature, creep or relaxation at non-monotonic temperature rates or sensitivity of the instationary creep process on the temperatme rate. T2 - International conference 'Applications of structural fire engineering' CY - Prague, Czech Republic DA - 29.04.2011 KW - Constitutive equation KW - Thermal strain KW - Steel KW - Fire KW - Creep PY - 2011 SN - 978-80-01-04798-9 SP - 79 EP - 83 AN - OPUS4-23711 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mermillod-Blondin, A. A1 - Mauclair, C. A1 - Rosenfeld, A. A1 - Bonse, Jörn A1 - Stoian, R. A1 - Audouard, E. T1 - Time-resolved imaging of bulk a-SiO2 upon various ultrashort excitation sequences N2 - Ultrashort pulses lasers are tools of choice for functionalizing the bulk of transparent materials. In particular, direct photoinscription of simple photonic functions have been demonstrated. Those elementary functions rely on the local refractive index change induced when focusing an ultrashort pulse in the volume of a transparent material. The range of possibilities offered by direct photoinscription is still under investigation. To help understanding, optimizing and assessing the full potential of this method, we developed a time-resolved phase contrast microscopy setup. The imaginary part (absorption) and the real part of the laser-induced complex refractive index can be visualized in the irradiated region. The setup is based on a commercially available phase contrast microscope extended into a pump-probe scheme. The originality of our approach is that the illumination is performed by using a pulsed laser source (i.e. a probe beam). Speckle-related issues are solved by employing adequate sets of diffusers. This laser-microscopy technique has a spatial resolution of 650 nm, and the impulse response is about 300 fs. The laser-induced refractive index changes can be tracked up to milliseconds after the energy deposition. The excitation beam (the pump) is focused with a microscope objective (numerical aperture of 0.45) into the bulk of an a-SiO2 sample. The pump beam can be temporally shaped with a SLM-based pulse shaping unit. This additional degree of flexibility allows for observing different interaction regimes. For instance, bulk material processing with femtosecond and picosecond duration pulses will be studied. T2 - Photonics West 2011 CY - San Francisco, CA, USA DA - 22.01.2011 PY - 2011 DO - https://doi.org/10.1117/12.876687 VL - 7925 IS - 79250R SP - 1 EP - 7 AN - OPUS4-23332 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Weltschev, Margit A1 - Deuerler, F. T1 - Comparison of the notched impact strength at -30°C of polyethylene grades with the test performance behavior of packagings for the transport of dangerous goods N2 - The notched impact strength at -30 °C is one of the selected properties, together with the corresponding test method and tolerances, for a comparison of polyethylene grades of one design type in the procedural rule on suitability proof for alternative plastic resins used for packagings and intermediate bulk containers (IBCs) for the transport of dangerous goods. The marginal drop heights determined with the drop test at -18 °C after pre-storage of the test samples with 55 % nitric acid at 40 °C only partly related to the notched impact strength at -30 °C. The Charpy method is only suitable for classifying the grade in relation to toughness behavior and using this classification for comparison with other grades. Notched impact strength can provide a qualitative indication if the test samples fail under shock forces. Conditioning the design types with 55 % nitric acid for 21 days at 40 °C causes an increase in the marginal drop heights of the design types in drop tests at -18 °C when compared with design types without pre-storage. Post-crosslinking of the grades increases stiffness because of the acidic influence. T2 - NACE International Corrosion Conference 2011 CY - Houston, TX, USA DA - 13.03.2011 KW - Dangerous goods packagings KW - Polyethylene grades KW - Notched impact strength at -30°C KW - Design type tests KW - Pre-storage with nitric acid PY - 2011 SP - 1 EP - 11 (Paper 11373) AN - OPUS4-23386 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Poli, Marco A1 - Grätz, Rainer A1 - Schröder, Volkmar T1 - Limited applicability of gas explosion venting due to turbulence generation N2 - For the design of gas explosion venting systems for confinements only little guidance is given when considering the constructional boundary conditions or process conditions. For this reason conservative assumptions are prevalent in practice and in many cases the protective Systems become significantly oversized. Such safety margins in venting areas can lead to a critical acceleration of the pressure rise. Finally, a gas explosion at turbulent conditions caused by oversizing of the venting area rather leads to an under-sized system and supports the deflagration to detonation transition (DDT). The present investigation was focused especially on the influence of certain obstacles as well as the effect of the initial pressures on the explosion venting behavior of methane-air-mixtures and of hydrogen-air-mixtures. T2 - 2011 AIChE Spring meeting & 7th global congress on process safety CY - Chicago, IL, USA DA - 12.03.2011 KW - Gas explosion venting KW - Turbulent combustion KW - KG-value PY - 2011 IS - Topical 1 / #13 / 13h SP - 1 EP - 13 CY - New York, NY, USA AN - OPUS4-23376 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schwenk, Christopher A1 - Tikhomirov, D. A1 - Eßer, G. A1 - Rethmeier, Michael T1 - General standard for welding simulation N2 - For differentiating the applicability of various numerical welding Simulation methods as well as unifying the prerequisites and the Steps to be taken in Simulation, normative codes are required for the user. Since any standard-like documents are currently still lacking in this field, DIN German Institute for Standardization has set up the Standards Committee NA 092-00-29-AA "Welding Simulation" dealing with the preparation of respective documents. This committee was initiated in partnership with the joint committee FA 12 "Weld Simulation on Application" of the Research Association of DVS German Welding Society. The objective of this Standardization work in the field of numerical welding Simulation is to prepare a DIN SPEC with a view to standardizing the approaches to the Simulation of various welding phenomena and processes over the long run. In a draft version of DIN SPEC 32534 that has already been prepared by the above mentioned Committee, the structure of the primary document was stated. The primary document specifies the application fields and the key terms of welding Simulation. In addition, the generally valid Simulation structure has been established which is intended to serve as a recommendation for customers and suppliers in formulating and handling a Service order as well as for persons who Start doing welding Simulation for the first time. This article focuses on the presentation of the new DIN SPEC 32534-1 explaining the major Simulation Steps. It additionally addresses the Classification of the secondary documents depending on the welding process and on the desired Simulation result. Finally, it gives an overview of the other subject areas dealt with in the Standards Committee NA 092-00-29-AA "Welding Simulation" as well as of the international activities in this field. T2 - IIW SC-Auto Intermediate Meeting CY - Ijmuiden, The Netherlands DA - 11.04.2011 KW - Welding simulation KW - Standardization KW - Applicability KW - Execution KW - Result display PY - 2011 IS - SC-Auto-44-11 SP - 1 EP - 10 AN - OPUS4-23519 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rauchegger, Christian A1 - Schalau, Bernd A1 - Schmidt, Dirk A1 - Lohse, Volkmar A1 - Schröder, Volkmar A1 - Thévenin, D. T1 - Experimental results from heavy gas dispersions (R134a) N2 - Heavy gases in large quantities are used worldwide in various industries. Past incidents, such as the liquefied gas disaster in Viareggio (2009) have shown that these materials are difficult to handle in a safe manner. According to the German Hazardous Incident Ordinance (StörfallVO 2000 - 12. BIMSchV), plant operators with extended responsibilities must produce a report in which they verify that , in the event of an unintentional gas release, the surrounding area will not be aversely affected. Essential elements of this report are calculations of both the released mass flow and the gas dispersion. Using models such as the VDI guideline 3783 (state of the art in Germany) plant operators are able to predict the characteristics of likely gas dispersions. The presented experimental investigations were carried out at the BAM better understand heavy gas dispersion with high gas concentrations in the air (≥ 1 Vol.-%), as well as concentrations with approximately neutral density characteristics (≤ 3000ppm) in order to test the accuracy of the VDI guideline. The starting point for experimental trials was the heavy gas releases resulting from pipeline, vessel or standard gas bottle leaks, with mass flows of between 20 and 100 g s-1. Investigations on the gas-phase release process focused on the unsteady mass flow associated with releases from standard gas bottles. The experimental results will be used as comparative parameters for future simulations. The goal of these simulations is to develop a model with which calculation of the unsteady mass flow, based on the material characteristics for any gas, is possible. T2 - 7th Global congress on process safety - 2011 Spring meeting CY - Chicago, Illinois, USA DA - 13.03.2011 KW - Heavy gas KW - Gas releases KW - Dispersion KW - Measurement KW - VDI guideline 3783 PY - 2011 SP - 1 EP - 12 AN - OPUS4-23532 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pentzien, Simone A1 - Conradi, Andrea A1 - Krüger, Jörg T1 - The influence of paper type and state of degradation on laser cleaning of artificially soiled paper N2 - Lasers can be a supplemental tool for restorers to overcome some of the limitations of traditional dry cleaning techniques for works of art on paper. The laser working range has to be optimized allowing for safe removal of contamination and limitation of damage to the substrate. This paper addresses the influence of paper type and state of degradation on laser working range. Three types of new paper (pure cellulose, bleached pulp paper, rag paper) were degraded and characterized with respect their degree of polymerization. Laser-induced damage thresholds of new and degraded paper were determined using SEM and viscometry. Additionally, artificially soiled model samples were made using two kinds of soiling, namely pulverized charcoal and soot-blackened standard test dust. Cleaning thresholds of soiled paper samples were evaluated. A working range for all combinations of paper and soiling between 0.05 J/cm2 and 0.5 J/cm2 was found for the application of 8-ns laser pulses at 532 nm wavelength. T2 - LACONA VIII - Lasers in the Conservation of Artworks VIII CY - Sibiu, Romania DA - 21.09.2009 KW - Nanosecond laser cleaning KW - Paper KW - Ageing KW - Degree of polymerization KW - Cleaning threshold KW - Damage threshold PY - 2011 SN - 978-0-415-58073-1 SP - 59 EP - 65 PB - Taylor & Francis CY - London, UK AN - OPUS4-23634 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Völzke, Holger A1 - Wolff, Dietmar T1 - Safety aspects of long dry interim cask storage of spent fuel in Germany N2 - Dry cask storage of spent fuel and high active waste front reprocessing is licensed and established in Germany for up to 40years so far. About 10years ago, the strategy has been shifted from centralized storage using facilities in Ahaus and Gorleben to cit-site storage facilities in Order to avoid immediate cask shipping from nuclear power plants. At present, several hundred casks are stored safeiy and without any major problem. BAM is highly involved in cask specific safety evaluations within the scope of licensing procedures as well as of quality assurance procedures during cask fabrication, loading and storage. A major prerequisite for any cask storage license is a valid transport Type B license. Subsequently, cask transportability has to be ensured at any point during the entire storage period. So far, this requirement is met by continuous maintenance of the Type B license. Anyhow, IAEA Type B regulations do not consider permanently loaded storage casks that have the sole purpose of being finally shipped öfter decades of storage inducing ageing effects. No transport safety demonstration has to be performed on aged cask components. T2 - International high-level radioactive waste management conference (IHLRWMC 2011) CY - Albuquerque, NM, USA DA - 10.04.2011 KW - Safety KW - Cask KW - Interim storage KW - Spent fuel PY - 2011 SP - 712 EP - 719 AN - OPUS4-23651 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Recknagel, Sebastian A1 - Kipphardt, Heinrich A1 - Lange, Britta A1 - Hoppe, Marion T1 - Traceable analysis of impurities in metallic reference materials using GD-MS N2 - The traceabiiity requirements for certification analyses of reference materials are much more stringent than for routine analysis, where certified matrix reference materials (CRM) can be used for calibration and to establish traceabiiity. Although the ISO-Guides related to CRM production and certification are not fully clear concerning calibration, many established CRM-producers do not accept matrix-CRMs for calibration in case of certification analyses, e.g. to avoid circular reasoning. These requirements limit the methods used for certification to those that can be calibrated using Standards of known high purity and stoichiometry or mixtures of such Standards. Powerful solid sampling techniques such as glow discharge mass spectrometry (GD-MS) or spark-optical emission spectrometry (SOES), where usually compact CRMs are used for calibration, seem not be applicable for certification analyses. Especially GD-MS is a powerful tool for trace element determination of solid samples. Beside metallic impurities the use of specific gas mixtures enables also the determination of interesting nonmetallic impurities such as sulfur and phosphorus. Within BAM a calibration approach, was developed which enables to use mixtures of Standards of known high purity and stoichiometry also for GD-MS. Analogue to matrix adaption in solution based techniques, the calibration approach is based on doped pressed powder pellets. Approach and application on the certification analyses of copper and Steel CRMs are presented. T2 - CETAS 2011 - 8th International workshop on progress in analytical chemistry & materials characterisation in the steel and metal industries CY - Luxembourg, Luxembourg DA - 17.05.2011 PY - 2011 IS - OC53 SP - 361 EP - 365 AN - OPUS4-23762 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Niebergall, Ute A1 - Weltschev, Margit T1 - Comparison of the stress crack resistance of polyethylene grades with the test performance behaviour of packagings for the transport of dangerous goods N2 - Resistance to stress cracking by wetting solution is one of the selected properties together with the corresponding test method FNCT and tolerances for a comparison of polyethylene grades of one design type in the procedural rule on suitability proof for alternative plastic resins used for packagings and intermediate bulk Containers (IBCs) for the transport of dangerous goods. The environmental stress crack resistance determined by Full Notch Creep Test (FNCT) represents the impacts from the stacking tests at 40 °C performed with Standard liquid wetting solution (without pre-storage) and with normal butyl acetate saturated wetting solution (pre-storage with normal butyl acetate). Environmental stress crack resistance determined with FNCT for the polyethylene grades was related to the times to failure of different jerrican samples made of these grades in stacking tests with 5 % wetting solution and a n-butyl acetate saturated wetting solution (pre-storage with n-butyl acetate) at 40 °C. The FNCT is suitable for comparison of polyethylene grades in relation to environmental stress crack resistance independent of their use as drum, IBC or jerrican material. The stiffness of polyethylene grades should be taken into account to the comparison as jerricans are not only chemically but also mechanically stressed. T2 - PPS-27 - 27th World congress of the polymer processing society CY - Marrakech, Morocco DA - 10.05.2011 KW - Gefahrgutverpackungen KW - Polyethylenformstoffe KW - Full notch creep test KW - Stapeldruckprüfung PY - 2011 SP - 1 EP - 4 AN - OPUS4-23834 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ramge, Peter A1 - Kühne, Hans-Carsten A1 - Meng, Birgit T1 - Properties of repair mortars - potentials and risks of a tailor-made mixture proportioning N2 - Despite the numerous possibilities to influence the properties of repair mortars by modifications of the mixture proportioning, it is almost impossible to change an individual property without influencing other mortar properties. When optimising a mixture, it has to be decided for each individual case, which of the mortar properties needs to be treated with the highest priority. Most properties can be altered by several different measures, which may vary in effectiveness, side effects and cost efficiency. As the prevention of shrinkage induced constraining cracks is crucial for the durability and Service life of a concrete repair task, in the presented paper special attention is paid to the influences on the mortar’s shrinkage behaviour. On the basis of parameter studies it is shown, how it may be beneficial in certain cases to accept the worsening of some general properties if by this measure another property, which is essential for the individual application task, can be enhanced significantly. In general a tailor-made approach for the mixture proportioning seems beneficial but due to the complexity of the constituents’ interactions in repair mortars, it bears a high risk of unexpected malfunctions. T2 - Concrete-Workshop 'Performance-based specifications for concrete' CY - Leipzig, Germany DA - 14.06.2011 KW - Repair mortar KW - Concrete rehabilitation KW - Repair systems KW - Polymer cement mortar (PCC) KW - Sprayed polymer cement mortar (SPCC) PY - 2011 SN - 978-3-9814523-0-3 SP - 319 EP - 329 AN - OPUS4-23985 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Richter, Matthias A1 - Jann, Oliver A1 - Kemski, J. A1 - Klingel, R. A1 - Schneider, Uwe A1 - Krocker, Christian T1 - Investigations on radon exhalation of different building materials N2 - The inhalation of 222Rn (radon) is one of the most important reasons for lung cancer, after smoking. Usually, the geological subsoil and the building ground are the dominant sources for enhanced indoor radon levels. Additionally, building materials can increase indoor radon concentrations when these materials contain higher contents of 226Ra (radium), especially in combination with low air exchange rates. For a realistic estimation of indoor radon concentrations, it is helpful to carry out measurements of radon exhalation rates from relevant materials using emission test chambers. In Germany, it is aspired to limit the total indoor radon concentration to 100 Bq/m3, whereby building materials should contribute at most 20 Bq/m3. Within a project financed by the German Institute for Construction Technology (DIBt), a practical oriented measurement procedure of the radon exhalation of building materials in accordance to ISO 16000-9 was developed to have a means for the assessment of these materials with respect to their indoor use. Test chambers with different volumes were used. The tested materials were mainly used for wall constructions (e.g., bricks, light-weight concrete) and have known specific radium activities and radon exhalation rates. T2 - Indoor Air 2011, 12th International conference on indoor air quality and climate CY - Austin, TX, USA DA - 05.06.2011 KW - Radon exhalation KW - Building material KW - Emission test chamber KW - Indoor air PY - 2011 IS - Paper 768 SP - 1 EP - 2 AN - OPUS4-24155 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Helmerich, Rosemarie T1 - Wrought iron arch bridge: measurements and materials testing N2 - In 1882, the East-West suburban train viaduct was built through Berlin as part of the public traffic solution in the late 19th Century. Today, the only left over iron arch bridge is a pair of two arches Crossing the Spree river in the middle of Berlin. Before dismantling the former parallel two original pairs of iron arches and rebuilding new arches for the high-speed railway line through Berlin in 1997, BAM was involved in an extensive test program of the heritage iron arch structure. Especially the estimation of accumulated damage in critical details and the verification of the old material properties at early stage was important information to the bridge owners. The testing program included two strain and displacement measurement campaigns, non-destructive testing, materials testing and microscale metallographic analysis of critical details. The measured strain cycles were significant lower in number and size than expected. Most of the cycles were compression stress cycles only. The work was planned in Cooperation with the Berlin consultancy Professor Hilbers that was responsible for the design and calculation of the reconstruction measures. Additionally, after calculation of the possible reuse of the old arches, we compared measured data from strain measurements with the results from calculation. The measured data and the calculated data show a good qualitative correlation. T2 - 12th ICMS - Progress in steel and composite structures CY - Wroclaw, Poland DA - 15.06.2011 KW - Iron arch bridge KW - Strain measurement KW - Displacement measurement KW - Tension test KW - Crack propagation test KW - Magnetic powder test PY - 2011 SN - 978-83-7125-202-0 SP - 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-24157 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wille, Frank A1 - Wolff, Dietmar A1 - Droste, Bernhard A1 - Völzke, Holger T1 - Requirements for transport packages after interim storage N2 - In Germany the concept of dry interim storage of spent fuel and vitrified high active waste in dual purpose metal casks is implemented (currently for periods of up to 40 years). The casks being used have an approved package design in accordance with the international transport regulations. The license for dry storage is granted on the German Atomic Energy Act with respect to the guidelines of the German Reactor Safety Commission for dry interim storage of spent fuel. Currently part of the assessment process of the cask design for transport on public routes is to evaluate the suitability of the used materials with respect to their properties and their compatibility for possible transport periods. For transport on public routes during or after long term interim storage periods, it has to be ensured that the transport and storage casks fulfill the specifications of the transport approval or other sufficient properties which satisfy the proofs for the compliance of the safety objectives at that time. This paper describes the state-of-the-art technology in Germany and points out arising prospective challenges and which related questions have to be answered in future. Present research and knowledge concerning the long term behavior of transport and storage cask components (such as gaskets and shielding components) have to be consulted as well as experiences from interim cask storage operations. Challenges in the safety assessment are therefore i.e. the behavior of aged metal and elastomeric gaskets under IAEA test conditions to ensure that the results of drop tests can be transferred to the compliance of the safety objectives at the time of transport after the interim storage period (aged package). Assessment methods for the material compatibility, the behavior of fuel assemblies and the aging behavior of shielding parts (e. g. influence of radiation) are further issues as well. T2 - 52nd INMM Annual meeting CY - Palm Desert, CA, USA DA - 17.07.2011 KW - Transport package design KW - Interim storage KW - Inspections KW - Log term behavior KW - Dual purpose casks PY - 2011 SP - 1 EP - 9 AN - OPUS4-24172 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Völzke, Holger A1 - Probst, Ulrich A1 - Wolff, Dietmar A1 - Nagelschmidt, Sven A1 - Schulz, Sebastian T1 - Investigations on the long term behavior of metal seals for spent fuel storage casks N2 - Metal seals are in common use as an essential component for the leak tight closure of transport and storage casks for spent fuel and vitrified high active waste from reprocessing. They are placed between the massive monolithic cask body made of ductile cast iron or forged steel and the primary and secondary lids, which are fixed with screws around the lid circumference, in order to ensure long term safe enclosure of the radioactive cask inventory. Hereby, long term reliable pressure forces in combination with a tight surface contact are as important as well maintained seal and surface qualities and dry and clean conditions during seal assembly and operation. A few years ago BAM started systematic investigation on the long term seal behavior with re-spect to longer storage periods and seal behavior in accidental cask scenarios with dynamic de-formations of the seal groove geometry or short term drop in pressure force up to lid lifting. BAM has developed test flanges for seals with full scale cross section diameter but much small-er outer diameter to gain representative data for metal-sealed lid systems. They are placed in appropriate testing machines for relevant mechanical loading under static and dynamic condi-tions with the ability to measure the standard helium leakage rate continuously during each test phase. This paper focuses on BAM long term tests of different seal types with aluminum and silver jackets at three different temperatures of +20°C, +100°C and +150°C under static conditions over longer periods of time. Due to creeping effects, a reduction of the pressure force does ap-pear during loading and unloading depending on prior holding times. So far, test results of up to 2 years indicate a clear correlation between seal pressure forces and holding time, temperature and seal type allowing for extrapolating to much longer periods of time. The paper presents basic correlations, test and evaluation procedures as well as important provisional results and gives an outlook on further investigations. T2 - 52nd INMM Annual meeting CY - Palm Desert, CA, USA DA - 17.07.2011 PY - 2011 SP - 1 EP - 9 AN - OPUS4-24173 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Perret, William A1 - Alber, U. A1 - Schwenk, Christopher A1 - Rethmeier, Michael ED - Wieland, H.-J. T1 - Efficient welding simulation of an automotive sheet metal assembly N2 - Fusion welding is widely used in the automotive industry to join metal structures. It is well-known that distortions and residual stresses occur during and after the welding process. Many procedures exist to decrease these negative heat effects of welding, but are often coupled with highly cost intensive experiments. The implementation of a welding Simulation tool to reduce this very expensive experimental procedures is therefore of high interest. Despite the fact that the automotive industry is a key sector for Simulation procedures, welding Simulation Software is nevertheless not yet widely implemented. This is mainly due to the complexity of the Simulation tools requiring expert users and the resulting high time to Solution. In this study, a new fast thermo-mechanical Simulation of a complex and large laser beam welded automotive sheet metal assembly with several non linear welds is simulated. Assumptions and simplifications of the complex physical welding phenomenon, which are made to keep the computational cost and the complexity of the Simulation in an industrial frame, are discussed. The calibration time of the phenomenological heat source model has been optimized with a very fast analytical thermal model and the resulting simulated temperature fields match perfectly with the measured ones. Additionally, the user experience and the time-to-solution are kept within a reasonable time frame for arr industrial environment. All Simulation results are validated with experimental results. T2 - SCT2011 - 3rd International conference on steels in cars and trucks CY - Salzburg, Austria DA - 05.06.2011 KW - Welding simulation KW - Temperature field KW - Laser beam welding KW - Fast calculation PY - 2011 SN - 978-3-514-00783-3 SP - 704 EP - 713 PB - Stahleisen AN - OPUS4-24088 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Günther, Alexander A1 - Gründer, Klaus-Peter T1 - New bispectral measurement device for fluorescent materials N2 - The application of fluorescent materials improves the visibility for of warning symbols. BAM has used a measurement device to characterize fluorescent materials, which is based on the two-monochromator method. The result of this measurement method is an illuminant independent characteristic of the fluorescent material, called the Donaldson matrix, In view of its age and speed, the measurement device had to be re-designed and re-built. The new measurement facility is explained in greater detail in the paper. First measurement results and a comparison to the older device are also described. T2 - CIE 27th Session CY - Sun City, South Africa DA - 10.07.2011 KW - Fluorescence KW - Fluorescent materials KW - Donaldson factor KW - Total radiance factor KW - Bi-spectral KW - Two-monochromator method PY - 2011 SN - 978-3-901906-99-2 VL - 1 IS - Part 2 SP - 974 EP - 978 AN - OPUS4-24095 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Glötzl, R. A1 - Schneider Glötzl, J. A1 - Wosniok, Aleksander A1 - Krebber, Katerina A1 - Krywult, L. ED - Wintera, J. ED - Kosik, A. ED - Wity, A. T1 - Optical distributed sensing systems and possible applications in geotechnical measuring N2 - In comparison with traditional measuring Systems (pressure cells, piezometers and inclinometers which produce only point measurements) fibre optic sensors are well suited for spatiallydistributed monitoring purposes. The very tiny optical fibres of a diameter of less then 1 mm can operate as sensors in strong electromagnetic fields, under “harsh” explosive and Chemical environments and under ionizing radiation. T2 - XIV Dam monitoring international conference 'safetyof dams - new challenges' ('Bezpieczenstwo zapór - nowe wyzwania') CY - Walbrzych, Poland DA - 13.06.2011 KW - Fibre optic sensor KW - Spatial distributed sensor KW - Polymer optical fibre (POF) KW - Glass optical fibre (GOF) KW - POF OTDR KW - Brillouin sensor KW - BOTDA KW - BOFDA KW - Fibre Bragg grating (FBG) KW - Geosynthetics KW - Geotxtiles KW - Technical textiles PY - 2011 SN - 978-83-61102-53-3 N1 - Serientitel: Monografie - Instytutu Meteorologii i Gospodarki Wodnej – Series title: Monografie - Instytutu Meteorologii i Gospodarki Wodnej IS - Chapter 6 SP - 173 EP - 180 AN - OPUS4-24066 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Kömmling, Anja A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker ED - Reichert, T. T1 - UV-LEDs - a new tool to determine the spectral response N2 - To determine a polymer’s spectral response of photo degradation, two main methods have been established. The so-called “filter technique” uses polychromatic radiation, which is filtered by a set of various sharp cut-on filters. This procedure provides separated reading points of an activation spectrum of the investigated material. With the "spectrographic technique” a specimen is irradiated with pectrally dispersed radiation, locally quasi monochromatically, and the local property changes.are related to the radiant exposure at the respective wavelengths. A third method, the irradiation of specimens with quasi monochromatic radiation behind interference filters, is rarely used. These methods have advantages and disadvantages and therefore, there are limits for conclusions from these spectral data. Concerning the quasi monochromatic Irradiation of specimens the development of new UV radiation sources looks promising. With the rapid development of inexpensive UV Light-emitting diodes (LEDs), new : sources of nearly monochromatic radiation in the UV ränge are available, even down to about 250 nm. To determine the spectral response, the use of such UV-LEDs in TO-18 ) and TO-39 metal cases combines the advantages of low cost and energy efficiency, stable spectral irradiance, temperature.and humidity control, larger specimen areas, and an easy and stable analysis. Combinations of different UV LEDs are also discussed as replacement for xenon arc ' radiation sources, see patent application EP01528388A1. T2 - 5th European weathering symposium - Natural and artificial ageing of polymers CY - Lisbon, Portugal DA - 21.09.2011 KW - UV resistance KW - Weathering KW - Spectral sensitivity KW - Action spectrum KW - UV-LEDs PY - 2011 SN - 978-3-9813136-2-8 N1 - Serientitel: CEEES Publication – Series title: CEEES Publication IS - 15 SP - 77 EP - 86 PB - GUS (Gesellschaft für Umweltsimulation) CY - Pfinztal AN - OPUS4-24396 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Köppe, Enrico A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias ED - Tsamis, C. ED - Kaltsas, G. T1 - Wireless sensor network with temperature compensated measuring technology for long-term structural health monitoring of buildings and infrastructures N2 - Damage to buildings occurs if a construction component fails. The result is a partial or total collapse which can be dangerous for people for example if it's a bridge or a large hall. The collapse of the terminal building at the Airport Charles de Gaulle in Paris and the damage at the historic City Archives of Cologne are typical examples of such accidents. Another problem is the contradiction of the increasing volume of traffic (particularly heavy traffic) and the great age of bridges. The probability increases that the load-bearing capacity of a bridge decreases. For example the collapses of the Mississippi Bridge and of the Inntal Motorway Bridge can be seen as results. Therefore it is necessary to control endangered structures during their life span. In order to prevent these kinds of accidents, the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing developed a radio-based, self-configuring measuring system in cooperation with the ScatterWeb Company, Berlin (Germany). This measuring system consists of identically designed sensor modules which are self-sustaining, wireless, act as transmitters and receivers and are equipped with a special sensor technology for long-term monitoring of buildings or engineering facilities. The sensor unit uses strain gauges for stress analysis and contains interfaces for additional sensors. The system in particular applies to buildings and structures for transport and traffic and large-scale industrial facilities, where a subsequent wiring installation is difficult or impossible. T2 - Eurosensors XXV CY - Athens, Greece DA - 04.09.2011 KW - Multi-Hop WSN KW - SHM KW - Temperature and Frequency Compensation KW - Funksensorik KW - Sensornetzwerk KW - Multihop KW - Strukturüberwachung KW - Temperaturkompensation PY - 2011 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877705811059236 IS - Paper 1197 SP - 1 EP - 5 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-24401 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Köppe, Enrico A1 - Bartholmai, Matthias A1 - Liers, A. A1 - Schiller, J. T1 - Tracking persons using a radio-based multi-sensor system N2 - A multi-sensor system for 3D localization was developed and named BodyGuard. It combines body movement sensing and a guard system for the tracking and recording of the status of persons. BodyGuard was designed to monitor and transmit the movement of a person radio-based and to transform that data into a spatial coordinate. This paper describes how the BodyGuard system works, what components the system consists of, how the individual sensor data is converted into 3D motion data, with which algorithms the individual sensors are processed, how individual errors are compensated and how the sensor data are fused into a 3D Model. T2 - IPIN 2011 - International conference on indoor positioning and indoor navigation CY - Guimaraes, Portugal DA - 21.09.2011 KW - Wireless sensor network (WSN) KW - Embedded systems KW - Sensor calibration and validation KW - Person tracking KW - Inertial navigation system KW - Inertial measurement unit PY - 2011 SP - 1 EP - 4 AN - OPUS4-24402 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mishra, Kirti Bhushan A1 - Wehrstedt, Klaus-Dieter T1 - Burner for peroxy-fuels (PEROXY-BAM Burner) N2 - A new burner concept (PEROXY-BAM®) for the combustion of liquid organic peroxides (Peroxy-fuels) is presented. As peroxy-fuels are thermally unstable the design of burners for them should be accordingly modified ensuring a safe operation. It is found that 10 to 100 time less amounts of peroxy fuels are required for the same heat flux or output in comparison to hydrocarbons. Correspondingly, the fuel pump power and the volume of combustion chamber (furnace) are also reduced. As a result of less amount of fuel the emissions will also be stepped down and oxygen in the molecule helps to establish conditons like in an oxy-fuel combustion process. The advantages of using peroxy-fuels over hydrocarbons inside a model combustion chamber are also investigated with the help of CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulations. T2 - 25. Deutscher Flammentag - Verbrennung und Feuerung CY - Karlsruhe, Germany DA - 14.09.2011 KW - Organic peroxide KW - Peroxy-fuel KW - Burner concept KW - Combustion KW - Combustion chamber PY - 2011 SN - 978-3-18-092119-8 SN - 0083-5560 N1 - Serientitel: VDI-Berichte – Series title: VDI-Berichte VL - 2119 SP - 307 EP - 312 PB - VDI-Verl. AN - OPUS4-24388 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Müller, B. A1 - Panaskova, J. A1 - Jann, Oliver A1 - Plehn, W. A1 - Müller, D. T1 - VOC emissions from building materials accompanying sensory tests for different evaluation schemes N2 - Within a follow up project of a former study (Horn et al. 2005) emissions and odor from different types of construction products were investigated (financed by the German Federal Environmental Agency - FKZ 37 07 62 300). The tested materials were mainly those used for construction of floors indoors. For this type of materials in Germany several labeling procedures exist which are based on Emission chamber testing. Two important labeling procedures in Germany are based on the AgBBevaluation scheme (Däumling et al. 2005). For some applications (flooring material) it is the mandatory Ü-mark of DIBt (German Institute for Construction Technology). Furthermore for carpets, adhesives and many other products, like sealants, mattresses, furniture and so on the voluntary blue angel mark exist. Within this scheme the volatile organic compounds (VOC) compounds are measured with well established procedures and are evaluated with LCI-values which were derived from health information. Beyond that many complaints according to building products are caused by odors. Therefore an evaluation procedure for the odor is very important and should be implemented into all of the mentioned labeling schemes. T2 - Indoor Air 2011, 12th International conference on indoor air quality and climate CY - Austin, TX, USA DA - 05.06.2011 KW - Odor KW - Construction product KW - VOC-emission KW - Evaluation KW - AgBB PY - 2011 IS - Paper 768 SP - 1 EP - 2 AN - OPUS4-23881 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, B. A1 - Panaskova, J. A1 - Jann, Oliver A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Müller, D. A1 - Plehn, W. T1 - Results of sensory tests and sensory-limit settings for building materials in Germany N2 - Indoor air pollutants influence the health and comfort of building occupants and consequently the energy consumption of the building. The pollutants are emitted by various sources. Among these sources, building products are of particular importance. To control the emission of pollutants from building materials, a few different voluntary labelling Systems have been introduced in Europe. In Germany also mandatory “Principles for the health assessment of construction products used in interiors” have been applied for the technical approval of floor coverings since 2004. This procedure is based on the assessment scheine of the Committee for Health-related Evaluation of Building Products (AgBBScheme). The sensory-limit settings for building-material label Blue Angel offer consumer to differ not only low-emission but also low-odour Building materials from another building materials. T2 - Indoor Air 2011, 12th International conference on indoor air quality and climate CY - Austin, TX, USA DA - 05.06.2011 KW - Perceived air-quality KW - Odour evaluation KW - Odour labelling KW - Test procedure KW - Standardisation PY - 2011 IS - Paper 768 SP - 1 EP - 2 AN - OPUS4-23882 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wilke, Olaf A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Wiegner, Katharina T1 - Inter-laboratory study to check the performance ot test chamber measurements for product emission testing N2 - The labelling of construction products or building materials as “low-emitting” is based on measurements using third-party emission test chambers. Unfortunately there is no method to validate the performance of such test chamber measurements. This might give a Variation of results when testing one material at different laboratories. Therefore it is necessary to hold round robin tests as part of the quality management System to ensure comparable results. A research project financed by the Federal Environmental Agency focused on the development of an external quality management System for the detection of relevant Chemical compounds from products and in ambient air. The project was structured in four phases (Horn et al., 2009 and 2011; Wilke et al., 2009a) This paper shows results of the fourth phase of the project, which was an inter-laboratory study for VOC-emission testing by means of emission test chambers. T2 - Indoor Air 2011, 12th International conference on indoor air quality and climate CY - Austin, TX, USA DA - 05.06.2011 KW - Emission test chamber KW - Product emission testing KW - VOC-Emission KW - Round robin test PY - 2011 IS - Paper 768 SP - 1 EP - 2 AN - OPUS4-23884 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Berger, Anka A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Krause, Ulrich ED - Kühle-Weidemeier, M. T1 - Self-ignition of deposits containing recycling materials - an underestimated phenomenon N2 - Fires on waste dumps, surface landfills, Underground stowing or storage facilities of Recycling factories may have multiple harmful effects on individuals on site and on environment. Possibly several tens of thousands of tons flare up plunging vast areas in smoke and releasing large amounts of flue gases. Experience shows that fire fighting takes days or even weeks and moreover, as long as hidden glowing nests exist fires may break out repeatedly weeks or months later. In the light of this, fire prevention is much easier to manage than extinction. It is of internst to identify the geometrical and physical conditions under which the mid-term or long-term storage of recycling materials can be performed avoiding self-ignition. Our Guideline presents a novel method developed at BAM which combines experimental tests on lab-scale with numerical simulations in Order to obtain permissible geometries of deposits and storage times at which self-ignition can be certainly avoided (Berger 2010). T2 - Waste-to-resources 2011 - 4th International Symposium MBT & MRF CY - Hannover, Germany DA - 24.05.2011 KW - Self-ignition KW - Hot storage tests KW - Numerical simulations KW - FTIR spectroscopy KW - Guideline PY - 2011 SN - 978-3-86955-747-2 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - Cuvillier AN - OPUS4-23920 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Beckmann, Jörg A1 - von Chrzanowski, Lars A1 - Brekow, Gerhard A1 - Brackrock, Daniel T1 - Time of flight diffraction (ToFD) with THz radiation - an alternative to the ultra sound - ToFD technique for non-metallic materials N2 - A time domain spectrometer in the range of 0.5–2 THz was used for time of flight (ToF) measurements of THz pulses for imperfection detection in non metallic materials. The measurements were performed in comparison to the established ultra sound pulse echo (PE) and time of flight diffraction (ToFD) technique. No coupling agent and no contact to the surface is required for THz ToFD measurements. Plastic test specimen with notches, voids and drilled side holes were used to study reflected and diffracted response signals. No major differences were observed between the UT and THz ToFD records for the first surface of the notches, voids and holes. Additionally to the UT records also signals were obtained from its back side and a second raw of holes. The THz measurement is fast and has the potential to substitute UT applications in some industrial areas. Within the German project 'Handheld' the potential for miniaturization of the time domain equipment is explored for efficient application. KW - Spectrometers KW - Ultrasonic diffraction KW - Acoustic signal processing KW - Voids (solid) KW - Terahertz time domain spectroscopy KW - Ultrasonic KW - Time of flight diffraction KW - Non destructive testing KW - Polymers PY - 2011 DO - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3591898 SN - 0094-243X VL - 1335 SP - 541 EP - 548 PB - American Institute of Physics CY - Melville, NY, USA AN - OPUS4-23895 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Liehr, Sascha A1 - Krebber, Katerina T1 - A dynamic fiber optic strain and power change sensor N2 - A dynamic and quasi-distributed sensor principle for simultaneous measurement of length changes and optical power changes between reflection points in an optical fiber is presented. The technique is based on the incoherent optical frequency domain reflectometry (I-OFDR). Length change resolutions < 1 µm and measurement repetition rates up to 2 kHz can be achieved using standard single-mode and multi-mode optical fibers. Simultaneous length change and refractive index measurement as well as field test results showing the deformation of a masonry building under seismic load are presented. Promising fields of application for this technique are the structural health monitoring sector and chemical process control. T2 - 21st International conference on optical fibre sensors CY - Ottawa, Canada DA - 15.05.2011 KW - Distributed sensor KW - Strain sensor KW - Optical fiber sensor KW - Structural health monitoring KW - OFDR KW - Dynamic sensor PY - 2011 SN - 978-0-8194-8246-4 DO - https://doi.org/10.1117/12.884577 VL - 7753 SP - 775351-1 EP - 775351-4 AN - OPUS4-24266 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Habel, Wolfgang A1 - Buchholz, Uwe A1 - Heidmann, G. A1 - Höhse, Marek A1 - Lothongkam, Chaiyaporn T1 - Fibre-optic sensors for early damage detection in plastic insulations of high-voltage facilities N2 - Fibre-optic sensors (FOS) have great potential as online damage detectors when integrated in HV accessories. Among their well-known use as temperature and strain sensors, there are some more opportunities of use, e. g. they can intimately be embedded in polymeric insulations of HV cable terminations and joints to detect and monitor partial discharges right at the location of their origin. Two FOS types for early PD detection were investigated: an embeddable fibre-optic acoustic sensor to measure acoustlc waves in polymeric insulations generated by PDs, and a fluorescent optical fibre to detect first optical effects during ionization processes in the insulation material. The paper descrlbes these methods, related monitoring Problems and shows first test results. T2 - ISH 2011 - 17th International symposium on high voltage engineering CY - Hannover, Germany DA - 22.08.2011 KW - Fibre optic sensors KW - Monitoring KW - Materials behavior KW - Early shrinkage of cement paste PY - 2011 SN - 978-3-8007-3364-4 SP - 2070 EP - 2075 PB - VDE Verlag GmbH AN - OPUS4-24270 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Habel, Wolfgang A1 - Schukar, Vivien ED - Ecke, W. ED - Peters, K.J. ED - Matikas, T.E. T1 - FOS standards and testing methods to validate fibre optic strain measurements N2 - Fiber optic sensors are increasingly used because of their outstanding performance or if special requirements avoid the application of conventional electrical sensors. The scientific background for optical fiber sensors is well developed; however, the characteristic of sensors applied in rather harsh environment are almost always different from characteristics determined in laboratory or before its installation. In order to achieve long-term stable function and reliable measurement data after application and under harsh environmental conditions, guidelines for characterization and specification of sensor components are needed as well as methodologies for testing the sensor performance must be developed. Performance tests carried out revealed that there are still some restrictions with respect to long-term reliable use: first, some sensor products available on the market are not very often appropriately characterized, described and validated; second, application procedures are not always defined due to a lack of understanding the micromechanical issues in the interface zone between sensor and measuring object. Application procedures and profound knowledge of materials behaviour are necessary to get results from the sensor that can be reliably used. The paper describes first guidelines to prove the quality of fiber optic strain sensors, a testing facility developed for unbiased tests and certification of surface-applied sensors as well as result from comparison of commercially available strain sensors. T2 - SPIE-Conference 'Smart sensor phenomena, technology, networks, and systems 2011' CY - San Diego, CA, USA DA - 06.03.2011 KW - Fiber optics KW - Strain sensor KW - Reliability KW - Durability KW - Creep KW - Application KW - Adhesive KW - Standards KW - Guideline KW - Testing PY - 2011 SN - 978-0-8194-8547-2 DO - https://doi.org/10.1117/12.881238 VL - 7982 SP - 79820O-1 EP - 79820O-12 AN - OPUS4-24271 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Musolff, André A1 - Komann, Steffen A1 - Droste, Bernhard A1 - Müller, Karsten A1 - Quercetti, Thomas T1 - Drop test program with a HLW cask model - performance, measurements and results N2 - BAM (Federal Institute for Material Research and Testing) is the competent authority for mechanical and thermal safety assessment of transport packages for spent fuel and high level waste (HLW) in Germany. In context with package design approval of the new German HLW cask CASTOR HAW28M, BAM performed several drop tests with a half-scale model of the CASTOR HAW/TB2. The test model was manufactured by GNS (Gesellschaft fur Nuklear Service mbH) and tested under accident transport conditions on the 200 tons BAM drop test facility at the BAM Test Site Technical Safety. For this comprehensive test program the test specimen CASTOR HAW/TB2 was instrumented at 21 measurement planes with altogether 23 piezo-resistive accelerometers, five temperature sensors and 131 tri-axial strain gauges in the container interior and exterior, respectively. The strains of four representative lid bolts were recorded by four uniaxial strain gauges per each bolt. Helium leakage rate measurements were performed before and after each test in the above noted testing sequence. The paper presents some experimental results of the half-scale CASTOR HAW/TB2 prototype (14,500 kg) and measurement data logging. T2 - 52nd INMM Annual meeting CY - Palm Desert, CA, USA DA - 17.07.2011 KW - Drop test results KW - Spent fuel transport cask KW - Impact limiter KW - Measurement methods KW - Drop test program PY - 2011 SP - 1 EP - 9 AN - OPUS4-24245 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Marotzke, Christian A1 - Basan, Ricardo T1 - Micromecanics based failure analysis of laminates under off-axis loading N2 - The debonding of a fiber in a glass fiber / epoxy composite under transverse loading is studied. The stress field in the interface as well as the energy release rate are analysed for two fiber volume fractions. The circumferential propagation of an Interface crack starting at the center of a fiber which is located within a hexagonal fiber array is studied. The analysis is performed by a finite element Simulation under plane stress conditions. Two fiber volume fractions are considered, this is 30% and 70%. The stress distribution before and during crack propagation is calculated for different stages of the crack. The crack opens by dominating tensile stresses in the first phase while it closes when propagating along the interface. The total energy release rate as well as the mode I and mode II parts are calculated. In the first phase the crack is driven by an increasing mode I energy release rate, indicating an unstable crack propagation. Then the mode II energy release rate increases rapidly and dominates the debonding process while the mode I part decreases and finally vanishes. Subsequently also the mode II part decreases, indicating stable crack propagation. In the last phase the crack becomes unstable again due to a strongly increasing mode I energy release rate. During the debonding process a remarkable change the mode ratio takes place. The main features of the debonding process are similar for low and high fiber volume fraction. In case of the high fiber content, however, the mode I part is more pronounced and the maximum of the total energy release rate is shifted to lower crack angles. T2 - ICCM 18 - 18th International conference on composite materials CY - Jeju Island, Korea DA - 21.08.2011 KW - Composite Materials KW - Interface Crack KW - Failure Analysis KW - Adhesion PY - 2011 IS - T35-3-IF2032 SP - 1 EP - 6 AN - OPUS4-24252 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Eisenacher, Germar A1 - Scheidemann, Robert A1 - Neumann, Martin A1 - Wille, Frank A1 - Droste, Bernhard T1 - Approach for a finite element material model for wood for application in mechanical safety cases of transport packages N2 - BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing is the competent authority for mechanical safety assessment of transport packages for radioactive material in Germany. The further development of state-of-the-art technology concerning assessment methods is essential for a qualified work of involved designers and authority experts. The paper gives an example of current development done to improve understanding and modeling capabilities of wood filled impact limiter. In order to reduce the loads applied to the package containment, which result from regulatory drop tests, most packages are protected by energy dissipating impact limiter. Wood, encapsulated by steel sheets, is one of the materials typically used for energy dissipation in these impact limiter. Very often, mechanical safety cases regarding the 9 m drop test are performed computationally, where it is essential to use reliable and verified computational methods and models. In this context, the paper presents an approach for a finite element material model for wood. Thereby, the mechanical behavior of wood under compression loading is the focus of the development work. Additionally, material orientation as well as strain rate, temperature and lateral constraint may vary. A large number of experiments, particularly compression tests, was designed and performed to establish an adequate experimental database for modeling verification. The experimental results enabled the derivation of necessary requirements: The material model has to take into account strain rate and temperature dependencies as well as the anisotropic characteristics of the material, a proper yield criterion, flow rule and hardening law. Such a material model is currently not available in established commercial dynamic finite element codes. Thus it is necessary to create a user-defined material model considering the mentioned requirements. A first step was done by determining a yield surface as well as detecting flow and hardening mechanisms from experimental force-deflection curves. In a next step the LS-DYNA material model MAT_75 was altered according to conclusions of former BAM development work, regarding the modeling of post-peak softening as a function of lateral constraint. Future research will contain the further development, implementation and verification of a material model for wood. T2 - 52nd INMM Annual meeting CY - Palm Desert, CA, USA DA - 17.07.2011 KW - Impact limiter KW - Material model wood KW - Transport package PY - 2011 SP - 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-24236 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mishra, Kirti Bhushan A1 - Wehrstedt, Klaus-Dieter A1 - Schönbucher, A. T1 - Interpretations of temperature measurements in organic peroxide pool fires N2 - Most of the measurements of temperatures in large pool fires are indirect and present a number of complexities due to the interactions of convection, radiation and soot blockage. In the present work these influences for two organic peroxide [tert-butyl peroxybenzoate (TBPB) and tert-butyl peroxy-2-ethylhexanoate (TBPEH)] pool fires are analysed. Thermocouple measured temperature in the clear flame zone i.e. combustion zone are found to be 250-400 K lower than from the thermographic measurements. The convective and radiative heat flux contributions from the fire on temperature measurements are discussed. CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulations have been performed for large pool fires and the predicted time averaged flame temperatures were found to be in qualitative agreement with measurements due to the stoichiometric combustion model used in the present simulations. T2 - 5th European combustion meeting 2011 CY - Cardiff, UK DA - 28.06.2011 KW - Pool fire KW - Organic peroxides KW - TBPB KW - TBPEH KW - CFD KW - Temperature measurement PY - 2011 UR - http://www.uni-due.de/tchem/as/skripte/paper_mishra_et_al_cardiff_2011.pdf SP - 1 EP - 5 AN - OPUS4-24686 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schälike, Stefan A1 - Wehrstedt, Klaus-Dieter A1 - Schönbucher, A. T1 - CFD simulation to predict the thermal radiation of large LNG pool fires N2 - Flame temperature (T), surface emissive power (SEP) of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) pool fires (d = 1 m, 6.1 m, 30 m) are investigated by CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulation and compared with experimental results. Time averaged flame temperatures of T = 1320 K, T = 1298 K and T = 1281 K are obtained. Surface emissive power (SEP) of 55 kW=m2, 130 kW=m2 and 230 kW=m2 are predicted. T2 - 5th European combustion meeting 2011 CY - Cardiff, UK DA - 28.06.2011 KW - Pool fire KW - LNG KW - CFD KW - Thermal radiation KW - Surface emissive power PY - 2011 SP - 1 EP - 6 AN - OPUS4-24687 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Stoppel, Markus A1 - Kurz, J.H. A1 - Taffe, Alexander A1 - Boller, C. ED - Chang, F.-K. T1 - Proactive condition assessment in civil engineering using automated multi-sensor systems N2 - Infrastructure is subject to continuous ageing. This has given life cycle management of infrastructure an increasing role. Reliable inspection and monitoring tools are therefore an increasing demand. A combination of different non-destructive test methods is often necessary to receive reliable results for material characterization, flaw detection and the determination of component specific geometry parameters. Regarding concrete structures thickness measurements are combined with flaw detection and additional information about reinforcement and tendon ducts is required. Therefore, a multi-sensor measurement approach is necessary with a high degree of automation. Otherwise a time consuming succession of manual measurements has to be performed which would prevent practical applications. A modular control and data acquisition approach is described and the application of two different automated measurement devices is shown. The BetoScan system consists of a self-navigating mobile robot. The system is especially designed for the investigation of reinforced concrete floors exposed to de-icing salts. The data acquisition of the OSSCAR system a multi-sensor scanner is similar to the robot approach. These different applications are based on a similar kernel allowing the modular use of different contact and noncontact sensors. The described general concept of multi-sensor data acquisition and data analysis presented here is not limited to the field of civil engineering applications. T2 - 8th International workshop on structural health monitoring 2011 CY - Stanford, CA, USA DA - 13.09.2011 KW - Multi sensor KW - Data acquisition KW - Assessment of concrete structures KW - Scanner KW - NDT PY - 2011 SN - 978-1-60595-053-2 VL - 2 SP - 2359 EP - 2366 PB - DEStech Publications, Inc. AN - OPUS4-24692 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Habel, Wolfgang A1 - Schukar, Vivien A1 - Kusche, Nadine T1 - Calibration facility for quality certification of surface-attached fiber optic and electrical strain sensors N2 - Strain measurement in structures witli the purpose of long-term structurai health inonitoring must provide reliable inforination about the structure’s behavior over the whole period of use. The user must be sure that installed sensors are validated and work to the utmost satisfactiou. For this purpose, sensor Systems are tested using special facilities. Bccause it is not easy to characterize the strain transfer quality from the host structure into surface-applied strain sensors, a unique testing facility has been developed. Originally developed for fiber Bragg grating based sensors, the KALFOS facility (= calibration of fiber optic sensors) can also be used for electrical strain sensors. Calibration ineasurements are referenced by unbinsed Digital Image Correlation (D1C) and Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometer (ESPI) methods. The strain transfer behavior can experimentally be analyzed and investigated under combined thermal and mechanical loading conditions and allows revealing wealuiesses in couimonly used attachment methodologies. The deformation of all members (particularly the coating/substrate - adhesive combination) in the sensing area is physically independently gained and recorded. Results achievcd allow precise description of the strain transfer function, Validation of the longterm strain sensor characteristics, matching of specific measurement requirements with environmental conditions, and, moreover, the verification of Standards for use of strain sensors. T2 - IEEE Sensors 2011 conference CY - Limerick, Ireland DA - 28.10.2011 KW - Fibre optic sensors KW - Structural health monitoring KW - Validation KW - Strain sensor KW - Surface application reliability PY - 2011 SN - 978-1-4244-9288-6 DO - https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSENS.2011.6127253 SP - 1337 EP - 1340 AN - OPUS4-24655 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Habel, Wolfgang A1 - Schukar, Vivien A1 - Tkachenko, Viktoriya T1 - How do application-related issues influence the reliability of fiber optic strain measurements? N2 - Fibre optic strain sensors are increasingly used and sensor systems are provided with specifications. Even if the performance is well specified, the strain characteristics of the sensor, strain transfer factor, mechanical stability under thermal influences, the performance of applied strain sensors can seriously differ from virgin sensor's the performance. The contribution will focus on issues that can deteriorate the sensor function or reduce the reliability of measurement results. Aspects are considered how to come to reliable strain measurements and how to validate strain measurements of applied sensors. Related to this topic, European activities like the recently started European COST TD1001 action, called (OfSeSa) will be presented. T2 - IEEE Sensors 2011 conference CY - Limerick, Ireland DA - 28.11.2011 KW - Fibre optic sensors KW - Structural health monitoring KW - Validation KW - Strain sensor KW - Surface application reliability PY - 2011 SN - 978-1-4244-9288-6 SP - 947 EP - 950 AN - OPUS4-24656 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Nöther, N. A1 - Krebber, Katerina A1 - Schneider-Glötzl, J. T1 - An all-digital implementation of the Brillouin optical frequency domain analysis for long-range distributed strain and temperature monitoring N2 - For long-range measurements in geotechnical and industrial applications, distributed optical fiber sensors have become a tool of increasing importance throughout the past decade. Classic deformation monitoring (performed by strain gauges etc.) and temperature monitoring (Pt100 and alike) deliver data from fixed, single spots of a structure; quasidistributed measurements (fiber bragg gratings) provide a Chain of discrete measurement points along a limited sensing length. In contrast, an opticai fiber connected to a device for distributed strain and temperature sensing (DTSS) will provide a continuous profile of strain and temperature - spatially resolved down to less than 1 m - over a ränge of several tens of kilometers. In DTSS measurements, the nonlinear opticai effect of stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS) is employed: two light waves with a stable, tunable frequency offset are injected into opposite ends of the sensing fiber, where they will form a beat pattem, at which parts of the light will be scattered. By matching the frequency offset of the light waves to the propagation of acoustic fluctuation in the opticai fiber, a power transfer from one light wave to the other can be measured; since the acoustic propagation directly shifts with train and temperature of the fiber, these two quantities can be measured by tuning the light waves’ frequency offset. T2 - 8th International symposium on field measurements in geomechanics - FMGM 2011 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 12.09.2011 PY - 2011 SP - 1 EP - 6 AN - OPUS4-24664 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mishra, Kirti Bhushan A1 - Wehrstedt, Klaus-Dieter T1 - An efficient and clean fuel for high temperature process industries N2 - The use of energetic materials as a main fuel in high temperature process industries are not known to the scientific community as such. This paper highlights some of the features and advantages of using organic peroxides especially di-tert-butyl peroxide (DTBP) in high temperature process industries. The feasibility of using DTBP as a main or supporting fuel in process industries have also been justified with the help of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. For peroxides requirement of less fuel and air for the same amount of heat flux has been shown. The resulted emission from the combustion of DTBP is also discussed. T2 - 11th Conference on Energy for a Clean Environment CY - Lisbon, Portugal DA - 2011-07-05 KW - Energetic materials KW - Process industries KW - Organic peroxide KW - Di-tert-butylperoxide (DTBP) KW - CFD simulation KW - Emission PY - 2011 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-247071 SP - 1 EP - 10 AN - OPUS4-24707 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -